3D Modeling Introduction PDF

MODULE 1 3D MODELING INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELING 3D Modeling 3D Modeling 3D modeling is the process of creating a 3D Representation of any surface or object by manipulating polygons, edges, and vertices in simulated 3D space. You've seen the results of 3D modeling in movies, an...

MODULE 1 3D MODELING INTRODUCTION TO 3D MODELING 3D Modeling 3D Modeling 3D modeling is the process of creating a 3D Representation of any surface or object by manipulating polygons, edges, and vertices in simulated 3D space. You've seen the results of 3D modeling in movies, animations, and video games that are filled with fantastical and imaginative creatures and structures. 3D Modeling 3D modeling can be achieved manually with specialized 3D production software that lets an artist create and deformpolygonal surfaces or by scanning real-world objects into a set of data points that can be used to represent the object digitally. 3D Coordinates  3D Coordinates The most basic visual entity is the point. The point has no size, but it has a location. To determine the location of points, we first establish an arbitrary point in space as the origin. We can then say a point’s location is so many units left (or right) of the origin, so many units up (or down) from the origin, and so many units higher (or lower) than the origin. 3D Coordinates These three numbers give us the 3D coordinates of the point in space. For example, a point 7 units right (x), 4 units down (z), and 3 units above (y) the origin has the XYZ coordinates (7,4,3). To specify points on the opposite side of the origin, we use negative numbers. In the example, a point at (-5, -2, -1) would be 5 units left of the origin, 2 units up, and 1 unit below. 3D Coordinates In computer graphics, we don’t really say the point is “left/right”, “up/down”, or “higher/lower”. Instead we call the three dimensions the X axis, the Z axis, and the Y axis. Y-up and Z-up In animation and visual effects, the tradition is to use Y as the “up” or elevation axis, with X and Z as the “ground” axes. However, some other industries traditionally use Z as the up axis and X and Y as the ground axes. In Maya, you can switch the up axis between Y and Z. Select Windows > Settings/Preferences > Preferences, then click Settings in the left pane. For more information 3D Production Pipeline 3D Production Pipeline The process of a 3D animation pipeline is complex and can be a lot more complicated than any other forms of animation. Depending on what project and which 3D animation studio is involved, the number of steps may vary. In this lens, it is identified and illustrated the 11 most common steps involved in producing a 3D animation project. 3D Production Pipeline They are namely: - Concept and Storyboards - 3D Modelling - Texturing - Rigging - Animation - Lighting - Camera Setting - Rendering - Compositing and Special VFX 3D Production Pipeline 3D Production Pipeline Storyboarding The very first step involved in a 3D production pipeline is the conceptualization of ideas and the creation of the storyboards that translate these ideas into visual form. A storyboard is a sequence of illustrations that showcase your digital story in two dimensions. 3D Production Pipeline Modeling Modelling is the process of taking a shape and moulding it into a completed 3D mesh. The most typical means of creating a 3D model is to take a simple object, called a primitive, and extend or “grow” it into a shape that can be refined and detailed. 3D Production Pipeline Texturing When a 3D model is created, 2D images can be overlaid on it to add colours, designs, and textures. This is called mapping, and often the entirety of a model’s colour comes from this. These maps can be created in programs like Photoshop, and the illusions of textures can be brushed onto the models as easily as if you painted them yourself 3D Production Pipeline Rigging Rigging is the process to set up a controllable skeleton for the character that is intended for animation. Depending on the subject matter, every rig is unique and so is the corresponding set of controls. Skinning is the process of attaching the 3D model (skin) to the rigged skeleton so that the 3D model can be manipulated by the controls of the rig. 3D Production Pipeline Animation Animation is the process of taking a 3D object and getting it to move. Animation comes in a few different flavors. There’s keyframe animation, where the animator manipulates the objects on a frame- by-frame basis, similar to old hand-drawn cartoons. 3D Production Pipeline Lighting Lighting, (in combination with textures, camera angle etc.) is where a scene has the potential to come alive. Used improperly, light can wash out a scene, make objects appear hard or flat, and destroy all the hard work. 3D Production Pipeline Camera Angles and Techniques A camera is an amazing tool. In 3D, unlike the real world, physical limitations don’t exist. You can create a scene where the camera takes you on a journey inside the blood vessels of a human body, or to be an eye-in-the-sky in your scenes, it can be used to create impossible perspectives, to zoom and pan and so much more. It’s beyond the scope of this article to tell you everything about cameras, but here are some basics to get you started. 3D Production Pipeline Rendering Rendering an image is typically the last step in the 3D production pipeline (but not the last step in the overall production pipeline), and is perhaps the most important part. It is a step often overlooked or glossed over by beginners, who are more focused on creating models and animating them. 3D Production Pipeline Compositing Compositing includes everything from what you probably normally think of as special effects, where things explode, evaporate, morph, etc. It also includes stage extensions (making the scene stage larger digitally in post-production), to environment creation (anything from buildings to complete worlds), to blue/green screen replacement (shooting in-front of a blue or green screen and then replacing the background with digitally created footage or footage shot elsewhere). Basically, the art of taking live footage and blending it with computer-generated footage would be considered compositing. 3D Modeling Methods 3D Modeling Methods Presently, 3D modeling and animations are being used in various industries, including video games, movies, publishing, architecture, medical science, geology and others. 3D modeling is the creation of 3D images of different objects, where it is mathematically represented in three dimensions. Here, you will come to know about the different types of 3D modeling. At the outset, developing these animations call for creativity and an advanced knowledge on software. 3D Modeling Methods Polygonal/Subdivision/ Box Modeling This is a type of polygonal modeling, where the artist uses a geometric shape, like a cube, cylinder or sphere and shapes it until the intended appearance is achieved. Box modelers carry out the process in different stages. They start with a low-resolution mesh and then refines the shape. Then they sub-divides the mesh, ensuring that the hard edges are smoothened out and add the necessary detail. 3D Modeling Methods Polygonal/Subdivision/ Box Modeling 3D Modeling Methods Polygonal/Subdivision/ Box Modeling They repeat the process of refining and subdividing, till enough polygonal detail is present in the mesh, that can convey the desired concept. Box modeling is one of the most common polygonal modeling techniques and is used in combination with edge modeling techniques. 3D Modeling Methods Contour/Edge modeling Edge modeling is another type of polygonal modeling technique, although it is different from box modeling. In this process, the modelers develop the model piece by piece, instead of refining a primitive shape. This is done by placing the loops of polygons along the outlines and filling the gaps that lie between them. This process is applied, as it is difficult to complete certain meshes through box modeling. 3D Modeling Methods Contour/Edge modeling For instance, the human face cannot be completed only through box modeling. You can collaborate with one of the reputed modeling companies to get these models designed. The experts carry out the 3D modeling process with dexterity and develop the desired models. 3D Modeling Methods Spline/NURBS modeling This type of modeling is extensively used in the industrial and automotive modeling processes. A NURBS mesh does not have any edge, face or vertices. These models come with surfaces that can be interpreted smoothly. The modelers can develop the concept by lofting a mesh between the splines. NURBS curves are developed using a tool, similar to the pen tool used in Adobe Photoshop or MS Paint. 3D Modeling Methods Spline/NURBS modeling The modelers draw the curve in the 3D space and edit them my moving the control vertices, which is a series of handles. The curves are to be placed along prominent contours and the space between them is automatically interpolated by the software. Alternatively, you can also create a NURBS curve using a profile curve, revolving it around a central axis. This is one of the most extensively used 3D model design techniques used to design objects like vases, wine glasses and plates, that are radical in nature. 3D Modeling Methods Spline/NURBS modeling 3D Modeling Methods Subdivision modeling Sub-division modeling is created by mixing polygonal modeling and NURBS modeling techniques. In this hybrid process, the 3D models are created through a polygon model and then it is converted into sub-division model. The artist enjoys the control over the refinement of the 3D model in certain areas. 3D Modeling Methods Subdivision modeling Besides, they can easily transfer these models between various software. The polygon needs to be subdivided and refined, until the details are clear enough to display the desired model. With greater subdivision, the surface becomes smoother. 3D Modeling Methods Digital Sculpting The tech industry has integrated various 3D modeling processes, that they call disruptive technologies. The experts use advanced 3D modeling software to develop these models. The automobile industry has also evolved, with these technologies making their way into the product development and marketing strategies. 3D Modeling Methods Digital Sculpting Digital sculpting is a type of disruptive technology, and it has leveraged the 3D modeling process to a great extent. The modelers now need not carry out the painstaking constraints of edge flow and topography. This enables them to design the 3D models, in a way similar to the process of sculpting digital clay. 3D Modeling Methods Digital Sculpting 3D Modeling Methods Procedural modeling Procedural modeling refers to the designs that are generated algorithmically, and are not created by the artist manually. Here, the objects and scenes are developed on the basis of user-defined parameters or rules. In various environment modeling packages, the modelers can create entire landscapes by modifying the parameters like elevation range and foliage density. They can also choose from landscapes like coastal areas, desert or alpine. Various modeling techniques are used for developing 3D design for games. 3D Modeling Methods Procedural modeling 3D Modeling Methods Procedural modeling Procedural modeling is extensively used in organic objects like foliage and trees, where the complexity and variations are more infinite. These models are extremely difficult to be drawn by hand. These objects can further be tweaked through various editable settings. For instance, you can change the density of branches, height of tree trunks, curls and angles, as per your needs. 3D Modeling Methods Image-based modeling In image-based modeling, 3D objects are derived algorithmically from a set of 2D images, that are static in nature. This type of modeling is used in cases, where the modeler faces budgetary or time restrictions, and are not able to develop fully realized 3D images. This is one of the most common type of 3D modeling in the film industry. Over the years, image- based modeling is increasingly being used in the entertainment industry. 3D Modeling Methods Image-based modeling 3D Modeling Methods 3D scanning Through 3D scanning, real world objects can be digitized, and the process involves high photo-realism levels. Using 3D scanning, objects and even the actors can be analyzed, scanned and the modelers can use the raw data to generate NURBS or polygonal mesh. These meshes carry high accuracy and resemble the original figure to a good extent. This process is used, when the modelers require a digital representation of the humans. 3D Modeling Methods 3D scanning This process was used in ‘The Curious Case of Benjamin Button’, where Brad Pitt, the lead actor, was aged in reverse throughout the length of the film. You must note, that 3D scanning is not only used to digitally represent objects and people. These are extensively used to represent objects, which does not have any real-world equivalent. In uses of 3D modeling in film and entertainment industry has increased manifold and presently, 3D scanning is one of the most extensively used processes in creating digitized images. 3D Modeling Methods 3D scanning 3D Modeling Methods Surface modeling Surface modeling helps in creating a 3D spline. The process involves the incorporation of a 2D spline, and it is different from NURBS. This modeling technique is primarily used to generate organic 3D models in films. It offers a good amount of flexibility to the modelers. They can easily create a 3D representation with various requirements, using geometric entities like curves or surfaces. 3D Compared to 2D 3D Compared to 2D Flexibility, ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes; Ease of rendering, automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating; Accurate photorealism, less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect. 3D Modeling Software 3D Modeling Software The ability to create designs with 3D modeling software can be a huge advantage for any graphic designer. It enables you to create photorealistic illustrations and mockups that are compelling to clients, as well as expand your skill set to craft blueprints for product and environmental designs. There are many types of of 3D modeling software out there, but we’re going to take you through a list of some of the most popular ones. 3D Modeling Software Sketch Up Sketch up is a user-friendly application that’s free to download and great for 3D modeling beginners. More advanced versions cost money, but you can still create great renderings and animations with the free version. 3D Modeling Software Blender Blender is another free 3D modeling application. Features include sculpting, animation, photorealistic rendering and video editing. For those ready to step it up a notch, the software also allows you to craft full 3D games, edit videos and realistic simulations (such as fluid, smoke and hair). 3D Modeling Software Autodesk AutoCAD Autodesk’s AutoCAD (Links to an external site.) is one of the most versatile and widely-used 3d modeling applications out there. It’s used by engineers as well as environmental, industrial and graphic designers. As an added bonus, they offer online videos (Links to an external site.) to walk you through the software basics to get you started. 3D Modeling Software Rhino Rhino is a curve-based 3D modeling software that creates mathematically- precise models of 3D surfaces. It’s used in architecture, industrial, product, multimedia and graphic design. Rhino offers and entire library of online tutorials, live classes, training guides and more to help you kick things off. 3D Modeling Software Autodesk 3dsMax 3ds Max® by Autodesk is a 3D modeling, animation, simulation and rendering software used in industrial design, film, games and motion graphics. Designers can make their creations come to life with more believable textures, human-like motion, flowing hair and fur, particle simulations and more. 3D Modeling Software Cinema 4D CINEMA 4D is a 3D modeling, animation and rendering application that is available in “4 Flavors” – motion graphics artists, architects, designers and 3D animators. It’s widely used in the film industry and helped to create animations in movies like Iron Man and Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs 3D Modeling Software Autodesk Maya Autodesk, Maya 3D is a 3D modeling, animation, rendering and simulation software. Maya 3D very similar to 3ds Max but less user-friendly for beginners. It’s used in video game development, animated films and visual effects and offers higher- end tools for characters and effects. You can start learning some of the basics here. 3D Modeling Software Many of these applications overlap in terms of their capabilities and can be used in all areas of graphic, environmental and product design. Designs created with 3D modeling software can have many different applications, which is why it’s crucial to ask your clients up front about the intended end-use of the design. Clients may need 3D designs for anything from presentation and design analysis purposes to production-ready files. During handovers, make sure to upload high resolution PNG and JPG files of the designs and ask them whether they’ll need the 3D source files or any other file formats such as a PSD. 3D Modeling Software The idea of tackling the learning curve of 3D modeling software can be intimidating, but the potential benefits to any graphic designer’s business can be huge. Similarly to learning the Adobe Suite, knowing the basics of 3D can go a long way. There’s a lot of free software (Links to an external site.) out there, so why not start with one of those and work your way up to the more advanced programs? REFERENCES https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/maya/getting- started/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2017/ENU/Maya/files/GUID-FDC58F4E-63B9-4012-B232- 5F2FBAC5EAC9-htm.html (Links to an external site.) http://www.upcomingvfxmovies.com/2014/03/3d-production-pipeline-pixar-vs-dreamworks/ https://www.media-freaks.com/the-process-of-3d-animation/ (Links to an external site.) https://professional3dservices.com/blog/3d-modeling-techniques.html (Links to an external site.) https://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic1.squarespace.com%2Fsta tic%2F586b5c5b29687fbf8b601a98%2F5877402a725e25a566004cf0%2F5877402a725e25a56 6004cf1%2F1484210227428%2FHead.jpg&imgrefurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebalstudios.com %2Fblog%2Fpolygon-modeling- basics&docid=B5F5rWTZzhTV8M&tbnid=bHGqZuwZEDM7PM%3A&vet=10ahUKEwiH6KqtzIjfA hVIjVQKHcf7DN0QMwhSKAAwAA..i&w=950&h=387&bih=577&biw=1366&q=polygon%20mod eling&ved=0ahUKEwiH6KqtzIjfAhVIjVQKHcf7DN0QMwhSKAAwAA&iact=mrc&uact=8#h=387& imgdii=ruL7RWMMmwGsqM:&vet=10ahUKEwiH6KqtzIjfAhVIjVQKHcf7DN0QMwhSKAAwAA..i &w=950 (Links to an external site.) https://99designs.com/blog/design-resources/3d-modeling-software-guide/ (Links to an external site.) END OF MODULE