Module-1.1.pdf

Information Technology Fundamentals Nicole Carlet  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the session, the students should be able to: 1. Define basic concepts on computer as such computer, data and information. 2. Relate the development of computing and computing devices. 3. Descr...

Information Technology Fundamentals Nicole Carlet  LEARNING OBJECTIVES At the end of the session, the students should be able to: 1. Define basic concepts on computer as such computer, data and information. 2. Relate the development of computing and computing devices. 3. Describe the development of computing devices, their capabilities and limitations. 4. Explain the different components of computer systems. 5. Describe the role of each component in the functionality of the computer. 6. Describe basic troubleshooting techniques and proper use of hardware and software.  What is Computer? Computer An electronic device that accepts (inputs), processes, stores, and outputs data at a high speed according to programmed instructions. It is made up of five basic elements: Electronic Programmable Storage Retrieve Process Data and Information DATA It is raw, unprocessed facts. Data is what computers feed on. INFORMATION It is processed data.  Four Basic Functions of Computer Input Process It is the procedure of feeding or entering The operation of manipulating and data into a computer. transforming data into something useful. Output Storage The result of the processing function. Computers save data and outputs for later use. Capabilities and Limitations of a Computer A computer is a machine that needs to be controlled and instructed to successfully perform a task. Users should follow the principal of GIGO (Garbage In, Garbage Out) which means that wrong data entered in the computer will result to wrong information produced. Capabilities of a Computer 1. It can process data quickly. 2. It can perform operations tirelessly. 3. It can give accurate results depending on the instructions and commands given. 4. It can store, recall, and retrieve information. 5. It can confirm and verify the accuracy of the information. 6. It can perform multi-tasks. Limitations of a Computer 1. It needs human intervention. 2. It has a short life span. 3. It cannot formulate information on its own. 4. The information or results generated are user dependent. 5. It can never replace the capabilities of the human brain. History of Computer ANCIENT TIME The abacus was man’s first recorded ABACUS adding machine. It was in 500 B.C when the abacus was invented in Babylonia, then popularized in China, the abacus is an ancient computing device constructed of sliding beads on small wooden rods, strung on a wooden frame. MECHANICAL ERA John Napier, Baron of Merchiston, LOGARITHMS Scotland, invents logs in 1614. Logs allow multiplication and division to be reduced to addition and subtraction. MECHANICAL ERA In 1642, a French mathematician PASCALINE named Blaise Pascal invented a mechanical calculation machine called Pascaline. It was made out of clock gears and levers and could solve basic mathematical problems like addition and subtraction. MECHANICAL ERA In 1671, Gottfried Leibniz, a German STEPPED RECKONER mathematician, invented a machine called steeped reckoner that could multiply 5 digit and 12-digit numbers yielding up to 16-digit number. MECHANICAL ERA In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard JACQUARD LOOM developed an automatic loom that was controlled by punched cards. MECHANICAL ERA In 1822, Charles Babbage, invented DIFFERENCE ENGINE the first modern computer design: a steamed-powered adding machine called the difference engine to automatically solve math problems. MECHANICAL ERA Babbage also invented the analytical ANALYTICAL ENGINE engine. It was a mechanical adding machine that took information from punched cards to solve and print complex mathematical operations. MECHANICAL ERA The first program was written by Ada ADA Augusta Lovelace for Babbage’s difference engine. Thus, Ada Lovelace is credited with being “the first computer programmer”. The programming ada is named in her honor. ELECTROMECHANICAL ERA  PUNCHED CARD TABULATING MACHINE In 1890, the first person to successfully use punched cards specifically for census taking was Herman Hollerith. Hollerith later went on to found the Tabulating Machine Company, which later became the Computer Tabulating Recording Company. He retired in 1921, but his company went on to become the International Business Machines Corporation. We know it today as IBM.  MILLIONAIRE The Millionaire, the first efficient four-function calculator, is invented by Otto Shweiger, a Swiss Engineer in 1893. ELECTRONIC ERA  Z3 In 1941, Konrad Zuse, built the first programmable computer called Z3. It was the first fully functional, program controlled computer of the world. The Z3 was presented on May 12, 1941 to an audience of scientist in Berlin. The demonstration was a success.  MARK I Howard Aiken, a Ph.D. student at Harvard University built Mark I “The first Stored-Program Computer”. 8 feet tall, 51 feet long, 2 feet thick, weighed 5 tons, used 750,000 parts, 500 miles of wires, 3-5 seconds per calculation.  ABC (ATANASOFF- BERRY COMPUTER) In 1942, John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry completed the first all-electronic computer called ABC (Atanasoff-Berry Computer). It was the first computer to use electricity in the form of vacuum tubes. It was used for solving complex systems equations.  THE FIVE GENERATIONS OF DIGITAL COMPUTING The First-Generation Computers (1951-1958) First-generation computers had vacuum tubes, resistors, and welded metal joints. They were large, slow, expensive, and produced a lot of heat. In addition, first- generation computers often broke down because of burned-out vacuum tubes. In 1945, Presper Eckert and John Mauchly developed the first operational electronic digital computer, called ENIAC, for the US Army. ENIAC had more than 18,000 vacuum tubes and took up to 1,800 square feet of space. Today, ENIAC’s technology could fit in a modern wristwatch. The First-Generation Computers (1951-1958) In 1951, the UNIVAC-1 became the first commercially available electronic computer. This computer was designed by Eckert and Mauchly and built by the Remington Rand Corporation. IBM 701 was the IBM’s first electronic computer built in 1953. The Second-Generation Computers (1959-1963) Instead of vacuum tubes, the second- generation computers used transistors an exciting new invention at the time. John Barden, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley of Bell Telephone Laboratories invented the transistor. Magnetic tapes and disk began to replace punched cards as external storage devices. The Second-Generation Computers (1959-1963) Magnetic cores (very small donut-shaped magnets that could be popularized in one of two directions to represent data) strung on wire within the computer became the primary internal storage technology. In 1961, Grace Hopper, the woman that found the first computer bug, finishes developing COBOL (Common Business- Oriented Language). The Second-Generation Computers (1959-1963) The Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) founded by Ken Olsen, released the first minicomputer, the PDP-8 in 1964. In 1965, Thomas Kurtz and john Kemeny of Dartmouth College developed BASIC (Beginners All Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code) as a computer language to help teach people how to program. The Third-Generation Computers (1963-1974) Computers in the third-generation computers relied on a new technology called integrated circuit. The integrated circuit is a single wafer or chip that can hold many transistors and electronic circuits. Magnetic tape and disks completely replace punched cards as external storage devices. The Third-Generation Computers (1963-1974) Magnetic core internal memories began to give way to a new form, metal oxide semi- conductor (MOS) memory, which, like integrated circuits, used silicon-backed chips. In 1958 Jack Kilby invented the monolithic integrated circuit, which is still widely used in electronic systems. The Third-Generation Computers (1963-1974) The C programming language is developed at AT & T bell Labs by Brian Kerninghan and Dennis Ritchie. The Unix Operating system, also written at Bell Labs, is rewritten using C. This later makes UNIX one of the most portable operating systems. The Fourth-Generation Computers (1971-Present) The fourth-generation is just an extension of the third-generation technology. This next technological development is to put more power and capabilities in one chip called microprocessor which has made computers the fastest and most powerful they have ever been. The Fourth-Generation Computers (1971-Present) In 1975, the Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems or MITS produced the first Personal Computer. They named the computer “Altair 8080”. This was the first easily available micro-computer. It had256 bytes of memory and ran a version of BASIC written by Bill Gates. Apple’s widely successful PC was the Apple II personal computer. Apple II was the first personal computer to come in a plastic case and include color graphics. The Fourth-Generation Computers (1971-Present) In 1978, VisiCalc was released. It is the first spreadsheet program and it made microcomputers useful to businesses. In 1993, Intel Pentium introduced Pentium Processor, a microprocessor with 3.1 million transistors. The Fifth-Generation Computers (1982 - Onward) The Fifth Generation Computer Systems was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create computers using massively parallel computing and logic programming. It was to be the result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. This generation’s focus is more on connectivity. This is to permit computer users to connect their computers to other computers. ENIAC IBM 701 UNIVAC-1 APPLE II ALTAIR 8080 THANK YOU FOR LISTENING!