People-Centred Care PDF

People-centred care What is it? People-centred care (PCC) is a fundamental approach in nursing that focuses on treating patients with dignity, respect, and compassion. This approach emphasises the holistic needs of individuals, considering their preferences, v...

People-centred care What is it? People-centred care (PCC) is a fundamental approach in nursing that focuses on treating patients with dignity, respect, and compassion. This approach emphasises the holistic needs of individuals, considering their preferences, values, and unique circumstances in the planning and delivery of care. PCC is a healthcare approach that respects and responds to the individual preferences, needs, and values of patients. It ensures that patient values guide all clinical decisions and that patients are active participants in their own care. Importance of PCC Improves Patient Satisfaction: Patients feel valued and respected. Enhances Quality of Care: Care is tailored to individual needs and preferences. Promotes Better Health Outcomes: Engaged patients are more likely to adhere to treatment plans. Supports Holistic Health: Addresses physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs. Empowers Patients: Encourages patient autonomy and involvement in decision-making. Key components of PCC There are 8 key components of PCC. The table below provides a brief explanation of each of the key components and the various strategies involved in enabling each component: Challenges and solutions in PCC Challenges  Barriers and Time Constraints: Limited time with patients can hinder comprehensive care. Resource Limitations: Lack of access to necessary resources and services. Communication Gaps: Misunderstandings due to language barriers or inadequate communication. Resistance to Change: Difficulty in changing established practices and attitudes. Solutions Time Management: Prioritize patient-centred activities and streamline workflows. Resource Allocation: Advocate for resources and utilize available community services. Improved Communication: Use interpreters, visual aids, and clear language. Education and Training: Provide ongoing education on people-centered care principles and practices. Conclusions People-centred care is a holistic approach that prioritizes the individual needs, preferences, and values of patients. By incorporating the principles of respect, communication, empathy, and collaboration, nursing students can enhance patient satisfaction, improve health outcomes, and foster a more compassionate and effective healthcare environment. Clinical reasoning cycle Facilitating the uptake of People-centred care requires nurses to have effective critical thinking skills. Developing critical thinking can be achieved through the use of the Clinical Reasoning Cycle (CRC). CRC is a critical skill for healthcare professionals, enabling them to process patient information, make informed decisions, and deliver effective care. The CRC is a systematic approach to ensure thorough and accurate decision-making in clinical practice. We will explore and apply the CRC in our tutorial and lab classes. The CRC will also be covered in your upcoming subjects as you progress with your Bachelor of Nursing course. CRC stages The CRC consists of several stages, each essential for comprehensive patient care. Below, we outline these stages with detailed explanations and examples: Consider the Patient Situation Gather initial information about the patient. Review patient history, presenting symptoms, and initial observations. Collect Cues/Information  Collect further information to build a comprehensive understanding of the patient's condition. Perform physical examinations, order diagnostic tests, and gather detailed patient history. Process Information Analyze and interpret the information collected Identify abnormal findings, recognize patterns, and compare with known medical knowledge. Identify Problems/Issues Formulate a problem list based on the processed information. Prioritize patient issues and identify the most critical problems to address. Establish Goals Determine the desired outcomes for patient care. Set both short-term and long-term goals for patient recovery and management. Take Action Implement the planned interventions Administer treatments, medications, and carry out necessary procedures. Evaluate Outcomes Assess the effectiveness of the interventions Monitor patient responses, reassess condition, and determine if goals are being met. Reflect on Process and New Learning Reflect on the entire process to identify areas for improvement and learning. Conduct case reviews, self-assessment, and seek feedback. Importance of CRC Accurate diagnosis and effective treatment. Improving patient outcomes. Enhancing critical thinking skills among healthcare professionals. Reducing errors and improving patient safety. Conclusion The Clinical Reasoning Cycle is a structured approach that enhances the decision-making process in clinical practice. By systematically following each stage, healthcare professionals can ensure comprehensive and effective patient care. Continuous reflection and learning from each case further contributes to professional development and improved healthcare delivery. Roper, Logan, and Tierney (RLT) Model of Nursing The Roper, Logan, and Tierney (RLT) Model of Nursing is a widely used framework that emphasises the importance of holistic care. This model is based on the activities of daily living (ADLs) and aims to guide nurses in assessing, planning, and implementing care tailored to individual patient needs. The RLT model centres around the 12 ADLs that are fundamental to human existence and well-being (shown diagrammatically above and described below). These ADLs provide a comprehensive structure for evaluating a patient's needs and for then planning appropriate care. The 12 activities of living (ADLs) These 12 ADLs are listed and described below working from the base of the above pyramid (1) to the top (12). 1. Maintaining a Safe Environment: Ensuring the patient's surroundings are safe and free from harm. ○ Example: Checking for trip hazards, ensuring proper lighting, and maintaining clean, dry floors. 2. Communication: Facilitating effective exchange of information and understanding between the patient and others. ○ Assessing the patient's ability to speak, hear, and understand language, and using communication aids if necessary. 3. Breathing: Ensuring the patient can breathe effectively. ○ Monitoring respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, and providing supplemental oxygen if needed. 4. Eating and Drinking: Ensuring the patient has adequate nutrition and hydration. ○ Assessing dietary preferences, ensuring proper food intake, and monitoring fluid balance. 5. Eliminating: Supporting the patient's ability to excrete waste products effectively. ○ Assessing bowel and bladder function, providing assistance with toileting, and managing incontinence. 6. Personal Cleansing and Dressing: Maintaining personal hygiene and appropriate clothing. ○ Assisting with bathing, grooming, and choosing suitable clothing. 7. Controlling Body Temperature: Ensuring the patient can maintain a stable body temperature. ○ Monitoring for signs of fever or hypothermia and providing appropriate interventions. 8. Mobilisation: Supporting the patient's ability to move and maintain posture. ○ Assessing mobility, providing assistance with walking aids, and preventing falls. 9. Working and Playing: Encouraging meaningful activities and recreation. ○ Assessing the patient's ability to engage in work or hobbies and promoting leisure activities. 10. Expressing Sexuality: Respecting and supporting the patient's sexual needs and identity. ○ Providing privacy, addressing concerns related to sexual health, and offering appropriate counseling.  11. Sleeping: Ensuring the patient can rest and sleep adequately. ○ Assessing sleep patterns, promoting a restful environment, and managing sleep disturbances. 12. Dying: Providing care that respects the dignity and needs of the patient at the end of life. ○ Offering palliative care, managing pain, and supporting the family. The importance of the RLT model Holistic patient assessment and care planning. Ensuring individualized and comprehensive care. Enhancing patient outcomes and quality of life. Promoting professional and ethical nursing practice. Conclusion The Roper, Logan, and Tierney (RLT) model of nursing provides a valuable framework for nursing practice by focusing on the essential activities of daily living. By systematically assessing and addressing these activities, nurses can deliver holistic, patient-centered care that meets the diverse needs of their patients. Professional communication Effective teamwork and communication between colleagues Effective teamwork and communication are critical for safe functioning within complex and dynamic environments, such as healthcare. They are essential for providing continuous and coordinated care, enabling teams to navigate competing priorities, address issues related to human factors, and reduce the risk of errors. Most importantly, effective teamwork and communication improve patient and family outcomes by enhancing the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of healthcare professionals. Effective communication relies on a complex set of skills, including interpersonal interaction, the ability to gather and synthesise relevant information, clinical reasoning, managing conflict or challenging conversations, and conveying information in a structured and meaningful way. Principles for effective teamwork and communication A shared understanding of who is part of the team Shared goals of care  Clear roles and responsibilities Mutual trust and respect Effective communication Measurable processes and outcomes Communicating effectively with other members of the care team Undertake structured communication Use agreed and common language Implement 'check-back' or closed-loop communication to ensure messages and information are received accurately Maintain situational awareness Document essential information Practice points Inadequate communication between colleagues and with health care consumers and/or family is the primary issue with the majority of medication errors, adverse reactions and near misses Summary and key points As a first-year nursing student, you are in the development stage of becoming a registered nurse. It is essential to adopt a People-Centred Care (PCC) approach in your studies and practice. Utilising the Roper, Logan, and Tierney (RLT) model of care will help you understand your patients leading to holistic care. Your knowledge and critical thinking skills will be enhanced through the application of the Clinical Reasoning Cycle (CRC). Recognise that patient care is a team effort, and maintaining clear and professional communication within the healthcare team is vital.