Module 1 - ME.pdf

ES106: Introduction to Computers History, Components, and Classifications Prepared by : Engr. Jhon Lloyd Cabahug Learning Outcomes Describe the history and evolution of computers. Identify and explain main computer components. Classify different types of compute...

ES106: Introduction to Computers History, Components, and Classifications Prepared by : Engr. Jhon Lloyd Cabahug Learning Outcomes Describe the history and evolution of computers. Identify and explain main computer components. Classify different types of computers. Understand hardware specifications in computer systems.  What Is A Computer? A computer is an electronic device that processes data according to a set of instructions (software). Basic functions: Input, Process, Output, and Storage. Computers can perform calculations, store information, and control other devices. What Is A Computer? Simple diagram showing input, process, output, and storage cycle of a computer. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ABACUS Definition: A mechanical device used to aid in performing mathematical calculations. Origin: Invented in Babylonia around 500 B.C. Purpose: Used to perform basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division). HISTORY OF COMPUTERS PASCALINE Inventor: Blaise Pascal, 1642. Purpose: Designed to perform basic arithmetic operations, specifically addition and subtraction. Limitations: ○ Could only perform addition and subtraction. ○ It was complex and too expensive for widespread use. Significance: One of the earliest mechanical calculators, paving the way for future advancements in computing technology. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS STEPPED RECKONER Inventor: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, 1672. Capabilities: ○ Able to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division automatically. Design: ○ Utilized a stepped drum mechanism to handle various arithmetic operations. Significance: ○ Represented a major advancement from earlier calculators like the Pascaline. ○ Demonstrated increased functionality in mechanical calculation, influencing future computational devices. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS JACQUARD LOOM Inventor: Joseph-Marie Jacquard, 1801. Description: ○ A mechanical loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing. ○ Operated automatically using punched cards to control the weaving pattern. Significance: ○ Enabled complex patterns and designs to be woven automatically, greatly increasing productivity and flexibility in textile production. ○ Impact on Computing: The concept of using punched cards for control laid the foundation for early computer programming and data storage. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS DIFFERENCE ENGINE Inventor: Charles Babbage (1822 and 1834). Description: ○ An automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. ○ Capable of performing calculations for producing mathematical tables, such as logarithms and trigonometric functions. Significance: ○ First Mechanical Computer: Often considered the first design for a mechanical computer. ○ Impact: Laid foundational concepts for future computing machines, including ideas of programmability and automatic computation. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ANALYTICAL ENGINE Inventor: Charles Babbage. Description: Designed in the 1830s, it was a proposed mechanical general-purpose computer, featuring an arithmetic logic unit, control flow through conditional branching and loops, and memory. Significance: Considered a precursor to modern computers due to its design for programmable computation. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Ada Lovelace Contribution: In 1843, Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Lovelace) wrote detailed notes on the Analytical Engine. Binary System Suggestion: Suggested using the binary system for computations, which was ahead of its time. Programming: Wrote the first algorithm intended for implementation on the Analytical Engine, often recognized as the first computer program. Significance: Ada Lovelace is considered the world’s first computer programmer for her work on the Analytical Engine. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS SCHEUTZIAN CALCULATION ENGINE Inventor: Per Georg Scheutz, 1843. Description: ○ Based on Charles Babbage's Difference Engine design. ○ The first mechanical calculator capable of printing results. Significance: ○ Printing Capability: It could automatically print calculated results, making it a significant advancement over earlier calculators. ○ Historical Importance: Demonstrated practical applications of mechanical computation by combining calculation with printing, paving the way for future advancements in computational devices. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS TABULATING MACHINE Inventor: Herman Hollerith, 1890. Description: ○ Designed to assist in summarizing and processing large volumes of information. ○ Utilized punched cards to store and manipulate data. Significance: ○ Practical Application: Primarily used for the 1890 U.S. Census, greatly speeding up data processing and tabulation. ○ Foundation for Computing: Hollerith’s machine was a precursor to modern data processing and computer systems, leading to the formation of IBM (International Business Machines). HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Z1: The First Programmable Computer Inventor: Konrad Zuse, Germany, 1936-1937. Description: ○ The Z1 was the first programmable computer, designed to perform binary calculations. ○ Used electromechanical relays for processing data and executing instructions. Programming: ○ To program the Z1, users inserted punched tape into a punch tape reader. ○ All output was also generated through punched tape, making it an early example of automated data handling. Significance: ○ Pioneering Design: Introduced the concept of programmable computing using binary floating-point arithmetic. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Harvard Mark I: The First Electro-Mechanical Computer Inventor: Howard H. Aiken, 1943. Also Known As: IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC). Description: ○ The Harvard Mark I was the first large-scale electro-mechanical computer. ○ It used electromechanical relays and was capable of performing calculations automatically. Significance: ○ Innovative Design: Combined mechanical and electrical components to perform complex calculations. ○ Capabilities: Featured a large set of relays and could perform arithmetic operations, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. ○ Influence: Paved the way for the development of electronic computers by demonstrating the feasibility of automated computation on a large scale HISTORY OF COMPUTERS Colossus: The First Electronic Computer Development: Designed and built by Tommy Flowers and his team at Bletchley Park. Year: 1943. Description: ○ Colossus was the world’s first programmable electronic digital computer. ○ It was designed to break encrypted German messages during World War II. ○ Type: Fixed-program computer, meaning its program could not be changed once it was set up. Significance: ○ Innovative Technology: Used over 2,000 vacuum tubes for its operations, marking a significant advancement from earlier mechanical computers. ○ Role: Played a crucial role in code-breaking efforts and had a major HISTORY OF COMPUTERS ENIAC: The First Electronic General-Purpose Computer Full Name: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer. Completion Year: 1946. Inventors: John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. Description: ○ ENIAC was the first general-purpose electronic computer, designed to solve a wide range of computational problems. ○ It used over 17,000 vacuum tubes to perform calculations, making it faster than earlier mechanical and electromechanical computers. Significance: ○ General-Purpose Computing: Unlike previous machines that were designed for specific tasks, ENIAC could be programmed to perform various types of calculations. ○ Impact: It demonstrated the feasibility of electronic computers for diverse applications, from scientific research to military calculations. ○ Legacy: ENIAC’s design and technology influenced the development of subsequent computers and helped pave the way for the modern computing era. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS UNIVAC I: The First Commercial Computer Full Name: UNIVersal Automatic Computer I. Inventors: J. Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. Completion Year: The first UNIVAC I was accepted by the United States Census Bureau on March 31, 1951. Description: ○ UNIVAC I was the first commercially available computer and marked a significant milestone in the history of computing. ○ Designed for business and administrative applications, it used vacuum tube technology and magnetic tape for data storage. Significance: ○ Commercial Milestone: It was the first computer to be sold to a commercial customer, setting a precedent for the commercialization of computing technology. ○ Impact: Demonstrated the potential of electronic computers for business applications and led to wider adoption in various industries. ○ Legacy: Influenced the design and development of future commercial computers and established the foundation for the computer industry. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS EDVAC: The First Stored Program Computer Full Name: Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. Designer: John von Neumann, 1952. Description: ○ EDVAC was the first computer to implement the stored-program concept, where both program instructions and data are stored in the computer's memory. ○ This design allowed for greater flexibility and efficiency in computing compared to earlier machines. Significance: ○ Stored Program Concept: Introduced the idea of storing program instructions in memory alongside data, which became a fundamental principle in computer architecture. ○ Impact: Enabled more complex and versatile programming and laid the groundwork for future electronic computers. ○ Legacy: The design principles of EDVAC influenced the development of subsequent computers and established the foundation for modern computing. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS IBM 650: The First Electronic Computer for Business Introduction: Installed in 1954. Description: ○ The IBM 650 was the first computer designed specifically for business applications. ○ It was a magnetic drum computer that used a rotating magnetic drum for data storage. Significance: ○ Business Applications: Marked the beginning of the use of electronic computers in business environments, making computing technology more accessible for commercial and administrative purposes. ○ Popularity: The IBM 650 became one of the most popular computers of its time, widely adopted by businesses for tasks such as payroll, accounting, and inventory management. ○ Legacy: Helped pave the way for the development of future business-oriented computers and applications. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS IBM 704 Introduction: Available from 1957 to 1959. Significance: ○ Development of FORTRAN: The IBM 704 was the machine for which the FORTRAN (Formula Translation) programming language was developed, one of the earliest high-level programming languages. ○ Technology: Represented the state of the art in computing during its time, utilizing individual transistors as components, which was a significant advancement over earlier vacuum tube technology. ○ Programming Languages: The period from 1958 to 1962 saw the development of many influential programming languages, facilitated by the technological advances of machines like the IBM 704. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS APPLE I AND APPLE II Design and Development: ○ Designer: Steve Wozniak, 1976-1977. ○ Company: Co-founded by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak in Wozniak’s garage. Apple I: ○ Introduction: Launched in 1976. ○ Description: One of the first personal computers, sold as a kit that required users to provide their own keyboard and monitor. ○ Significance: Marked the beginning of personal computing, though its impact was limited due to its minimal features and high cost. Apple II: ○ Introduction: Launched in 1977. ○ Description: The Apple II was a major success with its fully assembled design, color graphics, and user-friendly interface. ○ Significance: Made home computing more accessible and practical, contributing to the widespread adoption of personal computers in homes and businesses. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS MS-DOS COMPUTER Introduction: IBM introduced its first MS-DOS computer in 1981. Description: ○ Operating System: The computer ran on MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System), which became a standard operating system for IBM- compatible PCs. ○ Significance: Represented the beginning of widespread adoption of personal computers in business and home environments. Impact: ○ Portable Computing: While not portable by today's standards, the introduction of this computer marked a step towards more compact and accessible computing solutions. ○ Industry Influence: IBM’s adoption of MS-DOS and the compatibility of its computers set a precedent for the PC industry, influencing the development of personal computing and software. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS MACINTOSH 128 Introduction: Introduced in 1984. Description: ○ The Macintosh 128K was the first mass-produced, commercially available computer to feature a Graphical User Interface (GUI). ○ It included a mouse and a graphical desktop environment, allowing users to interact with their computer through icons and windows rather than text- based commands. Significance: ○ GUI Innovation: The introduction of the Macintosh 128K revolutionized personal computing by making it more user-friendly and accessible to a broader audience. ○ Commercial Success: Played a crucial role in popularizing graphical interfaces, setting a new standard for future personal computers. HISTORY OF COMPUTERS WINDOWS 1.0 Introduction: Launched in 1985 (not 1989). Description: ○ Windows 1.0 was Microsoft's initial attempt to introduce a graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM PCs and compatibles. ○ It provided a GUI environment that was reminiscent of the Macintosh but was considered less advanced. Significance: ○ Early GUI: Marked Microsoft's entry into the GUI market, paving the way for future developments in Windows operating systems. ○ Comparison: Although it was similar in concept to the Macintosh interface, Windows 1.0 was seen as a less mature product and was often humorously referred to by Macintosh users as AGAM-84 ("Almost as Good As Macintosh 84"). ○ Legacy: Laid the groundwork for subsequent versions of Windows,  GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS FIRST GENERATION 1946-1959 Vacuum tube based Components: Utilized vacuum tubes as the primary technology for memory and circuitry in the Central Processing Unit (CPU). Characteristics: ○ Size: Large and cumbersome. ○ Power Consumption: High energy consumption and significant heat generation. ○ Reliability: Prone to frequent failures due to the fragility of vacuum tubes.  GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS SECOND GENERATION 1959-1965 Transistor based Components: Utilized transistors, which were invented at Bell Labs in 1947. Characteristics: ○ Performance: Faster and more efficient compared to vacuum tubes. ○ Size: Smaller, lighter, and more compact. ○ Power Consumption: Reduced power requirements and less heat generation. ○ Reliability: More reliable than vacuum tube computers due to the robustness of transistors.  GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS THIRD GENERATION 1965-1971 Integrated Circuit based Components: Used integrated circuits, which combine multiple transistors, resistors, capacitors, and other components on a single chip. Characteristics: ○ Performance: Improved speed and processing power compared to transistors. ○ Size: Significantly smaller and more compact due to the miniaturization of components. ○ Power Consumption: Lower power requirements and reduced heat output. ○ Reliability: Enhanced reliability and reduced failure rates.  GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS FOURTH GENERATION 1971-1980 Microprocessor based Components: Utilized Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, integrating approximately 5,000 transistors and other circuit elements onto a single chip. Characteristics: ○ Performance: Increased processing power and efficiency compared to previous generations. ○ Size: More compact due to the miniaturization of components. ○ Reliability: Higher reliability and lower failure rates. ○ Affordability: Reduced costs, making computers more accessible to businesses and individuals.  GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS FIFTH GENERATION 1980-onwards Microprocessor based Components: Utilizes Ultra Large-Scale Integration (ULSI) technology, incorporating millions of transistors and circuit elements onto a single chip. Characteristics: ○ Performance: Enhanced processing power with greater speed and efficiency. ○ Size: Even more compact and powerful due to advanced integration technologies. ○ Reliability: Improved reliability and performance. ○ AI and Parallel Processing: Emphasizes parallel processing hardware and artificial intelligence (AI) software, enabling advanced computing tasks and intelligent behavior. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Size and Capacity Super Computer the very fastest and powerful, and expensive type of computer for processing data. made to perform multi-specific tasks. composed of many CPUs that work in parallel order called Multiprocessing or Parallel Processing. IBM Blue Gene CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Size and Capacity Mainframe Computer multi-programming, high-performance, and multi- user computer. can handle the workload of more than 100 users at a time on the computer. IBM Z Systems Z13 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Size and Capacity Mini Computer a digital and multi-user system with the connection of more than one CPU. currently used to store large databases, multi-user applications, and the automation industry. PDP 11 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Size and Capacity Micro Computer commonly the Personal Computer widely used today. typically used for personal use. widely used in many fields like home, office, data Desktop Computer collection, business, education, entertainment, publishing, etc. CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Purpose General Purpose Computer do various everyday tasks such as writing a word processing letter, document preparation, recording, financial analysis, printing documents. has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs at home or in the workplace in the environment. the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are mainly Laptop/PC less.  CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Purpose Special Purpose Computer designed to perform a particular or specialized task. needs specific processors, inputs, and devices to conduct work efficiently. the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers mainly depend on the nature and size of the work. Auto Teller Machine (ATM) CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling Analog Computer used only to process analog data. measures continuous changes in a physical quantity. used primarily to measure physical units like voltage, pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them into digits. used in the fields of technology, science, research, engineering Voltmeter CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling Digital Computer represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical values, or any other special symbols. can perform arithmetic operations such as addition, occurrence, subtraction, multiplication, or division and all types of logical (mathematical) operations calculates the number for processing Desktop PC the data CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS Based on Hardware Design & Data Handling Hybrid Computer combined complex computer unit built using both analog and digital properties and united by a single control system. designed to provide functions and features that can be found on both analog and digital devices. it solves too complex calculations or problems, resolves more Auto Gasoline Pump difficult equations immediately.  COMPUTER COMPONENTS HARDWARE SOFTWARE the physical parts or components a set of instructions, programs that are of a computer used to execute any particular task. ⮚ Input ⮚ System Software ⮚ Output ⮚ Application Software ⮚ Processing ⮚ Programming Languages ⮚ Memory  COMPUTER COMPONENTS HARDWARE Input Devices – any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it. ⮚ Mouse, Keyboard, Scanner, Web cam  COMPUTER COMPONENTS HARDWARE Output Devices – any piece of computer hardware equipment which converts information into human- readable form. ⮚ Monitor, Headphones, Printer, Speaker, Projector  COMPUTER COMPONENTS HARDWARE Processing Devices – the components responsible for the processing of information within the computer system. ⮚ CPU, GPU, Motherboard, Network card, video card, Soundcard  COMPUTER COMPONENTS HARDWARE Memory/Storage Devices – devices that stores all data temporary and permanent nature and BYTE is the unit of memory ⮚ PRIMARY ⮚ SECONDARY RAM (Random Access Memory) Hard disk drive ROM (Read-Only Memory) Flash drive Optical drive External drive  COMPUTER COMPONENTS SOFTWARE System Software – a computer software that is designed for running the computer hardware parts and the application programs. ⮚ Windows 10, Linux, MacOS  COMPUTER COMPONENTS SOFTWARE Application Software – application software that is designed for the users to perform some specific tasks like writing a letter, listening to music or seeing any video. ⮚ MS Office, Anti-Virus, Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Filmora  COMPUTER COMPONENTS SOFTWARE Programming Languages – programming language is the third category of computer software which is used by the programmers to write their programs, scripts, and instructions which can be executed by a computer. ⮚ Java, Python, C/C++, C#, PHP, JavaScript  FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER Input–Process–Output (IPO) model is a widely used approach in systems analysis and software engineering for describing the structure of an information processing program or another process.  HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS A specification often refers to a set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard.  HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A COMPUTER? Think about what you’re going to use it for and how you’re going to use it. WHY DO YOU NEED A COMPUTER? Using it for web surfing and email, using it for online classes, school, or work, using it to do work like graphic design, coding, or image editing, or using it for gaming. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS CPU (Central Processing Unit) CPU contributes to speed and performance. Think of it like the brain of the computer. Intel and AMD are the two main manufacturers of processors. Right now, Intel currently has these processors: i3, i5, i7, i9, and x-series. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS Processor GHz Speed This is the “clock speed” of the processor and basically the faster (higher the number) your GHz speed, the faster the computer can do what you ask it to do. Behind the CPU Type you’ll see a set of numbers that the processor speed. The higher the number the better. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS Solid State Drive – SSD The solid-state drive helps take care of your data, can replace a hard drive, and uses less of the CPU. It is more stable long term in terms of not breaking down. They also tend to be smaller in size and capacity, and are perfect for slim-line computers. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) Most computers come with a GPU, or graphics card, already installed. These are known as integrated graphics cards. This may be important if you’re going to be doing photo or image editing, graphic design, or gaming. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS Battery Life Laptop computer specs will include the approximate battery life of the computer. If you’re normally using your computer at home, then battery life probably doesn’t matter a ton. But if it’s for a student who will be sitting in a classroom not necessarily near a plug, or if you plan to work at a coffee shop where sometimes all the plugs are taken, battery life might be important. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS RAM (Random Access Memory) The memory enables to easily open lots of browser tabs and allows easily have lots of programs or applications open at once. RAM is measured in gigabytes (GB). A casual, normal user wants at least 4 GB. If you are a gamer, you want at least 8 GB. If you are a graphic developer or image editor, you want at least 16 GB. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS Weight This may not seem that important, but if you’re going to be carrying your laptop around, it’s something to think about! DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS Peripherals The keyboard and mouse usually come as part of a bundle, but you may be able to select wireless devices that make desktops neater. DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS Screen Size If you’re just using it for web surfing, school, or work, you will probably want at least 15” for an adult, but smaller would be fine if it’s for a younger child. If you’re using it for visually-heavy things like graphics or photo editing, then you might want one of the biggest size screens available.  SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS For Web Surfing & Email CPU Processor: Intel Celeron or i3 or AMD 8 or 12 or Ryzen 3 Memory: 2GB or greater Hard drive: 128 GB + Screen Size: your choice Example: HP NOTEBOOK COMPUTER - Intel i3, 3.4 GHz, 8GB Memory, 128 SSD Hard Drive, 15.6″ Screen  SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS For Virtual School or Work CPU Processor: Intel i5 or AMD Ryzen 5 Memory: 4GB to 8GB Hard Drive: 256 GB + Screen Size: 14 inch + Example: HP LAPTOP - Intel i5, 3.6 GHz, 8 GB Memory, 1 TB Hard Drive, 17.3″ Screen  SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS For Graphics & Gaming CPU Processor: Intel i7 or Ryzen 7 Memory: 8GB to 32GB Hard Drive: 500 GB + or adding on external hard drives just to have enough Screen Size: 17 inch + (also make sure it can handle second monitors)  SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS Laptop Computers - Recommended Configurations Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64 Memory: 16GB RAM Storage: 500 GB internal storage drive Monitor/Display: 14" LCD monitor, resolution of 1600 x 900 or better. Network Adapter: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter Other: Internal or external Webcam, lock, carrying case, external hard drive for backups  SOME EXAMPLES OF COMPUTER SPECS Desktop Computers - Recommended Configurations Processor (CPU): Intel Core i5 (sixth generation or newer) or equivalent Operating System: Microsoft Windows 10 Professional x64 Memory: 16GB RAM Storage: 512 GB internal Solid-State Drive (SSD) or 1 TB internal HDD Sustainability: EPEAT Silver rating (preferably EPEAT Gold) Monitor/Display: 24" LCD monitor Network Adaptor: 802.11ac 2.4/5 GHz wireless adapter Other: Webcam, lock, external drive for backups  END Do you have any questions? If at first you don't succeed; call it version 1.0. — Anonymous