Module 1 Introduction PDF

Module 1 Introduction Welcome to your first Ebook and the veterinary industry. This introductory module introduces you to terminology commonly used in the veterinary industry. This module material will not be directly assessed but it does act as a fountain for your future studies and assessments, so...

Module 1 Introduction Welcome to your first Ebook and the veterinary industry. This introductory module introduces you to terminology commonly used in the veterinary industry. This module material will not be directly assessed but it does act as a fountain for your future studies and assessments, so please do read this material carefully. Now at you are part of this wonderful industry we encourage you to join the New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association as a student member. You will gain access to the Journal published by the Association, and gain access to a wide range of CPD (Continuing Professional Development) events. Link to webpage: https://nzvna.org.nz/ The Para-professional A para-professional is a person who is trained to assist a professional person such as a doctor, teacher, lawyer or veterinarian. The para-professional role is an all-encompassing role, which spreads across many disciplines. Not only do you need to be a professional within the animal care industry i.e. veterinary nurse, animal care worker etc, but you also need to be great at customer service, be business minded and have great communication skills. All of which can help to make your job of educating your clients much easier. The roles within a veterinary clinic The role of the veterinary receptionist Client relations Accounts Answering phone/answering client questions Schedule management Ordering ect. The role of the veterinary nursing assistant Assistants can be trained to do many tasks around the clinic: Back-up for the veterinary nurse Restraint of animals Answering phones/answering client questions Packing surgical kits Cattery - cleaning and feeding Kennel Hand - walking dogs The role of the veterinary nurse Phlebotomist Anaesthetic technician Cleaner Radiographer Consulting nurse Receptionist Ward nurse What can veterinary nurses do? Client service clinics CBCs Serum chemistry's Cytology Dental prophylaxis Herd health data processing Radiographs Triage Bandaging Patient call-backs Sample preparation Faecals Anoestrus treatment injections Ear cleanings Intensive care monitoring Skin sutures Anal glands Clinic marketing Fluid therapy Bladder management Mastitis treatments (livestock e.g. cows) Enemas Catheter placement Urinalysis Ear cytology Hospitalized patient care Hoof and nail trims Client education Semen collection Surgical assistance Dosage calculations Skin scraping Aural examination Vaginal swabs Intradermal skin testing Tube feeding Database management Inventory management Instrument sterilization Intubation ECG Blood typing Clinic newsletter Restraint Merchandising Fluorescence eye stain Dispense medications Parasitology A veterinary nurse is an invaluable tool to a veterinary as while your veterinarian is in the consultation room: You can be… Fielding client questions Setting up surgery Putting your surgery patients on intravenous fluids Filling prescriptions Taking radiographs and drawing blood and urine on the last patient the veterinarian saw What's in it for the veterinarian? More time to generate active income More time to spend with clients in the exam room More time to review lab work and formulate a treatment plan More professionally fulfilled staff Basically, a happier working environment and less staff turn over. What's in it for you? Less stressed veterinarian. Feeling like an integral part of the health care team. Increased credibility with the clients. Real work versus "busy" work. Greater ability to affect your environment (e.g. more profit means better wage). Cooperation and Support Starting work in a new industry can be scary just think how great it would be to have a complete reference guide to your new practice! To be able to find out… …where everything is located …client quirks …tips and tricks of the trade Other staff members are valuable sources of information. Ask questions and write them down so that you remember. Tick once the role of the veterinary nurse section is complete Veterinary industry regulation The Veterinary industry is regulated and supported by a number of organisations. New Zealand Veterinary Nursing Association (NZVNA) - www.nzvna.org.nz Established in 1992, the NZVNA supports Veterinary Nurses with training, continuing professional development, and advice. Student memberships are available, and when you have graduated, you can step up to a full membership. The NZVNA runs voluntary registration for nurses, and currently, all new and prospective entrants to the NZ Register/List must have a veterinary nursing-related qualification approved by the New Zealand Qualifications Authority. Recognition of overseas qualifications to ensure they meet minimum standards in New Zealand can be completed through Capable NZ. Standards for entry to the NZ Register: Holding a valid veterinary nursing based qualification (recognised by NZQA) that is a minimum of 2years full time equivalent (e.g. NZDVN). Completion of 20 hours of approved continuing education, per year. Completion of 40 hours in clinical or academic veterinary nursing-related practice per year. Standards for entry to the NZ List: Holding a valid veterinary nursing based qualification (recognised by NZQA) that is less than two years full time equivalent (e.g. NZCAT VNA or NZCAT RAT). Completion of 20 hours of approved continuing education, per year. Completion of 40 hours in clinical or academic veterinary nursing related practice per year. Staying current on the NZ Register or List: Annual completion of 20 hours continuing education, Annual completion of 40 hours clinical or academic veterinary nursing practice. Adhering to a minimum standard of conduct under the law. There is currently no additional fee required for registration if the applicant is already a member of the NZVNA. If the applicant does not wish to become a member of the NZVNA, logging of CPD hours and verification of clinical hours will incur an administrative fee of $79(inc GST). If you wish to join the Register but not become an NZVNA member click here. The NZVNA has produced a Guide to Professional Conduct which outlines the key responsibilities a veterinary nurse must do in their role as a veterinary nurse. As a veterinary nurse student it's important to have a good understanding of these responsibilities. Please review - The Guide to Professional Conduct it will be assessed in later modules. New Zealand Veterinary Association (NZVA) - www.nzva.org.nz The NZVA is a voluntary membership association for all vets in New Zealand. Its role is that of advocacy and support for vets and is committed to safeguarding the high skills, continuing development and ethical standards of the New Zealand veterinary profession. New Zealand Veterinary Council - www.vetcouncil.org.nz All people working as veterinarians in New Zealand must by law (Veterinarians Act 2005) be registered with the Veterinary Council of New Zealand and hold a current practicing certificate. The Vet Council also makes sure vets are competent, fit, and healthy, and investigates complaints about vets. Ministry for Primary Industries - www.mpi.govt.nz MPI leads and facilitates the management of animal welfare policy and practice in New Zealand. MPI promotes policies for the humane treatment of animals and is a key participant in the ongoing animal welfare debate. MPI has the ability to make regulations under the Animal Welfare Act. Vitae - www.vitae.co.nz Vitae provides workplace wellbeing services. Vitae is New Zealand’s fastest-growing, nationwide provider of workplace wellbeing and employee assistance services. Vitae focuses on enhancing the productivity and success of a business by enhancing the wellbeing of staff. Tick once veterinary industry regulation section is complete Veterinary Terminology Every profession has a language all its own and veterinary medicine is no exception. Terminology is important because it conveys exact meaning using a few words instead of a descriptive sentence. Having a common language ensures that everyone has an exact understanding of a patient’s disease or condition and brings the entire health care team to the same level. Basic of Terminology Word Construction This section is taken from Chabner D-E, Medical Terminology: A Short Course, 5th Ed., Elsevier publishing pp. 2 – 4 Terms are divided into four distinct parts: Root - basis for the meaning of the word. A root appears with a prefix or a suffix or between both. Some words contain more than one root. Prefix – placed at the beginning of the root to form a new word Suffix - placed at the end of the root to form a new word Combining vowel – a letter used to link root to a prefix or suffix e.g. o. This vowel helps us to pronounce the word more easily e.g. psychology. Spelling Spelling the word correctly is just as important as pronouncing it correctly. There are words that sound the same, but are spelled differently. For example; ileum (part of the gastro-intestinal tract) and ilium (a bone of the pelvis). Both words are pronounced the same, but can you see why the spelling becomes crucial? A misspelled or mispronounced word can lead to the wrong meaning, create confusion and possibly result in an incorrect diagnosis or may even be fatal to your patient. Pronunciation Here are some simple rules to help you get started: ch is sometimes pronounced like k eg. chronic pn is pronounced with only the n sound eg. pneumonia ps is pronounced like s eg. psychology c and g are given the soft sound of s and j before e, i and y words eg. generic, giant, cycle, cytoplasm i at the end of a word is pronounced eg. alveoli, glomeruli Parts of a Word Where do we start? The best way to is start trying to identify the prefix, suffix, and anatomic root of words, and learning to recognise the most common roots referring to conditions, actions, characteristics, fluids, substances and colours. With these tools you can break down words in to their simplest parts to discover the meaning. Make connections with words you already know like antibiotic, bronchitis, heterosexual, prenatal, etc. Start using your terminology NOW! When you are in clinic listen for words you do not know, or do not understand. You can write these in a small notebook and look them up later. After you become familiar with word parts you may be able to discover the word's meaning by breaking it in to its respective parts. If the term contains multiple word parts, define the suffix first, then go to the beginning of the word and define each word part in sequence Pathology – "the study of disease" Path - Word root “disease” o - Combining vowel logy - Suffix “study of Abdominocentesis - “Puncture to remove fluid from the abdomen” Abdomin - Word root "Abdomen" (what we are referring to) o - Combining vowel centesis - Suffix modifies the word root Bradycardia - “Slow heart” Brady - The prefix modifies the word root cardia - Word root tells us what we’re referring to...in this case the heart Osteoarthritis - “inflammation of the bone joints” Osteo – word root #1 "bone" arthr – some words have TWO roots! word root #2 "joint" itis - suffix modifies both word roots (inflammation) Pyelonephritis - “inflammation of the kidney and renal pelvis” Pyel – word root “pelvis” o – combining vowel nephr – word root #2 "kidney" itis – suffix "inflammation of" Practice Take a look at the list of words below. See if you can break the word down in to its parts (prefix, combining vowel, root, suffix) and define its meaning. Many of these words may already be familiar to you. Melanoma Hematology Tonsilitis Appendectomy Rhinoplasty Physiology Microscopic Carcinogenic Pneumonia Photography Hypertension Prefixes Remember that you use words with prefixes everyday! Unhappy, Preview, Rewind, Defrost, Deflate, Mispell Below is a list of common veterinary prefixes and their meanings: Dys – difficulty - dyspnoea – difficulty breathing Brady- slow/reduced - bradycardia – slower than normal heart rate Poly – many, much, excessive - polydipsia – excessive thirst Sub – under/beneath - sub-cutaneous – under the skin Tachy - increased/rapid - tachycardia – an increased/faster than normal heart rate Ecto – outside (outer/external) - ectoparasites - parasites found on the skin or outside of the patient Peri- around - periosteum – around bone Post – behind/after - post-operative – after the operation Pseudo – false - pseudo pregnancy – false pregnancy How do I remember all of this? Study lists can be very helpful! Keep a "nerd book" in your pocket and write down words you hear. You can look these up later and have a list for revision. Take a look at the list of words below. See if you can figure out what each prefix means, and if you know a word that begins with that prefix. Hyper-, High (excessive, above, beyond, increased) e.g. Hypertension Hypo-, Low (deficient, under, beneath, decreased) e.g. Hypoglycaemia. Memory trick - hypo rhymes with low. Bi-, Two (double, twice) e.g. Bifurcate Endo-, Inside/within, e.g. Endotracheal Inter-, Between, e.g. Intervertebral Hemi-, Half, e.g. Hemilaminectomy Micro-, Small, e.g. Microhaematocrit Suffixes (post-fix or ending) You use words with suffixes every day! Portable Dictionary Irritation Fantastic Nauseous Below is a list of common veterinary suffixes and their meanings: -centesis – surgical puncture to remove fluid -algia – pain Amniocentesis - fluid removed from the amniotic sac neuralgia – pain in the nerves -genesis - development, origin pathogenesis – origin of disease -graphy – recording, written record cardiography – recording of heart action -pnoea – breathing - tomy – cutting, incision bradypnoea – reduced breathing rate (below normal rate) cystotomy – cutting of urinary bladder -emesis – vomit hyperemesis – excessive vomiting -cyte - cell leukocyte – white blood cell - logy – science, study of biology – study of life -scopy - act of examining endoscopy – using an endoscope -penia – deficiency of, lack of leukopenia – deficiency of white blood cells -itis – inflammation arthritis – inflammation of the joints Practice Take a look at the list of words below. See if you can figure out what each suffix means, and if you know a word that ends with that suffix. -logy -scope -cyte -ectomy -genesis -graphy Roots (basic element of the word) Below is a list of common veterinary word roots and their meanings: Cervic/o – Neck or neck-like projection Rhin/o – Nose Cervical spine – area of the spine Rhinitis – inflammation of the nose, or the tissues of comprising the neck the nose Bucc/o – Cheek Buccal surface – tooth surface that lies next to the cheek Laryng/o – Larynx (voice box) Laryngoscope – An instrument for looking at the larynx Vas/o – Vessel or Duct Pulm/o – Lungs Vasoconstriction – Shrinking/tightening of Pulmonary edema – Watery fluid in the lungs the vessel Phleb/o – Vein or Veins Cardi/o – Heart Phlebotomy - The act of opening a vein by Cardiologist – One who studies the heart incision or puncture Steth/o – Chest Stethoscope – an instrument for listening to the chest Lapar/o – Flank, abdomen Laparoscopy - surgical procedure in which an optical instrument is inserted into the abdomen ***** All of the information above helps you to understand how technical words are made and used to describe very specific things. Some of these words aren't used often, and some are used in veterinary practice everyday. The words in the box below are the ones you are likely to use more often, and should be the most familiar with. If you don't know what they mean, look it up online, or ask in the student forum. TachyBradyHypoHyperCardioDysPolySubEctoEndo-pnoea -emesis -itis Pyrexia Dig deeper Medical terminology for Dummies – Useful book that explains things logically – Available online via Unitec Library References University of Minnesota College of Veterinary Medicine (http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/) Saunders Veterinary Terminology Flash Cards Mcbride DF, 2002, Learning Veterinary Terminology, 2nd Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, Missouri, USA Terminology – Abbreviations There are many abbreviations used everyday in veterinary medicine. Some more official and internationally recognised than others. Many of the more official ones are the same or similar to those used in human medicine. Abbreviation for Drug Frequencies Lat = the abbreviation comes from the Latin words for this saying (Latin is an ancient language) sid - Once a Day (Lat: semel in die) bid - Twice a Day (Lat: bis in die) tid - Three Times Daily (Lat: ter in Die) qid - Four Times a Day (Lat: quater in die) qh - Every hour q2h - Every two hours q3h - Every three hours prn - As Needed (Lat: pro re nata). (also p.r.n.) Abbreviation for Drug Routes po - By Mouth, Orally (Lat: per orem) npo - Nil Per Os im - Intramuscular iv - Intravenous sc/sq - Subcutaneous ip - Intraperitoneal ic – Intracardiac Abbreviation for Animal Breeds DSH - Domestic Short Hair DLH - Domestic Long Hair JRT - Jack Russell Terrier GSP - German Short haired Pointer GSD - German Shepherd Abbreviations for Medical conditions FeLV - Feline Leukaemia Virus CBA - Cat Bite Abscess HBC - Hit By Car FAD - Flea Allergy Dermatitis FLUTD - Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease CRF - Chronic Renal Failure CHF - Congestive Heart Failure FIV - Feline Immunodeficiency Virus ARF - Acute Renal Failure TPLO - Tibial Plateau Levelling Osteotomy (A Specialised Orthopaedic Surgical Procedure) GDV - Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus (a dilated and "twisted" stomach) Abbreviation – Miscellaneous Dx - Diagnosis Hx - History Rx - Prescription Tx - Treatment Sx - Surgery Fx/# - Fracture HR - Heart Rate RR - Respiration Rate TPR - Temperature, Pulse, Respiration NAD - No abnormalities detected WNL - Within normal limits OTC - Over the counter PAR - Prescription Animal Remedy Ddx - Differential Diagnosis FNA - Fine Needle Aspirate SR/ROS - Suture removal/Removal of sutures (ROD - Removal of Drain) CRT - Capillary Refill Time MM - Mucous Membranes SpO2 - Oxygen Saturation Terminology -Direction Learning Outcomes 1. Become familiar with directional terms used in veterinary medicine. 2. Be able to identify plans of the body independent of how the body is oriented in the East/West, North/South world. 3. Begin to communicate using directional terms. Directional terms Directional terms always come in opposing pairs just like North has South, East has West and Up has Down. Using these terms means we do not need to see the animal to know which side we are talking about, or where something is located. To begin, you must know that we always differentiate left and right based on the concept that the animal is facing forward. The left side is ALWAYS the left and the right side is ALWAYS the right side no matter which way the animal is facing. Terms may only apply to certain parts of the body, depending on how these are oriented on animal. For example, legs have different directional terms than the head. Dorsal/Ventral: Refers to head, trunk and tail. Dorsal: directed toward the back (spine) Ventral: directed toward the belly e.g. a dog's spine is dorsal to its stomach e.g. a cat's sternum is ventral to its heart Medial/Lateral: Refers to head, trunk, limbs and tail. Medial: directed toward the midline Lateral: directed away from the midline (toward flank/outside) e.g. a dog's medial canthus is the inside corner of its eye e.g. a cat's lateral saphenous vein in on the ourside of its leg Cranial/Caudal: Refers to trunk, limbs and tail. Cranial: directed toward the cranium (head) Caudal: directed toward the tail (away from cranium) e.g. a dog's abdomen is caudal to its shoulder e.g. a cat's scruff is cranial to its back Rostral/Caudal: Refers to head. Rostral: directed toward the nose (rostrum) Caudal: directed toward the tail e.g. a dog's nose is rostral to its eyes Proximal/Distal: Refers to limbs, tail. Proximal: closest to the body (near point of attachment) Distal: farthest from the body (away from point of attachment) e.g. x is on the proxmial left hind leg e.g. y is on the distal left front leg Dorsal/Palmer/Plantar: Refers to feet/paws. Dorsal: top surface of the paw Palmar: undersurface of the front paw Plantar: undersurface of the back paw Muscles act by moving joints. Thus, the same terms apply to both muscle actions and joint movements. All joint movements are described by opposing directional terms. One set of muscles moves a joint in one direction; another set of muscles moves the same joint in the opposite direction. Terminology - Movement Most joints in the body function as "hinge" joints, meaning they move (extend/flex) in one plane. Ball and socket joints (like the hip joint) are capable of circumduction (circular motion). Limbs as a whole are capable of rotation (supination (rotate outwards)/pronation (rotate inwards)) and movement away from (abduction) and toward (adduction) the body. Flexion/Extension: Refers to limbs. Flexion: decrease the angle formed by a hinge joint Extension: increase an angle forms by a hinge joint Recumbency: lying down/reclining. Lateral recumbency: lying on side (either L or R) Sternal recumbency: lying on chest (sternum) Dorsal recumbency: lying on back (dorsal surface) Abduction/Adduction: movement of limbs. Abduction: move a limb away from the midline of the body. Memory tool - to abduct a person is to kidnap them or take them away. Adduction: move a limb closer to the midline of the body