TPE 415: Oil and Gas Pollution & Control-General Introduction PDF

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING (DPE) TPE 415: Oil and Gas Pollution and Control: Introduction To course Lecture0: Introduction Prof. Olugbenga Falode Department of Petroleum Engineering Lecture Notes on Oil & Gas Pollution and Contr...

DEPARTMENT OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERING (DPE) TPE 415: Oil and Gas Pollution and Control: Introduction To course Lecture0: Introduction Prof. Olugbenga Falode Department of Petroleum Engineering Lecture Notes on Oil & Gas Pollution and Control 1  About The Instructor Olugbenga Falode Petroleum Engineer PhD, UI Ibadan. Office: CPEEL (01). Email: [email protected] Web:http://www.lisotherm.ui.edu.ng Office hour: Tue 5-7pm (By appointment). 30/08/2023 Lecture Notes on Oil & Gas Pollution and Control 2  Number of students: 35 Level of course: Undergraduate Time structure: 3 hours per week Out-of-class activity: 15 hours Time of lecture: Tue(10-11am); Wed (3-5pm) Place of Lecture: PTDF Building Delivery: Lectures are delivered in class while practicals are conducted in the field WebSite: http://lisotherm.ui.edu.ng/ 30/08/2023 Lecture Notes on Oil & Gas Pollution and Control  MODULE 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION  OUTLINE Ecosystems Defined Man and His Environment Waste Management Pollution Human Impact on the Environment ECOSYSTEMS DEFINED WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEMS?  Where Things Live Living things need a place to live and grow. Fish live in water. Birds live in trees and fly through the air. Plants grow where there is soil, water and sun.  Main Idea and Details Living things need a place to live and grow. Plants grow where Birds live in trees Fish live in water. there is soil, water and fly in the air. and sun. ENVIRONMENT The living and nonliving things that surround a living thing make up its environment. What do living things get from their environments? Many living things share their environments and its resources. 1. Food 2. Water 3. Oxygen 4. Space  Parts of an Ecosystem An ecosystem is made up of all the living and nonliving things in an environment. Different types of organisms live in an ecosystem. A group of organisms of the same kind living in the same place is a population. All the population that live in an ecosystem at the same time form a community.  All members of a community live in the same ecosystem but they do not all live in the same part of the ecosystem.  Where Plants and Animals Live Habitat is a place where plants and animals lives. It is a place where they can meet their needs. Animals get food, water, and shelter from their habitat,  Organisms and their Habitats Some organisms can survive only in certain habitats. For example, a polar could not find the water it needs in a desert. Classify Living and Nonliving things Living Things Non Living Things Fish Air Water lily Rocks Plants Cave Animals Soil People water Use the following tree map to write a lesson summary. Parts of an Ecosystem Populations Communities Habitats  Lesson 2 What are some types of ecosystems? Types of Ecosystems Deserts are very dry ecosystems. Desert plants and animals can survive with very little water.  Desert Plants Desert plants, such as cactus, have thick stems that store water. The roots of a cactus lie just below the soil and spread far from the plant. Grassland Ecosystems Grasslands are dry, often flat areas of land that are hot in the summer and cold in the winter. They get more rain and snow than deserts but less that most other ecosystems.  Plants The main plant in a grassland ecosystem is grass. There are not many bushes in the grassland. Trees are found only by rivers and streams.  Saltwater Ecosystems Saltwater ecosystems are oceans. Oceans cover about three –fourths of Earth’s surface, so there are more saltwater ecosystems than any other. Sharks, sea turtles, corals and octopus are all ocean animals. So are whales and seals.  Freshwater Ecosystems Rivers, ponds, lakes and streams have fresh water. Lakes and rivers are closely tied. Some lakes are the source for some rivers. Important rivers, most often, originate from lakes. Some rivers end in lakes. Since both rivers and lakes are freshwater and flow in and out of each other, they share similar characteristics and many species reside in both habitats. Forest Ecosystems Forest are ecosystems in which many trees grow.  Tropical Rain Forest A tropical rain forest grows where it is hot and wet all year long. Animals such as jaguars and monkeys live there. Deciduous Forest What's A Temperate Deciduous Forest Like? One of the most interesting features of the temperate deciduous forest is its changing seasons. The word "deciduous" means exactly what the leaves on these trees do: change color in autumn, fall off in the winter, and grow back again in the spring. This adaptation helps trees in the forest survive winter.  Drawing Conclusions Suppose all the plants in one ecosystem died. What do you think would happen to that ecosystem? Why? Ecosystem What I look like Desert Hot and dry Rains every day and has many trees Rain Forest and plants Deciduous Forest Enough rain for trees to grow. They lose their leaves in the fall. Freshwater Ecosystems Made up of rivers, ponds, lakes and streams and my water does not have much salt  Try this! Choose an ecosystem. Make a drawing of it. Write a descriptive paragraph about it. Include the following details: 1. Name of the ecosystem 2. Type of ecosystem: Characteristics 3. Animals and plants found their.  MAN & HIS ENVIRONMENT  Waste Management  What are Wastes? Waste (also known as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, litter, and ort) is unwanted or useless materials. In biology, waste is any of the many unwanted substances or toxins that are expelled from living organisms, metabolic waste; such as urea and sweat. Basel Convention Definition of Wastes “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law” Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative uses (Annex IVB of the Basel convention)”  Basel Convention The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, usually known simply as Basel Convention, is an international treaty that was designed to reduce the movements of hazardous waste between nations, specially to prevent transfer of hazardous waste from developed to less developed countries (LDCs). It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The convention is also intended to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated, to ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation, and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate. The Convention was opened for signature on 22nd March 1989, and entered into force on 5 May 1992.  The definition………… Produced by the United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.): "Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is products produced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of generation are excluded."  Kinds of Wastes Solid wastes: wastes in solid forms, domestic, commercial and industrial wastes Examples: plastics, styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes: wastes in liquid form Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources According to EPA regulations, SOLID WASTE is Any garbage or refuse (Municipal Solid Waste) Sludge from a wastewater treatment plant, water supply treatment plant, or air pollution control facility Other discarded material Solid, liquid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous material from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, and from community activities http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/basifact.htm#solidwaste  Classification of Wastes according to their Properties Bio-degradable can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Non-biodegradable cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines,cans, styrofoam containers and others)  Classification of Wastes according to their Effects on Human Health and the Environment Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and have any of the following properties- ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity & toxicity. Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically and do not have any of those properties mentioned above. These substances usually create disposal problems.  Classification of wastes according to their origin and type Municipal Solid wastes: Solid wastes that include household garbage, rubbish, construction & demolition debris, sanitation residues, packaging materials, trade refuges etc. are managed by any municipality. Bio-medical wastes: Solid or liquid wastes including containers, intermediate or end products generated during diagnosis, treatment & research activities of medical sciences. Industrial wastes: Liquid and solid wastes that are generated by manufacturing & processing units of various industries like chemical, petroleum, coal, metal gas, sanitary & paper etc. Agricultural wastes: Wastes generated from farming activities. These substances are mostly biodegradable. Fishery wastes: Wastes generated due to fishery activities. These are extensively found in coastal & estuarine areas. Radioactive wastes: Waste containing radioactive materials. Usually these are byproducts of nuclear processes. Sometimes industries that are not directly involved in nuclear activities, may also produce some radioactive wastes, e.g. radio-isotopes, chemical sludge etc. E-wastes: Electronic wastes generated from any modern establishments. They may be described as discarded electrical or electronic devices. Some electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such as Pb, Cd, Be or brominated flame retardants. Sources of Wastes Households Commerce and Industry IMPACTS OF WASTE IF NOT MANAGED WISELY Affects our health Affects our socio-economic conditions Affects our coastal and marine environment Affects our climate GHGs are accumulating in Earth’s atmosphere as a result of human activities, causing global mean surface air temperature and subsurface ocean temperature to rise. Rising global temperatures are expected to raise sea levels and change precipitation and other local climate conditions. Changing regional climates could alter forests, crop yields, and water supplies. This could also affect human health, animals, and many types of ecosystems. Deserts might expand into existing rangelands, and features of some of our national parks might be permanently altered.  IMPACTS OF WASTE… -Some countries are expected to become warmer, although sulfates might limit warming in some areas. - Scientists are unable to determine which parts of those countries will become wetter or drier, but there is likely to be an overall trend toward increased precipitation and evaporation, more intense rainstorms, and drier soils. - Whether rainfall increases or decreases cannot be reliably projected for specific areas.  Impacts of waste…. Activities that have altered the chemical composition of the atmosphere: - Buildup of GHGs primarily carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N20). - C02 is released to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels, wood and wood products, and solid waste. - CH4 is emitted from the decomposition of organic wastes in landfills, the raising of livestock, and the production and transport of coal, natural gas, and oil. - N02 is emitted during agricultural and industrial activities, as well as during combustion of solid waste and fossil fuels. In 1977, the US emitted about one-fifth of total global GHGs.  SOURCES OF HUMAN EXPOSURES Exposures occurs through Ingestion of contaminated water or food Contact with disease vectors Inhalation Dermal  Points of contact Soil adsorption, storage and biodegrading Plant uptake Ventilation Runoff Leaching Insects, birds, rats, flies and animals Direct dumping of untreated waste in seas, rivers and lakes results in the plants and animals that feed on it  Waste hierarchy Waste hierarchy refers to 3 Rs Reduce, Reuse, Recycle  Waste Minimizing solid waste  Minimizing packaging  Recycleable Paper, plastics, metals, glass, wood  Reusable ? Textiles, leather, rubber, metals, wood  Compostable Yard trimmings, food scraps (vegetable) “By recycling almost 8 million tons of metals (which includes aluminum, steel, and mixed metals), we eliminated greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions totaling more than 26 million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MMTCO2E). This is equivalent to removing more than 5 million cars from the road for one year.” CATEGORIES OF WASTE DISPOSAL 1. DILUTE AND Throw it in the DISPERSE river / lake / (ATTENUATION) sea Burn it Basically this involves spreading trash thinly over a large area to minimize its impact Works for sewage, some waste chemicals, when land-disposal is not available Plastic in Pacific 2. CONCENTRATE Waste AND CONTAIN dumps, (ISOLATION) landfills Historically, that’s how most of the solid waste gets treated  Useful options Resource recovery Energy recovery Composting Incineration Vermicomposting Pyrolysis Gasification Bio-methanation or anaerobic digestion  Impacts of waste on health Chemical poisoning through chemical inhalation Uncollected waste can obstruct the storm water runoff resulting in flood Low birth weight Cancer Congenital malformations Neurological disease  Impacts of waste on health Nausea and vomiting Increase in hospitalization of diabetic residents living near hazard waste sites. Mercury toxicity from eating fish with high levels of mercury. Goorah, S., Esmyot, M., Boojhawon, R. (2009). The Health Impact of Nonhazardous Solid Waste Disposal in a Community: The case of the Mare Chicose Landfill in Mauritius. Journal of Environment Health, 72(1) 48-54 Kouznetsova, M., Hauang, X., Ma, J., Lessner, L. & Carpenter, D. (2007). Increased Rate of Hospitalization for Diabetes and Residential Proximity of Hazardous waste Sites. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(1)75-75 Barlaz, M., Kaplan, P., Ranjithan, S. & Rynk, R. (2003) Evaluating Environmental Impacts of solid Waste Management Alternatives. BioCycle, 52-56. Effects of waste on animals and aquatics life Increase in mercury level in fish due to disposal of mercury in the rivers. Plastic found in oceans ingested by birds. Resulted in high algal population in rivers and sea. Degrades water and soil quality.  Impacts of waste on Environment Waste breaks down in landfills to form methane, a potent greenhouse gas Change in climate and destruction of ozone layer due to waste biodegradable Littering, due to waste pollutions, illegal dumping, Leaching: is a process by which solid waste enter soil and ground water and contaminating them. U.S. Environment Protection Agency (2009) It is estimated that food wasted by the US and Europe could feed the world three times over. Food waste contributes to excess consumption of freshwater and fossil fuels which, along with methane and CO2 emissions from decomposing food, impacts global climate change. Every tonne of food waste prevented has the potential to save 4.2 tonnes of CO2 equivalent. If we all stop wasting food that could have been eaten, the CO2 impact would be the equivalent of taking one in four cars off the road.  WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reduce Waste - Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically. - Improve product design to use less materials. - Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength. - Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program. - Switch to reusable transport containers. - Purchase products in bulk.  WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Reuse - Reuse corrugated moving boxes internally. - Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper. - Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses. - Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments. - Encourage employees to reuse office materials rather than purchase new ones.  WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Donate/Exchange - old books - old clothes - old computers - excess building materials - old equipment to local organizations  WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Employee Education - Develop an “office recycling procedures” packet. - Send out recycling reminders to all employees including environmental articles. - Train employees on recycling practices prior to implementing recycling programs. - Conduct an ongoing training process as new technologies are introduced and new employees join the institution.  WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Employee Education - education campaign on waste management that includes an extensive internal web site, quarterly newsletters, daily bulletins, promotional signs and helpful reference labels within the campus of an institution.  WHAT SHOULD BE DONE Conduct outreach program adopting an ecologically sound waste management system which includes: waste reduction segregation at source composting recycling and re-use more efficient collection more environmentally sound disposal  Residents may be organized into small groups to carry out the following: 1. construction of backyard compost pit 2. construction of storage bins where recyclable and reusable materials are stored by each household 3. construction of storage centers where recyclable and reusable materials collected by the street sweepers are stored prior to selling to junk dealers 4. maintenance of cleanliness in yards and streets 5. greening of their respective areas 6. encouraging others to join POLLUTION  Definition of Pollution  When Harmful Substances Contaminate the environment it is Called Pollution.  It can be defined as any undesirable change in the physical, chemical, biological characteristics of any component of the environment which can cause harm to life and property. Types of Pollution Air Water Marine Thermal Pollution Soil Noise Nuclear Air pollution What is Atmosphere?  Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth. Air....  Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live.  Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, carbon dioxide and inert gases.  Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems to humans, plants, and animals.  Natural Composition of Gases  Definition  Air pollution : An atmospheric condition in which certain substances (including normal constituents in excess) are present in concentrations which can cause undesirable effects on man and his environment.  They are in the form of gases (Nox, Sox, CO,VOC); Particulate matter(dust, smoke, fumes, etc) & Radioactive (rado-222, Iodine-131, etc) Sources of Air Pollution Sources Natural Anthropogenic Volcanic Eruptions, Forest Thermal Power Fires, Sea Salt Sprays, Plants, Biological Decay, Pollen Vehicular Emissions, Grains, Marshes, Photochemical Oxidation Industrial Units of Terpenes Classification of Air Pollutants  Air pollutants may be particulate or gaseous. On the basis of origin they are divided as  Primary pollutants ---- Are emitted directly from the point source. e.g. : CO, NO2, SO2  Secondary pollutants ---- formed by interaction of primary pollutants e.g. : PAN, Smog, Ozone etc Criteria of Pollutants Name of the gas Characteristics Source Nitrogen dioxide (N2 in air is Brownish gas irritates the Burning fuels including oxidized); Nox sum of NO, NO2, respiratory system originates petrol, diesel, and coal other oxides of N from combustion Ground level O3 (primary Reaction of VOC + nox in Vehicles and industries are constituent of smog) presence of heat +sun light the major source Carbon monoxide Reduces bloods ability to carry Produced by the incomplete O2 burning of carbon-based fuels & natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes Carbon dioxide Principle greenhouse gas. Emitted as a result of human activities such as the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases Sulphur dioxide Precursor to acid rain along Formed when fuel (coal, oil) with Nox containing S is burned and metal smelting Chorofluoro carbon (CFC) Ozone depletion Released from air- conditioning systems and refrigeration. Lead Cause learning disabilities in Present in petrol, diesel, lead children , toxic to liver, batteries, paints, hair dye kidney, blood forming organs products, etc Particulate matter (PM 10 & 2.5) Indoor air pollution  Many people spend large portion of time indoors - as much as 80-90% of their lives.  We work, study, eat, drink and sleep in enclosed environments where air circulation may be restricted  Children, women more exposed to risk  Radon gas  Burning of dung cakes for fuel, wood, kerosene  Incomplete combustion produces CO  Cigarette smoke. Effects of Air Pollution Air Pollution affects???  Human health  Animals  Plants  Materials  Environment Effect on Human health  Main problems are related to Respiratory Track - Asthma, hay fever, and other allergic diseases.  Irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination.  Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some cases cause Lung cancer.  It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.  CO has affinity towards Hb which cause disturbance in transportation of Oxygen, impairing our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us confused and sleepy.  SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath.  Chronic respiratory disease, lung cancer, heart disease, and even damage to the brain, nerves, liver, or kidneys.  Effects of Arsenic, Asbestos, Mercury , Benzene etc. Effect on Plants  Pollutants enter through stomata  Destroy chlorophyll and Affect photosynthesis  Cuticle( Wax Layer on Leaves) is lost  Necrosis – Damage to Leaf Structure  Chlorosis - Loss/ reduction of Chlorophyll  Abscission - Dropping of leaf  Epinasty – Downward curling of Leaf  DEATH  Effect on Animals and materials  Corrosion of metal surfaces, fading  SO2 & water form H2S – corrosion as well as disfigurement of statues made up of limestone or Marble  Air pollutants mix with rain water and increase acidity (Acid Rain) of water body and kill fish.  Ozone causes crackling of rubber  Effect on Environment  Visibility  Pollutants in the presence of sunlight produce photochemical Smog  Emission of Green House Gases tend to Global Warming  CFC’s cause Ozone Depletion National Ambient Air Quality Standards Sr Pollutant and time- Industrial Residential Sensitive No weighted average area area area 1 Sulphur dioxide 80.00 60.00 15.00 Annual average 120.00 µg/m3 80.00 µg/m3 30.00 µg/m3 24 hours 2 Nitrogen oxides Annual 80.00 60.00 15.00 average 120.00 80.00 30.00 24 hours 3 RSPM (less than 10 µgm) Annual average 20.00 60.00 50.00 24 hours 150.00 100.00 75.00 4 SPM 360.00 140.00 70.00 Annual average 500.00 200.00 100.00 24 hours 5 LEAD 1.00 0.75 0.500 Annual average 1.50 1.00 0.750 24 hours 6 CO 5.00 2.00 1.00 Annual average 10.00 4.00 2.00 24 hours  Annual Average : Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24-hourly at uniform interval  24 Hours Average : 24-hourly/8-hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However 2% of the time, it may exceeded but not two consecutive days.  1. The levels of air quality necessary with an adequate margin of safety, to protect the public health, vegetation and property.  2. Whenever and wherever two consecutives values exceeds the limit specified above for the respective category, it shall be considered adequate, reason to institute regular / continuous monitoring and further investigations.  HIGH VOLUME SAMPLER, GASEOUS SAMPLERS Control Of Air Pollution  Proper air pollution control devices in industries  Using low sulphur coal  Regular engine tune up, replacement of old more polluting vehicles  Using mass transport system, bicycles etc  Shifting to less polluting fuels  Planting more trees  No to FIRE CRACKERS in Diwali and other occasions  Pollution Control Devices Cyclone Separator Bag House Filter NATIONAL AIR QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAMME (NAMP)  Central Pollution Control Board is executing a nation-wide programme of ambient air quality monitoring known as National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP).  The network consists of three hundred and forty two (342) operating stations covering one hundred and twenty seven (127) cities/towns in twenty six (26) states and four (4) Union Territories of the country.  Under N.A.M.P., four air pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2, Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM / PM10) have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations.  The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and wind direction, relative humidity (RH) and temperature were also integrated with the monitoring of air quality. Water Pollution The Contamination of water with undesirable substances which make it unfit for usage is termed water Pollution.  Pollution Sources  Point sources are direct discharges to a single point;  examples include discharges from sewage treatment plants, injection wells and some industrial sources.  Non-point sources are diffused across a broad area and their contamination cannot be traced to a single discharge point.  Examples include runoff of excess fertilizers, herbicides, and insecticides from agricultural lands and residential areas; oil, grease, and toxic chemicals from urban runoff and energy production; and sediment from improperly managed construction sites, crop and forest lands, and eroding stream banks. Surface Water Pollution  Sewage  Industrial effluents  Synthetic detergents  Agrochemicals  Oil  Waste heat Domestic Sewage  Refers to waste water that is discarded from households. Also referred to as sanitary sewage, such water contains a wide variety of dissolved and suspended impurities.  It is large by volume and contains impurities such as organic materials and plant nutrients that tend to rot.  The main organic materials are food and vegetable waste, plant nutrient come from chemical soaps, washing powders, etc.  Domestic sewage is also very likely to contain disease-causing microbes. Industrial Effluents  Waste water from manufacturing or chemical processes in industries  Industrial waste water usually contains specific and readily identifiable chemical compounds.  Mainly in the form of toxic wastes and organic pollutants.  Chromium, mercury, lead, copper, cadmium etc Synthetic Detergents And Oils  Added because of washing clothes, cleaning utensils.  In industries for washing  Add surfactants and soaps to water  Toxic to fish, aquatic life.  Oceans are polluted by oil on a daily basis from oil spills, routine shipping, run-offs and dumping.  Oil spills make up about 12% of the oil that enters the ocean. The rest come from shipping travel, drains and dumping. Agricultural Run Off  Routine applications of fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture and uncontrolled run off in water bodies.  Adds Nitrogen and Phosphorus to water  Causes Eutrophication and algal blooms.  Nitrate concentration is above the permissible level of 45 ppm in 11 states, covering 95 districts and 2 blocks of Delhi. Ground Water Pollution  Is less comparatively as soil acts as a filter Still...  Septic tanks  Mining  Deep well injection  Presence of heavy metals in groundwater is found in 40 districts from 13 states, viz., Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and five blocks of Delhi.  Arsenic , Nitrate, Fluoride Fluoride Poisoning  The incidence of fluoride above permissible levels of 1.5ppm occur in 14 Indian states, namely:  Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,  Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal affecting a total of 69districts, according to some estimates.  Some other estimates find that 65 per cent of India’s villages are exposed to fluoride risk. Fluoride Poisoning  A recent survey by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI) in north Gujarat showed 42 per cent of the people covered in the sample survey (28,425) were affected; while 25.7 per cent were affected by dental fluorosis, 6.2 per cent were affected by muscular skeletal fluorosis and 10 per cent by both.  Fluoride had been reported to cause depressions in DNA and RNA synthesis in cultured cells.  Another study on the effects of fluorides in mice showed significant reductions in DNA and RNA levels.  Conditions including ageing, cancer, and arteriosclerosis are associated with DNA damage and its disrepair. Arsenic Poisoning  High levels of arsenic above the permissible levels of 50 parts per billion (ppb) are found in the alluvial plains of Ganges covering six districts of West Bengal.  Arsenic contamination of drinking water causes a disease called arsenicosis, for which there is no effective treatment.  Arsenic contamination is by far the biggest mass poisoning case in the world putting 20 million people from West Bengal and Bangladesh at risk though some other estimates put the figure at 36 million people. Effects  Depletion of dissolved oxygen  Eutrophication  Pathogen….spreading diseases  Bio-magnification  Genetic deformities  Blue baby Syndrome  Minamata disease  Itai-Itai  DEPLETION OF OXYGEN  Low DO and High  Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)  Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)  Biodegradable and organic waste leads to Oxygen depletion  DO levels less than 4 mg / l disastrous.  Polluted waters have 0 DO Pathogen Spread  Stagnant water and other untreated water provide a habitat for the mosquito and a host of other parasites and insects that cause a large number of diseases especially in the tropical regions.  Among these, malaria is undoubtedly the most widely distributed and causes most damage to human health. Biomagnification  Pesticides. The organophosphates and the carbonates present in pesticides affect and damage the nervous system and can cause cancer.  Some of the pesticides contain carcinogens that exceed recommended levels. They contain chlorides that cause reproductive and endocrinal damage.  Lead. Lead is hazardous to health as it accumulates in the body and affects the central nervous system. Children and pregnant women are most at risk.  Petrochemicals. Benzene and other petrochemicals can cause cancer even at low exposure levels.  Chlorinated solvents. These are linked to reproduction disorders and to some cancers.  Other heavy metals. –Heavy metals cause damage to the nervous system and the kidney, and other metabolic disruptions. Case Study of Vultures  Veterinary use of the drug diclofenac— used in the treatment of livestock—has been linked to the collapse of vulture populations throughout South Asia.  Vultures are keystone species that perform a vital ecosystem service by disposing of carrion and their decline has had dramatic ecological and socio- economic consequences.  Vultures feeding on the carcasses of animals recently treated with the drug suffer renal failure and die. Blue Baby Syndrome  Blue Baby Syndrome or Methemoglobinemia is caused by decreased ability of blood to carry oxygen, resulting in oxygen deficiency in different body parts.  Infants are more susceptible than adults.  The disease can be caused by intake of water and vegetables high in nitrate, exposure to chemicals containing nitrate, or can even be hereditary.  As different parts of the body get deprived of oxygen, clinical symptoms of oxygen starvation start to appear, the main being cyanosis (derived from ‘cyano’, meaning dark blue; from Greek, kyanos).  The lips or even the skin start to take on a blue colouration, hence the common name, the blue baby syndrome/ disease. Minamata Disease  First detected in 1956  In Minamata, Japan, mercury was used in the industrial production of acetaldehyde.  Discharged into the nearby bay and was ingested by organisms.  Fish and other creatures in the sea were soon contaminated and eventually residents of this area who consumed the fish suffered from MeHg (methyl mercury) intoxication ITAI-ITAI  Itai-itai disease ("ouch ouch sickness"),  Was the documented case of mass cadmium poisoning in Toyama Prefecture, Japan, starting around 1912.  The cadmium poisoning caused softening of the bones and kidney failure. The disease is named for the severe pains (Japanese: itai) caused in the joints and spine.  The cadmium was released into rivers by mining companies. This Cadmium contaminated water was used to irrigate rice fields. Control of Water Pollution  Treatment of water before leaving in water bodies.  Restoration of polluted water bodies.  Ganga Action Plan  River Water Monitoring Marine Pollution  Marine Pollution is caused due to Sewage Sludge, Indutrial Effluents, Detergents, solid waste, plastic, etc.  Sources :  River- Bring pollutants from drainage basins  Catchment Area- Human Settlements  Oil Drilling & Shipment  Effects :  Fishes show mortality  Oil disrupts the insulating capacity of feathers  Due to loss of Buoyancy and subsequent drowning of Birds cause Deaths  Control measures  Effluents should not be discharged  Treatment before discharge  Strict law enforcement- regarding drilling in Ecosensitive zones, dumping of toxic & Hazardous wastes  Minimum developmental activities on shore  CRZs: Coastal regulation Zones Global Environmental Monitoring Stations/ Monitoring of Indian National Aquatic Resource  CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs/PCCs established a nationwide network of water quality monitoring comprising 2500 stations in 28 States and 6 Union Territories.  The monitoring is done on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water.  The monitoring network covers 445 Rivers, 154 Lakes, 12 Tanks, 78 Ponds, 41 Creeks/Seawater, 25 Canals, 45 Drains, 10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 Wells.  Among the 2500 stations, 1275 are on rivers, 190 on lakes, 45 on drains, 41 on canals, 12 on tanks, 41 on creeks/seawater, 79 on ponds, 10 Water Treatment Plant (Raw Water) and 807 are groundwater stations  Water samples are being analysed for 28 parameters consisting of 9 core parameters, 19 other physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters apart from the field observations. Besides this, 9 trace metals and 15 pesticides are also analysed in selected samples.  Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations. Thermal Pollution Definition : Presence of waste heat in the water which can cause undesirable changes in natural environment. Causes: Heat producing Industries Power plants utilize only 1/3rd energy produced by fossil fuel rest is wasted as heat Cold water is taken from water body for cooling ….used and left in the water body….back with increase of 10-15 Deg. Effects…?  Oxygen penetration decreases, dissolved oxygen also reduces as the solubility is decreased  Heat kills fishes and other aquatic life.  Toxicity of pesticides & chemicals increase with increase in temperature  Metabolic Activities increase at high temp. requiring more oxygen.  Spawning is disturbed  Fish migration is affected  Composition of flora & fauna changes-  Temp. tolerant spp. Start developing Control of Thermal pollution  Cooling ponds, cooling towers and spray ponds  Noise pollution  Unwanted and unbearable sound is “Noise”  Sound travels in form of pressure waves through air, liquid or soild  Measured on DECIBEL SCALE.  Maximum during Diwali, Ganpati and other festivals  Higher in Industrial area.  80 to 120 dB  Crackers: 125 dB  Construction: 100 dB Sources and effects  Transportation  Heavy Machinery  Construction activities  Celebrations and household appliances  Physiological and psychological changes  Interferes communication  Hearing damage  Sleep disturbance  Noise standards  Night 10 p.m. to morning 6 a.m.- loud noise banned.  Declaration of Zones  Control Reduction at the source Proper maintenance of machineries Machineries should be covered Use of sound absorbing silencers Through law Planting more trees of broad leaves  Nuclear Or Radioactive Hazard  Natural radioactive decay  Give out fast moving particles, high energy radiations.  Alpha and beta particles  Nuclear accidents, test laboratories radioactive fallout  Fukushima in Japan  Pripyat in Ukraine Effects and control  Genetic damage : DNA alterations, gene damage, chromosome damage  Somatic damage: Burns, miscarriages, eye cataract, cancers of skin, bones, breast.  Proper siting.  Proper disposal. Soil pollution  Soil is upper layer of earth crust, contains organic matter, fertile  Dumping of wastes causes soil pollution  Garbage  Rubbish like glass, plastics, metallic cans, papers, cloth rags, containers  Discharge of Industrial wastes.  Fly ash from Thermal power plants  Fertilizers and pesticides: DDT, endrin, Lindane.  Sewage sludge and radioactive wastes  Effects and control  Reduce soil productivity  Affects soil flora and fauna  Sludge contains worms, bacteria and pathogens.  Radioactive wastes enter food chain: Strontium 90 mimics calcium.  Treatment before discharge  Convert waste to biogas, fuel etc.  Recover from soil. SOLID WASTE AND ITS MANAGEMENT  Higher standards of living…generate more waste  Quantities are enormous  Management is very important  Sources of solid waste include: Waste from homes, hospitals, industries, parks, gardens, shops, construction and demolition waste  In each and every action of humans, Solid waste is generated  Two types of Waste: BIODEGRADABLE NON-  Vegetable waste BIODEGRADABLE  Food waste  Polythene bags  Tea leaves  Glass bottles  Egg shells  Scrap metal  Dry leaves  Tins, cans etc etc  Electronic waste EFFECTS OF SOLID WASTE  Waste heap up on roads  Litter surroundings  Foul smells  Vector breeding  BURNING produces toxic gases  Management  Following methods in use:  Composting  Sanitary landfill  Incineration  Segregation of waste  Current trends of 3- R’s  Reduce Reuse Recycle Incineration Composting Major pollution episodes  Love canal tragedy  Bhopal gas tragedy  Chernobyl disaster  Exxon Valdez leak episode  ……..many more  Certain initiatives  Laws have been made and are followed  Pollution level Standards: established and compulsory to maintain.  Pollution control boards: State and Central (SPCB’s- like MPCB (Maharashtra Pollution Control Board) and CPCB)  NGOs  Research and development of better technologies  Awareness in schools and colleges, offices.  Awards Role of an Individual in Pollution prevention  Think globally act locally  Use eco-friendly products  Use rechargeable batteries  No to excess pesticides, chemicals, paints, solvents  Use less or only required quantity of resource  PLANT MORE TREES(local species)  Best from Waste  3 R’S- Reduce, Reuse, Recycle HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH POPULATION GROWTH PREDICTING FUTURE GROWTH RATE USING RESOURCES AND PRODUCING POLLUTION WHAT ARE POLLUTANTS? WHAT ARE INDICATOR SPECIES? AIR POLLUTION GLOBAL WARMING AND GREENHOUSE GASES GREENHOUSE EFFECT CARBON DIOXIDE LEVELS WHAT IS THE CARBON SINK? THE CARBON SINK ACID RAIN WHAT DAMAGES THE OZONE LAYER? WHAT S SMOG? WATER POLLUTION EUTROPHICATION EUTROPHICATION LAND POLLUTION HOW MUCH WASTE? WHAT ARE THE OPTIONS? WHAT IS THE BEST SOLUTION? GLOSSARY (1/2) GLOSSARY (2/2)  ASSIGNMENT 1 Write short notes in your own words on the following (i) Global Warming (ii) Biological Diversity (iii) Ozone Layer Depletion (iv) Eutrophication (iv) Green House Gas Effect  Submission is due on 29/9/2020  Submit to [email protected] Questions & Answers 170