Modern Indian History Module 33 PDF

Okay, here is the converted markdown format # MODERN INDIAN HISTORY ## MODULE - 33 EVENTS BETWEEN 1915-19 ### INITIAL YEARS OF GANDHI ## MODERN HISTORY ### GANDHI IN INDIA GANDHI'S CAREER **1893-1914** Broadly divided 2 phases **1915-1947** ### STRUGGLE IN SOUTH AFRICA ROLE IN INDIA'S FREEDOM STR...

Okay, here is the converted markdown format # MODERN INDIAN HISTORY ## MODULE - 33 EVENTS BETWEEN 1915-19 ### INITIAL YEARS OF GANDHI ## MODERN HISTORY ### GANDHI IN INDIA GANDHI'S CAREER **1893-1914** Broadly divided 2 phases **1915-1947** ### STRUGGLE IN SOUTH AFRICA ROLE IN INDIA'S FREEDOM STRUGGLE ### GANDHI IN INDIA SINCE 1915 6 He found that only technique which is capable of meeting the nationalist aims was a non-violent satyagraha. 5 He was not in favour of Home Rule agitation as he thought that it was not the right time when Britain was in a war. 4 He came to know about the limitations of moderate politics. **GANDHI WITH KASTURBA, 1915** 1 His efforts in South Africa were well known among the masses 2 One the advice of Gokhale, Gandhi decided to tour the country the next one year and see for himself the condition of the masses. 3 He also decided not to take any position on any political matter for at least one year. ### GANDHI IN INDIA #### KOCHRAB ASHRAM He wanted an Ashrama where he could settle down with his Phoenix family 1 First ashram in India organized by Gandhi, was gifted to him by his friend Barrister Jivanlal Desai. Founded on 25 May 1915, Kochrab Ashram was located near the city of Ahmedabad. Ashram was also called as Satyagraha Ashram. ### GANDHI IN INDIA #### SABARMATI ASHRAM 2 Gandhi wanted to carry out various activities such as farming and animal husbandry, in addition to other pursuits which called for the need of a much larger area of usable land. 3 So two years later, on 17 June 1917, the ashram was relocated to an area of thirty-six acres on the banks of the river Sabarmati, and it came to be known as the Sabarmati Ashram. ## GANDHI IN INDIA #### GANDHIAN MOVEMENTS * CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA * KHILAFAT AND NCM * AHMEDABAD SATYAGRAHA * CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE * KHEDA SATYAGRAHA * INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA * ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA. * QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT ## GANDHI IN INDIA #### GANDHIAN SATYAGRAHA Satyagraha is kind of passive resistance to change the heart and mind of the opponent through self suffering. It is non-violent alternative to violent struggle of oppression, exploitation and injustice. It is an idea of pledge of resistance to an unjust law, with God as witness and with no fear of consequences. Gandhi's philosophy of Satyagraha based on 4 fundamental pillars. * Absolute truth * Absolute love * Absolute discipline * Absolute justice Satyagraha takes varied forms such as fasting, prayers, spinning, hartal (strike), picketing, non-cooperation and civil disobedience. Gandhiji's greatest weapon was "truth and common sense". Satyagraha aims at conflict resolution with the means of peaceful resistance. # CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA Forcing Indian peasants to grow Indigo 3/20 part of land (tinkatia system) EUROPEAN PLANTERS German, synthetic dyes Replaced INDIGO To maximise profits before peasants shift to other crops Resorting to Demand higher rents Illegal dues GANDHI Requested by RAJ KUMAR SHUKLA To probe into the matter Reached Champaran To join with other leader Forcing to sell the produce at fixed price Rajendra Prasad Mahadev Desai Narhari Parekh J.B. Kripalani Authorities asked to leave 1st CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE But Gandhi defied the Passive order Resistance CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA **Later AUTHORITIES** * Retreated * Appointed commission of enquiry of which even Gandhi was member. * Gandhi convinced the authorities: * System should be abolished * Peasants to be compensated for illegal dues (as a compromise he agreed for only 25% money taken to be compensated) ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA (1917) #### FIRST CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE **A SLICE INTO HISTORY OF CHAMPARAN** * European planters had been forcing the peasants to grow indigo on 3/20 part of the total land (called tinkathia system). i.e. cash crops instead of food crops. * When German synthetic dyes replaced indigo, European planters demanded high rents and illegal dues from peasants in order to maximize their profits. * Also peasants were forced to sell the produce at prices fixed by the Europeans. A local indigo planter, suffering from atrocities of British planters requested Gandhiji to look into their problems. **WHY IT IS CALLED AS FIRST CDM?** * When the authorities ordered Gandhi to leave the area at once, Gandhi defied the order and preferred to face the punishment. * He adopted passive resistance or civil disobedience against unjust order. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA (1917) ### FIRST CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE LEADERS ASSOCIATED WITH CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA * Rajendra Prasad * Mazharul-Haq * Mahadeo Desai * Narhari Parekh * J.B. Kripalani * Brajkishore Prasad * Anugrah Narayan Sinha * Ramnavmi Prasad * Shambhusharan Varma. #### OUTCOME OF CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA * Authorities appointed a committee to go into the matter and nominated Gandhi as a member. * Gandhi was able to convince the authorities that the tinkathia system should be abolished and that the peasants should be compensated for the illegal dues extracted from them. * As a compromise with the planters, he agreed that only 25 per cent of the money taken should be compensated. * Within a decade, the planters left the area. Gandhi had won the first battle of civil disobedience in India. ## AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE (1918) COTTON MILL OWNER OF AHMEDABAD Ready to give only 20% wage hike.Issue over discontinuation plague bonus WORKER Situation worsened when demanding 50% rise to overcame wartime inflation Owners - decided to bring weavers from Bombay by dismissing striking workers - workers now approached * Social worker * Sister of Ambalal,President of Ahmedabad mill owner association ANASUYA SARABHAI approached advised strikers Workers to demand 35% hike instead of 50% Mill Owners - so referred - to tribunal settled, this put pressure, Fast unto Death, Gandhi no progress so undertook. 35% hike 1ST POLITICAL HUNGER STRIKE ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE (1918) #### FIRST HUNGER STRIKE **A SLICE INTO HISTORY OF AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE** * Issue of discontinuation of the plague bonus by cotton mill owners. * The workers were demanding a rise of 50 per cent in their wages so that they could manage in the times of wartime inflation but mill owners were ready to give only a 20 per cent wage hike. * The workers went on strike. The striking workers were arbitrarily dismissed. Anusuya Behn: Pioneer of labour movement in India. * Anusuya Behn went to Gandhi, and asked him to intervene and help resolve the impasse between the workers and the employers. In 1920, * Gandhi also formed Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association (Majoor Mahajan Sangh) with her support. **WHY GANDHI WENT FOR HUNGER STRIKE?** When strikers were getting impatient Gandhi feared that some workers would break their pledge and go back to work. That would be a great moral defeat. So Gandhi decided to go for the hunger strike. His fast was not against the mill owners, but against the lack of co-ordination and unity among the workers. The fast lasted only for three days. It influenced the mill owners so much that they came to an agreement with workers. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE (1918) #### FIRST HUNGER STRIKE LEADERS ASSOCIATED WITH AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE -Anasuya Ben Sarabai -Her brother Ambalal Sarabhai, Rich mill-owner of Ahmadabad -Social worker OUTCOME OF AHMEDABAD MILL STRIKE -Gandhi demanded a 35 per cent increase in wages instead of 50 per cent and advised the workers to remain non- violent while on strike. -Gandhi fast put pressure on the mill owners who finally agreed to submit the issue to a tribunal. -The strike was withdrawn. In the end, the tribunal awarded the workers a 35 per cent wage hike. # KHEDA SATYAGRAHA (1918) * Crops failed. * As per revenue code - If crops fail farmers are entitled to for remission. * But Government demanded taxes and even threatened to seize property if taxes are not paid. KHEDA Ordered farmers not to pay 1st NON-CO-OPERATION * Gandhi was spiritual leader, but political leadership ,given by Vallabhai Patel, Narahari Parikh, Ravi Shankar Vjas ,Mohanlal Pandya. GOVERNMENT SEIZED PEASANTS Organized tax revolt Socially ostracized those who came to buy property. * Seized peasant property land livelihood Huge support to peasants which ultimately forced Government to make an agreement farmer - Suspended taxes for 2 years - overall deduction in taxed - Return all confiscated land ### GANDHI IN INDIA #### KHEDA SATYAGRAHA (1918) ##### FIRST NON-COOPERATION **A SLICE INTO HISTORY OF KHEDA SATYAGRAHA** * Because of drought in 1918, the crops failed in Kheda district of Gujarat. * According to the Revenue Code, if the yield was less than one-fourth the normal produce, the farmers were entitled to remission. * Government, however, remained adamant and said that the property of the farmers would be seized if the taxes were not paid. LEADERS ASSOCIATED WITH KHEDA SATYAGRAHA Gandhi, was mainly the spiritual head of the struggle. * It was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Narahari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas, who organized the tax revolt with the support of villagers. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### KHEDA SATYAGRAHA (1918) #### FIRST NON-COOPERATION **OUTCOME OF KHEDA SATYAGRAHA** * Gandhi gave a call to farmers "not to pay taxes". * Ultimately, the government agreed to suspend the tax for the year and for the next year reduce the increase in rate and return all the confiscated property. * The struggle at Kheda brought a new awakening among the peasantry. They became aware that they would not be free of injustice and exploitation unless and until their country achieved complete independence. **IMPLICATIONS OF KHEDA SATYAGRAHA** * This Satyagrah is classic example of discipline and unity. Even when, on non-payment of taxes, the government seized the farmers property, land and livelihood, a vast majority of Kheda's farmers did not desert Sardar Patel. * Gujaratis in other parts helped by sheltering the relatives and property of the protesting peasants. * Those Indians who sought to buy the confiscated lands were socially ostracized. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### GAINS FROM CHAMPARAN, AHMEDABAD AND KHEDA * Gandhi demonstrated to the people the efficacy of his technique of satyagraha. * He found his feet among the masses and came to have a surer understanding of the strengths & weaknesses of the masses. * He acquired respect and commitment of many, especially the youth. ## GANDHI IN INDIA #### GANDHIAN MOVEMENTS * CHAMPARAN SATYAGRAHA * AHMEDABAD SATYAGRAHA * KHEDA SATYAGRAHA * ROWLATT SATYAGRAHA. * KHILAFAT AND NCM * CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE * INDIVIDUAL SATYAGRAHA * QUIT INDIA MOVEMENT ## EVENTS FROM 1919 ΤΟ 1922 ### ROWLATT ACT, 1919 * AFTER BENGAL PARTITION - **Carrot** MINTO-MORLEY POLICY **Stick** NEWS PAPER ACT-1908 * AFTER THE WORLD WAR - **Carrot** MONTAGU-CHELMSFORD REFORMS **Stick** ROWLATT ACT, 1919 ## EVENTS FROM 1919 ΤΟ 1922 ### ROWLATT ACT, 1919 #### WHY THE ROWLATT ACT WAS BROUGHT? COMMITTEE MAIN OBJECTIVE WAS It was asked to identify the links of Indian terrorists with German government and Bolsheviks of Russia. To arm the government to suppress unlawful and dangerous activities. The committee could not establish links with Bolsheviks, but substantiated the links with the Germans. On the basis of recommendations of this committee, a new law titled "Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act of 1919" famously called "Rowlatt Act" was passed on March 10,1919 despite opposition from non-official Indian members. ## ROWLATT ACT, 1919 ANARCHICAL AND REVOLUTIONARY CRIMES ACT Officially called Based on Rowlatt Commission which was appointed to investigate "Seditious Conspiracy" of Indians Main objective was to arm the government to suppress unlawful and dangerous activities. Wartime Extension Defence of India Regulation Act - Recommended that Act 1915 of ROWLATT ACT, 1919 * Activist should be deported / imprisoned without trail for two years. * Possessing even seditions newspapers would be adequate evidence of guilt * All political parties opposed the bill, popular slogan was chanted - "No pleas (daleel), No lawyers (wakil), No appeal" * Civil rights are curbed by * Arrest without warrant * Detention without trial * No access to legal help * Special cell- 3 judges-try the suspects * No right to appeal * Evidence not acceptable under * Evidence act are also acceptable * Law of Habeas corpus suspended * Strict control over the press ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### ROWLATT ACT, 1919 SATYAGRAHA AGAINST THE ROWLATT ACT- FIRST MASS STRIKE Gandhiji who was supporting British in the war effort called the Rowlatt Act as "Black Act". **BACKGROUND SCENE** * Congress was not in a position to start any movement, so it was left to Gandhi to suggest the form of struggle. * He organized 'Satyagraha sabha', himself became its president, he used the members of Home rule league(as they are not satisfied with Annie and Tilak had gone to England) and the Pan Islamists. * Gandhi toured through out India in march and declared April 6, as national wide strike and called for a mass protest at all India level. **SATYAGRAHA SABHA** Satyagraha sabha published propaganda literature and collected signatures for Satyagraha pledge. * Satyagrahi were of the opinion that Rowlatt act is unjust, unfair and discriminatory. * Signatory will disobey certain civil laws. * Satyagrahi will fearlessly adhere to the truth and ahimsa (non-violence) and will never misrepresent anything or hurt anybody's feelings. Techniques adopted- nationwide hartal (strike), fasting and prayer, and civil disobedience against specific laws. Many nationalist though opposed Rowlatt Act but were firmly against Satyagraha like- D.E.Wacha, Surendra Nath Banerji, Tej Bahadur Sapru ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### ROWLATT ACT, 1919 #### DURING THE MOVEMENT **NERVE CENTRES OF THE MOVEMENT** * It was most effective in Punjab. People participated readily due to high inflation and war time miseries. The situation became so explosive that the Army had to be called in. * Delhi and Calcutta were also important center of activity where series of Hartals were observed. * But the movement in other places had mixed responses. **EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION** * Gandhi said that salvation would come when masses were awakened and became active in politics. * Muslim awakening inspired by Zafar Ali Khan{poet, writer, journalist) and Iqbal(Sare Jahan se Accha) * Arya Samaj activist played important role. * We can see Hindu, Muslim and Sikh unity. * At Badshahi Mosque, Lahore, Peoples committee was formed which controlled the city from April 11 to april 14. April 1919 saw the biggest and the most violent anti-British upsurge since 1857. However, the movement lost momentum after the Jallianwalla Bagh tragedy. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (APRIL 13, 1919) Jallianwalla Bagh and Rowlatt act exposed the brutal and uncivilized face of the foreign rule. **BACKGROUND SCENE** At that time, Punjab and Bengal were most affected by the revolutionary terrorism. There was martial law in Amritsar and Lahore. On April 9, two nationalist leaders, Saifddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal, were arrested by the British officials without any provocation except that they had addressed protest meetings. This caused resentment among the Indian protestors. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (APRIL 13, 1919) #### EVENTS DURING THIS INCIDENT On April 13, 1919 {Baisakhi Day} in Amritsar, more than 5,000 people had gathered at Jallianwalla Bagh, unaware that city was under curfew and such meetings are banned. It was a peaceful protest calling for the repeal of the Rowlatt Act and against the arrest of, two nationalist leaders, Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr Satyapal Though people were peaceful and unarmed, British General Dyer thought as a conspiracy ordered fire upon the crowd. This fire killed at least 400 people, many of whom had jumped into a well to save themselves from bullets. Other humiliations were also perpetrated. One instance was, Indians were forced to crawl on their bellies down the road on which the English missionary had been assaulted. Due to such hostile, arrogance, inhumane and brutal nature, the entire nation was stunned. ## GANDHI IN INDIA #### JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (APRIL 13, 1919) REGINALD DYER MICHAEL FRANCIS O' DWYER LT. GOVERNOR OF PUNJAB Learnin BRIGADIER GENERAL OF AMRITSAR ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (APRIL 13, 1919) ACTION OF CONGRESS The Indian National Congress appointed its own non-official committee Motila Motilal Nehru, C.R. Das, Abbas Tyabji, M.R. Jayakar and Gandhi to investigate into Jallianwalla bagh. Committee condemned dyer's action as inhuman and also said that there was no justification in introduction of martial law in Punjab. ## AFTER JALLINWALLA BAGH INCIDENT Montague ordered formation of enquiry committee to investigate the matter * Oct 14, 1919 3 Indians in this Committee, the DISORDER INQUIRY COMMITTEE Or Hunter Committee was formed, Unanimously condemned Dyer's action "Because of learning Committee did no impose penal action. But Banning public meeting was , Dyer was supported by Superiors officials, Indemnity Act was passed for protection of official (also called" white Washing Bill") which was highly criticized by 1 Molilal Nehru. However the Montague investigate disturbance in Delphi Mumbai and Punjah, * identify the causes of disturbanci, measures to cope them * No notice was given to disperse crowd in the beginning wasn't * Banning public meeting was not sufficiently publicized * Length of Firing was a grave error * His Motive of creating sufficient moral deterrence was illogical *Found that dyer out stepped authority wasn't * There no conspiracy 'to over throw' * British Rule dyers the British Rule as dyer claimed * His action lack "Humanity" as innocent people in "in crowd "were killed * " neither ordered in crowds troops and civil authorities to "do so". Winston Churchill condemned action of Dyer. * Even Cabinet agreed to it. At the end Dyer was 1 mistaken notion of due to relived mistake notion of duty and relieved from his command. ## GANDHI IN INDIA JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (APRIL 13, 1919) REACTIONS OF INDIANS * He returned Kaiser-i- Hind title given to him for his contribution in Boer wars in South Africa. * Rowlatt Satyagraha which was launched on April 6, 1919, but after Jallianwalla Bagh massacre which shocked the nation, Gandhi decided to withdrew Satyagrah movement calling it as a "Himalayan Blunder " Place on April. * Ghandi declare that cooperation with a satanic regime was new impossible. He realised that the cause of Indian independence from British Rule. Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood. ## GANDHI IN INDIA ### JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE (APRIL 13, 1919) #### REACTIONS OF INDIANS * Shankaran nair member of viceroy executive council was only Indian who supported this act. He resigned from the membership of the Viceroy's Executive Council as a protest against Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13, 1919. * Udham Singh, who bore the name, Ram Mohammad Singh Azad, later assassinated Michael O' Dwyer, the Lieutenant-Governor. * He was hanged in 1940 for his deed. ## WE EXPRESS OUR SINCERE THANKS FOR VIEWING THIS VIDEO Presented by LearningSpace OUR TEAM Visit us at: www.learningspacedigital.com For Suggestions: suggestions@learningspace. in To Contact us: info@learningspace. in G. V. Rao. Mayank Chaudhary L.V. Krishna shruti Reddy Y. Deepthi G.Ravi Babu Y. Prema Manvi K Victor Babu S.maojkumar. D joji 0866-2444472 09849942299 I hope this is helpful!