Bioscience 2 Tutorial Module 1 PDF

Tutorial Module 1 Student Guide Bioscience 2 Innate Defences 1st and 2nd line of defences Acute Inflammatory Response and wound healing 1 Introduction From your own previous experiences, you will realise that healthy and intact skin...

Tutorial Module 1 Student Guide Bioscience 2 Innate Defences 1st and 2nd line of defences Acute Inflammatory Response and wound healing 1 Introduction From your own previous experiences, you will realise that healthy and intact skin is of crucial importance in protecting you from infections. Whenever, the skin is breached, an infection is possible. However, often, your skin cuts and grazes have healed without becoming infected and that is what we will be looking at in this tutorial, the processes involved in normal wound healing. Objectives: 1. Discuss the functions of the skin as a first line of defence. 2. Identify surface membrane barriers and explain their protective role against pathogens. 3. Explain the role of certain specific cells, chemicals, or processes in the 2nd line of defence. References: Marieb & Hoehn (2019) Ch 21, pp 813-819 Lee & Bishop (2016) Ch 9, pp 187-200 Please listen to the lecture podcasts and try and read through pages in set texts and the tutorial & complete as many of the exercises BEFORE the session so that you can contribute to class discussions. Exercise 1: Think of the times that you or your family/friends got an infection. List the infections and the area of the body affected and think what barriers the microorganisms had to overcome to establish the infection. Check lecture podcast. Refer to Marieb & Hoehn (2019) Ch 21, pp 813-819 Task: List the body’s nonspecific defences and explain how each function: 1. In a sentence state what are nonspecific defences? 2  2. How do physical barriers (1st line of defence) work? Fill in the blank spaces in this table. Barrier How does it work as a 1st line of defence? Skin Respiratory, digestive and reproductive epithelia Hair Secretions/ excretions Antimicrobial proteins Bacteria in gut and skin Any other????? 3. Second line of defence. See Marieb & Hoehn (2019) page 816 If the first lines of defence are breached, second lines of defence are present to protect the body. These can be specific cells, chemicals or processes. Phagocytes- Name two phagocytes and explain their role in the 2nd line of defence 3 Phagocyte 1: ___________________________________ What is its role? ___________________________________ Phagocyte 2: ___________________________________ What is its role? ___________________________________ 4. How do Natural Killer cells work as a 2nd line of defence? See Page 815 (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019) 5. What are interferons and how do they work as a 2nd line of defence? See Page 820 (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019). 6. What is a Complement system and how does it function in the 2nd line of defence? See page 820 (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019) 7. How does a fever function as a 2nd line of defence? See page 821 (Marieb & Hoehn, 2019) You may want to watch the first 4:40 minutes of the following video on innate immune response https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z3M0vU3Dv8E&t=747s Acute Inflammatory Response and Wound Healing 4 Introduction From your own previous experiences, you will realise that healthy and intact skin is of crucial importance in protecting from infections. Whenever, the skin is breached, an infection is possible. However, often, your skin cuts and grazes have healed without becoming infected and that is what we will be looking at in this tutorial, the processes involved in normal wound healing. Objectives: 1 Describe the inflammatory process 2 Identify several inflammatory chemicals and indicate their specific role 3 Outline processes of tissue repair involved in normal healing of a superficial wound. References: Marieb & Hoehn (2019) Ch 21, pp 813-819 Lee & Bishop (2016) Ch 9, pp 187-200 Please listen to the lecture podcasts and try and read through pages in set texts and the tutorial and complete as many of the exercises BEFORE the session so that you can contribute to class discussions. Exercise 1 The acute inflammatory response (AIR) Try to remember the occasions when you, a friend or colleague had an inflammation. What caused the inflammation? Where was the inflammation? What could you see? How did you feel? What do you think was happening? What was the outcome? Your tutor will help summarise the local and general effects and the three basic events of the AIR, chemical, vascular, and cellular events and relate to signs and symptoms. The acute inflammatory response (AIR), a body defence mechanism, is a response of the body to any injury. It is activated by many different stimuli but the response itself is basically always the same and the response itself is intertwined with the repair process. Inflammation serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off the injury caused by the agent causing the inflammation, whilst setting into motion a series of events that aims to heal and reconstitute the tissue that has been damaged. During this repair process, the injured tissue is replaced either by regenerated cells or the defect filled by fibrous tissue (a scar) or both. 5  1. Using blank flow chart below, enter the various chemical, vascular and cellular events that promote healing of an injured tissue. Explain the basis for the various observations and occurrences in the flowchart. See p. 819 of Marieb & Hoehn (2019). 2. How would you define the acute inflammatory response? 3. What is inflammation of the appendix called? Exercise 2 Wound healing. See Marieb & Hoehn (2019) page 174-177 Please watch this video and then answer the questions that follow. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZpMQ_7qiRg 6 Q1. Outline the key characteristics of each of the three phases of wound healing? Please see Marieb & Hoehn (2019) page 175 for assistance. Phase 1: Inflammatory phase (including haemostasis) 7 Phase 2: Proliferative phase Phase 3: Remodelling phase Q2. Discuss the similarities and differences between healing by primary intention, secondary intention, and tertiary intention. Post-tutorial activities Re-watch the academic presentations to review all content and finalise your summary notes Complete all tutorial activities 8  Practice quiz for module 1 You may want to watch the below video on 7 Steps to Effective Wound Care Management https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSQbgiy3KB0 9