Grade 11 Reviewer 1st Semester Philosophy (PDF)

Grade 11 Reviewer interest of the academic community to address the 1st Semester said gap Philosophy Sherwin Elijah D. Vizcaya | 11 -...

Grade 11 Reviewer interest of the academic community to address the 1st Semester said gap Philosophy Sherwin Elijah D. Vizcaya | 11 - Curie 2. Scientific Questions - already known with some Module 1 : Nature of Philosophy degree of certainty to be capable of being answered in “Human beings are natural-born a precise and definite way (Mabaquiao, 2017) question askers, they are constantly asking questions. “ 3. Philosophical Questions - answers are in principle open Question to inform rational and honest disagreement which require - an information-seeking act intellectual resources (Floridi, - to elicit information from the 2013) person being addressed by - have not been established, indicating the information which whether there is a precise the speaker (or writer) desires and objective means of (To classify the question into research, scientific answering these questions or and philosophical negates the opening when this philosophical statement that if one started to ask question, question is proven to be he/she already engaged in philosophy.) answerable in some definite way becomes a scientific Types of Questions question (Mabaquiao, 2017) 1. Research Questions - manifest the objective or line There are various ways of finding of scientific inquiry designed out answers to questions such as: to address a specific gap in by studying the nature or the knowledge ancient manuscript; - expressed in a language appropriate for the greatest  by conducting experiments or Wonder is said to be the origin of surveys; philosophy. The following were wondered and by building a piece of and doubted certain things and phenomena: apparatus or a model 1. The Greek thinkers wondered at by stimulating using a computer the phenomena of the world and tried to explain them by a These are what can be termed fundamental principle/s. - Thales (600 BC) looked upon empirical investigations water as the primary stuff of outcomes of these investigations the world. (e.g. new data, discoveries) will - Anaximander regarded the often be relevant to philosophy infinite atmosphere as the these cannot provide the answers fundamental reality, regarded to philosophical questions air as the generative principle of things Human persons face different - Heraclitus conceived of fire as the only reality problems or roadblocks in our - Empedocles (450 BC) thought daily lives. Together with this of earth, water, fire, and air as contradiction, we ask different the permanent substances. questions that come our way. As 2. The Vedic thinkers wondered at Albert Einstein reportedly said: the grand and sublime aspects “Learn from yesterday, live for today, of nature hope for tomorrow. The important - conceived of the sun, the thing is not to stop questioning.” moon, the sky, the wind or Getting into habit of questioning storm, the rain, and the like as either happiness or problems is animated by spirits self-reflecting. - though of a large number of Nature-Gods, who gave men Origin of Philosophy rich crops, cattle, health, wealth, and victory in battles  came from the Greek word ‘philo’ 3. Modern Western Philosophy which means love, and sophia sprang from doubt. which means wisdom. - Descartes (Father of Modern literally means ‘love of wisdom’ or Western Philosophy) started ‘pursuit of knowledge’ with doubt. uses the tools of logic and reason - Sense-perception may be to analyze how humans illusory. The reason may be experience the world so constituted that it may lead teaches critical thinking, close to error. - Experience, reason, and reading, clear writing, and logical authority/traditions are analysis; uses these to understand doubtful. But, the fact of the language we use to describe doubting is undoubted. the world and our place within it - To doubt is to think. To think criticism of life and experience is to exist. neither the study of any particular - “I think; therefore, I exist. “ department of the universe, nor Cogito ergo sum the knowledge of the eternal and essential nature of things and 4. The present age is also one of alone doubt and perplexity. Tradition that highest branch of knowledge and authority have lost their which aims at harmonizing and hold on the human mind. systematizing all truths and - Human person doubted and arriving at a rational conception of get worried due to reality as a whole, both in its uncertainties - that nervous feeling over a situation. This eternal and temporal aspects is normal and this leads to the human person from Definitions of Philosophy asking question. coming from Different Perspectives Meaning of Philosophy  1. Kant - “Philosophy is the science will be left behind, which is beyond and criticism of cognition. “ their grasp. 2. Fichte - “Philosophy is the science of knowledge. “ Philosophy is concerned with 3. Plato - “Philosophy aims at the intellectual, moral, aesthetic, and religious values which satisfy our knowledge of the eternal, of the deepest aspiration. Sciences are not essential nature of things. “ concerned with values but with facts, 4. Aristotle - “Philosophy is the events, or phenomena only. science which investigates the nature of being as it is in itself, It cannot be defined as a total of and the attributes which belong sciences or a completely unified to it in virtue of his own nature. “ scientific knowledge. It goes beyond facts and values and seeks to explain 5. Comte - “Philosophy is the them and interrelate them by an science of the sciences. “ all-comprehending reality, which is 6. Paulsen - “Philosophy is the sum impenetrable to the sciences. total of all scientific knowledge. “ 7. Wundt - “Philosophy is the Philosopher unification of all knowledge a lover of wisdom obtained by the special sciences first used by Pythagoras in a consistent whole. “ (Fremantle, 1954, 13); he 8. Herbert Spencer - “Philosophy is preferred to be called a completely unified knowledge — philosopher which means “one the generalizations of philosophy who knows” or a “wise person” comprehending and consolidating the widest Pilosopo generalization of science. “ Filipinos ordinarily use or understand the word philosopher Even if they adequately explain all as pilosopo or the one who likes (physical, mental, and biological to reason out or to engage in the phenomena), an unexplained residue activity of reasoning  the circumstances in which a A wise person knows how to person is labeled as a pilosopo apply his/her knowledge to are varied (Mabaquiao Jr., 2017) practical matters. the purpose of arguments include A wise person knows which covering up an obvious truth, actions are good, and he/she annoying someone, and performs them. engaging someone in an unwelcome situation Nature of Philosophy (Mabaquiao Jr., 2017) Philosophy is thinking about thinking. For a person to be called a called the mother of all philosopher, he/she must possess disciplines because it gave birth the following characteristics to the different sciences studies everything (from physics (Mabaquiao Jr., 2017) to mathematics, to ethics, law A wise person is one who is and politics, to psychology, aware of (or who knows) what sociology, and language) he/she knows and what he/she does studies perception which puts all not know - aware of his/her own other forms of knowledge on the ignorance. edge A wise person holds a belief that attempts to arrive at a rational is not only true but which he/she conception of reality as a whole; can also justify. He/she must have seeks to have a synoptic view of strong reasons to have these the whole reality as it tries to beliefs. have a vision, of the whole A wise person knows a lot about clarifies concepts as its task things that are valuable in life. (Plato) Each thing corresponds to a value persistently attempt to seek clear or use in the practical affairs of notions; examines, clarifies, and life.  explains popular and scientific concepts of: Major Branches of Philosophy - matter Western philosophy can be divided into - space five major branches that have assumed - time various importance over time. - causality 1. Metaphysics - evolution - ultimate nature of reality - mechanism - studies what we are and what - technology our purpose is - life - mind or soul 2. Epistemology - God or the Absolute - whether and how knowledge of reality is possible - right and wrong - derived from the Greek - good and evil words epistēmē (knowledge) - beauty and the ugliness and logos (reason) - and the like inquiries into the nature of 3. Moral and Political Philosophy matter, time, space, causality, - how we conduct ourselves evolution, life, and mind, and within the world their relation to one another - concerns on how we should systematizes our scientific live, and how we should knowledge and moral, aesthetic, conceive of the relation and religious experiences between the good for inquiry into its source and ourselves and the obligations that we bear to others destiny investigates the nature of the 4. Aesthetics or Value Theory supreme norms, ideals, or values - doing of beauty, balance, of life; the relation of values to and harmony reality interpretation of life  - study of mind and into being in the first place, emotions in relation to the attempting to delimit sense of beauty human laws from natural laws, whether we should - often related to the always obey the law among philosophy of art others 5. Logic 5. Philosophy of Mathematics - Relations of things - concerned with issues such - study of correct reasoning as the nature of the axioms which involves the validity of and symbols (numbers, inference and demonstration triangle, operands) of mathematics that we use to Minor Branches of Philosophy understand the world 1. Philosophy of Education - do perfect mathematical - mainly concerned with what forms that exist in the real is the correct way to educate world among the others a person 6. Philosophy of Mind 2. Philosophy of History - study of the mind - the philosophical study of - attempting to ascertain history exactly what the mind is, how it interacts with our 3. Philosophy of Language body, how does it work, and - concerned with how our do other mind exists languages affect our thought 7. Philosophy of Politics - closely related to ethics or 4. Philosophy of Law moral philosophy - also called Jurisprudence - study of government and - study of law which attempts nations, particularly how to discern what the best laws they came about, what might be, how laws came  makes good governments, what are the obligations of the citizens towards their government. Why Philosophy flourished in Greece 1. Their economy is abundant. 2. Democracy & Culture 3. Location & Culture The 4 “Windows” 1. Knowing yourself & other people. 2. Things that you know but other people don’t know. 3. They know but you don’t know. 4. Both sides don't know. “Fortune favors the bold” - Roman Philosopher