HUME 105 Module 1 Recap PDF

HUME 105 Module 1 Recap  Judeo-Christian Story Diluvial Theory Catastrophe Theory Uniformitarianism Evolution RECAP Laplace's Theory Planetisimal Theory Big Bang Theory Intelligent Design Philippine Folklores, Myths, o...

HUME 105 Module 1 Recap  Judeo-Christian Story Diluvial Theory Catastrophe Theory Uniformitarianism Evolution RECAP Laplace's Theory Planetisimal Theory Big Bang Theory Intelligent Design Philippine Folklores, Myths, or Legends  LIMITATIONS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY While the Big Bang theory successfully explains the "blackbody spectrum" of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the origin of the light elements, it has three significant problems: The Flatness Problem: WMAP has determined the geometry of the universe to be nearly flat. However, under Big Bang cosmology, curvature grows with time. A universe as flat as we see it today would require an extreme fine-tuning of conditions in the past, which would be an unbelievable coincidence. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  LIMITATIONS OF THE BIG BANG THEORY The Horizon Problem: Distant regions of space in opposite directions of the sky are so far apart that, assuming standard Big Bang expansion, they could never have been in causal contact with each other. This is because the light travel time between them exceeds the age of the universe. Yet the uniformity of the cosmic microwave background temperature tells us that these regions must have been in contact with each other in the past. The Monopole Problem: Big Bang cosmology predicts that a very large number of heavy, stable "magnetic monopoles" should have been produced in the early universe. However, magnetic monopoles have never been observed, so if they exist at all, they are much more rare than the Big Bang theory predicts. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  INFLATION THEORY The Inflation Theory, developed by Alan Guth, Andrei Linde, Paul Steinhardt, and Andy Albrecht around 1980, offers solutions to these problems and several other open questions in cosmology. It proposes a period of extremely rapid (exponential) expansion of the universe prior to the more gradual Big Bang expansion, during which time the energy density of the universe was dominated by a cosmological constant-type of vacuum energy that later decayed to produce the matter and radiation that fill the universe today. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  INFLATION THEORY Inflation was both rapid, and strong. It increased the linear size of the universe by more than 60 "e-folds", or a factor of ~10^26 in only a small fraction of a second! Inflation is now considered an extension of the Big Bang theory since it explains the above puzzles so well, while retaining the basic paradigm of a homogeneous expanding universe. Moreover, Inflation Theory links important ideas in modern physics, such as symmetry breaking and phase transitions, to cosmology. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  HOW INFLATION THEORY ADDRESSES THE PROBLEMS The Flatness Problem: Imagine living on the surface of a soccer ball (a 2-dimensional world). It might be obvious to you that this surface was curved and that you were living in a closed universe. However, if that ball expanded to the size of the Earth, it would appear flat to you, even though it is still a sphere on larger scales. Now imagine increasing the size of that ball to astronomical scales. To you, it would appear to be flat as far as you could see, even though it might have been very curved to start with. Inflation stretches any initial curvature of the 3-dimensional universe to near flatness. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  HOW INFLATION THEORY ADDRESSES THE PROBLEMS The Horizon Problem: Since Inflation supposes a burst of exponential expansion in the early universe, it follows that distant regions were actually much closer together prior to Inflation than they would have been with only standard Big Bang expansion. Thus, such regions could have been in causal contact prior to Inflation and could have attained a uniform temperature. The Monopole Problem: Inflation allows for magnetic monopoles to exist as long as they were produced prior to the period of inflation. During inflation, the density of monopoles drops exponentially, so their abundance drops to undetectable levels. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  HOW INFLATION THEORY ADDRESSES THE PROBLEMS As a bonus, Inflation also explains the origin of structure in the universe. Prior to inflation, the portion of the universe we can observe today was microscopic, and quantum fluctuation in the density of matter on these microscopic scales expanded to astronomical scales during Inflation. Over the next several hundred million years, the higher density regions condensed into stars, galaxies, and clusters of galaxies. Source: https://wmap.gsfc.nasa.gov/universe/bb_cosmo_infl.html#:~:text=The%20Inflation%20Theory%20proposes%20a,relatively%20gradually%20throughout%20its%20history  Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Spontaneous Generation - higher order living organisms develop from nonliving matter Example: pieces of cheese and bread wrapped in rags and left in a dark corner will produce mice maggots from decaying meat Biogenesis Theory – living organisms are reproduced from another living organism Francesco Redi Louis Pasteur Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Abiogenesis Theory – the first life-forms on Earth came from nonliving matter that started as very simple and gradually became increasingly complex Heterotrophic vs. Autotrophic Origins Heterotrophic Origin Autotrophic Origin Oparin-Haldane Theory (1920s) Mrnjavac, et. al. (2023) Miller-Urey Experiment (1953) After the moon-forming impact, early Earth Early Earth atmosphere - composed of atmosphere is composed of water vapor, methane, ammonia, water vapor and hydrogen nitrogen and carbon dioxide. gas This condition led to the development of the First life-forms - appeared in the warm, first autotroph primitive ocean and were heterotrophic  Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Abiogenesis Theory – the first life-forms on Earth came from nonliving matter that started as very simple and gradually became increasingly complex Oparin-Haldane Theory (1920s) Proponents: Russian biochemist Aleksandr Oparin and British scientist J.B.S. Haldane Early Earth atmosphere - composed of methane, ammonia, water vapor and hydrogen gas Organic molecules - formed with the presence of external energy like UV radiation First life-forms - appeared in the warm, primitive ocean and were heterotrophic (obtaining preformed nutrients from the compounds in existence on early Earth) Oparin believed life developed from coacervates (microscopic spontaneously formed spherical aggregates of lipid molecules that are held together by electrostatic forces / microspheres; precursor of cells / pre-cells) Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Abiogenesis Theory vs. Spontaneous Generation “Although many equate abiogenesis with the archaic theory of spontaneous generation, the two ideas are quite different. According to the latter, complex life (e.g., a maggot or mouse) was thought to arise spontaneously and continually from nonliving matter. While the hypothetical process of spontaneous generation was disproved as early as the 17th century and decisively rejected in the 19th century, abiogenesis has been neither proved nor disproved.” From  Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Abiogenesis Theory – the first life-forms on Earth came from nonliving matter that started as very simple and gradually became increasingly complex Miller-Urey Experiment (1953) Proponents: American chemists Stanley Miller and Harold C. Urey Early Earth atmosphere - composed of methane, ammonia, water vapor and Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/Miller-Urey-experiment hydrogen gas Organic molecules - formed with the presence of external energy like UV radiation First life-forms - appeared in the warm, primitive ocean and were heterotrophic  Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Moon-forming Impact and Autotrophic Origin of Life After the moon-forming impact, early Earth atmosphere is composed of water vapor, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is the main carbon source for organic compounds. This condition led to the development of the first autotroph. The Moon-forming impact. An artist‘s impression of the collision of Theia with Earth. Credit: STEP-ANI- MOTION Studio fur Computertrick GmbH, Cologne, Germany.  Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Origin of metabolism and life: Metabolism-first vs. Genetics-first Carbon dioxide can be converted into Theories organic compounds in the presence of Metabolism – “sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a hydrogen and a suitable catalysts living organism and that provide energy for vital (transition metals). processes and for synthesizing new organic material” Source: https://www.britannica.com/science/metabolism Genetics – “the study of genes at all levels, including the ways in which they act in the cell and the ways in which they are transmitted from parents to offspring” Source https://www.britannica.com/science/genetics The Moon-forming impact. An artist‘s impression of the collision of Theia with Earth. Credit: STEP-ANI- MOTION Studio fur Computertrick GmbH, Cologne, Germany. Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Genetics-First/RNA World Hypothesis “Gene-first hypotheses about the origins of life appear to continue to have significant support amongst many researchers (Woese 1967; Orgel 1968; Gilbert 1986; Pross 2004; Robertson and Joyce 2012; Higgs and Lehman 2015). Broadly, these hypotheses suggest that life began with the emergence of RNA molecules that had two critical capacities: an ability for template-based self-replication and an ability to catalyse other reactions.” The Moon-forming impact. An artist‘s impression of the collision of Theia with Earth. Credit: STEP-ANI- MOTION Studio fur Computertrick GmbH, Cologne, Germany. Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Metabolism-First Hypothesis “According to ‘metabolism-first’ hypotheses of the origins of life, proto-metabolisms in the form of organizations of molecular species emerged and evolved first without any involvement of self- replicating RNA (Oparin 1957; Dyson 1985; Bagley and Farmer 1991; Kauffman 1993; Trefil et al. 2009; Vasas et al. 2012; Virgo and Ikegami 2013; Nighe et al. 2015). These proto-metabolisms are postulated as being self-producing and self-amplifying because the formation of each and every member of the metabolism is catalysed by at least one other member of the metabolism, and because they have access to a suitable source of free energy and other necessary resources. Collectively such a network of molecular species is autocatalytic. The constituents of the proto- metabolism cooperate together to amplify each other’s formation.” The Moon-forming impact. An artist‘s impression of the collision of Theia with Earth. Credit: STEP-ANI- MOTION Studio fur Computertrick GmbH, Cologne, Germany. Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Managed-Metabolism Hypothesis “managed-metabolism hypothesis does not propose that ‘naked’ self-replicating RNA molecules proceeded to progressively create around themselves a complex, supporting metabolism, starting from scratch. Instead, it argues that potential managers are much more likely to have taken over and managed pre-existing organizations that emerged in the chemical ‘ecosystem’, rather than to have created them afresh (particularly given the difficulties of building highly complex, dynamical organizations from scratch using an evolutionary mechanism that operates ‘top down’ and generally makes only one small change at a time).” The Moon-forming impact. An artist‘s impression of the collision of Theia with Earth. Credit: STEP-ANI- MOTION Studio fur Computertrick GmbH, Cologne, Germany.  Module 1 Review: Beginning of Life Cosmozoic / Panspermia Theory - life originated in space, spatial ices, comets, and meteorites Proponents: Fred Hoyle and Chandra Wickramasinghe in 1974 Soft panspermia theory – amino acids, sugars, and molecules required to form RNA are produced in space Experiments: irradiation of interstellar ice analogs with stellar- like UV radiation produced building blocks of the RNA This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-NC  An argument intended to demonstrate that living organisms were created in more or less their present forms by an “intelligent designer.” Geologic Time Scale The geologic time scale is divided into major blocks of time called eons. Eons may be further divided into smaller blocks of time called eras, and each era is divided into periods. The division into blocks of time is based on the fossil record that shows the presence of similar organisms on Earth. From  Geologic Time Scale Based on BIG History by Macquarie University (2016): 4.1 BYA - life forms (LUCA - Last Universal Common Ancestor) 2.4 BYA - great oxygenation of the Earth 934 MYA - origin of algae and plants 530 MYA - first land animals (Paleozoic Era starts; Cambrian Explosion) 380 MYA - first trees and forests 220 MYA - 1st mammals and dinosaurs (Mesozoic Era starts) 65 MYA - asteroid kills ruling reptiles (Cenozoic Era starts) 56 MYA - primates appeared 25 MYA - genus homo appears 200 TYA - homo sapiens appears From Hubbard, B. (2016). Big History by Macquarie University Big History Institute. Dorling Kindersley Limited (Penguin Random House Company). REVIEW Cambrian explosion : Between about 570 and 530 million years ago, when a burst of diversification occurred, with the eventual appearance of the lineages of almost all animals living today. cyanobacteria : A phylum of Bacteria that obtain their energy through photosynthesis. They are often referred to as blue-green algae, although they are in fact prokaryotes, not algae. eukaryotes : A single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. extremophiles : Microorganisms belonging to the domains Bacteria and Archaea that can live and thrive in environments with extreme conditions such as high or low temperatures and pH levels, high salt concentrations, and high pressure. REVIEW geochemical cycling : Flows of chemical substances between reservoirs in Earth’s atmosphere, hydrosphere (water bodies), and lithosphere (the solid part of Earth’s crust). heterotrophs : An organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development. oxidation : An array of reactions involving several different types of chemical conversions: (1) loss of electrons by a chemical, (2) combination of oxygen and another chemical, (3) removal of hydrogen atoms from organic compounds during biological metabolism, (4) burning of some material, (5) biological metabolism that results in the decomposition of organic material, (6) metabolic conversions in toxic materials in biological organism, (7) stabilization of organic pollutants during wastewater treatment, (8) conversion of plant matter to compost, (9) decomposition of pollutants or toxins that contaminate the environment. REVIEW plate tectonics : A concept stating that the crust of the Earth is composed of crustal plates moving on the molten material below. prokaryotes : Organisms without a cell nucleus, or any other membrane-bound organelles. Most are unicellular, but some prokaryotes are multicellular. The prokaryotes are divided into two domains: the bacteria and the archaea. radiometric dating : A technique used to date materials based on a knowledge of the decay rates of naturally occurring isotopes, and the current abundances. It is the principal source of information about the age of the Earth and a significant source of information about rates of evolutionary change. Snowball Earth : Hypothesis that proposes that the Earth was entirely covered by ice in part of the Cryogenian period of the Proterozoic eon, and perhaps at other times in the history of Earth Radiocarbon Dating Terrestrial carbon is 98.9% 12C and 1.11% 13C. Both are stable. 14Cis unstable and undergoes spontaneous radioactive decay. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY Particles are ejected and a nitrogen atom is formed. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND  Radiocarbon Dating 14C is continually formed through the interaction of cosmic rays with the atmosphere. The 14C is incorporated into living plants and animals and the 14C/12C ratio remains constant over time. When a plant or animal dies, 14C is no longer incorporated and its activity decreases with time. This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY An artifact’s age is determined by measuring its 14C/12C ratio and then comparing it to the 14C/12C ratio of living This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-ND organisms.