MOA Module 1 - MST PDF

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | | +-----------------------------------+-------------...

SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULE +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ |  | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | **MODULE 1** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | *Subject:* | | | | | | **MATHEMATICS, SCIENCE AND | | | TECHNOLOGY (GE10 - MST)** | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | aisat | **[AISAT COLLEGE -- DASMARIÑAS, | | | INC.]{.smallcaps}** | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ This material has been developed in support to the Senior High School Program implementation. Materials included in this module are owned by the respective copyright holders. AISAT College -- Dasmariñas, the publisher and author do not represent nor claim ownership over them. This material will be reproduced for educational purposes and can be modified for the purpose of translation into another language provided that the source must be clearly acknowledged. Derivatives of the work including creating an edited version, enhancement or a supplementary work are permitted provided all original works are acknowledged and the copyright is attributed. No work may be derived from this material for commercial purposes and profit.**\ ** **INFORMATION SHEET PR-1.1.1** **4.6 billion years ago, the planet we called Earth, has been created along with other neighboring worlds in the Solar System. Our very own Earth became a home to us and to numerous life forms that had existed from the earliest to present era of time. The gradual geologic and evolutionary changes provided transformative forces that shaped the environmental landscape of the planet, and this give us a wider perspective on how our life as living things continue to thrive and survive successfully at present and even at the most challenging times. In this unit we will explore how our life as living things continue to thrive and survive successfully at present and even at the most challenging times.** **What is Environmental Science?** **Science is a vast accumulation of knowledge based on facts, observations, and experimentations conducted over time. Environmental Science (ES) is just one of the smaller branches of this big Science "tree".** **So just think like this, through observation we get different facts and we test or experiment on them to see if these really make the deal out of it and that's it---that's how ES came into being, as simple as that.** **Environmental Science (ES) studies mainly the "interactions" of humans with the natural environment. Natural environment refers to all conditions which surrounds a living organism, which includes climate, air and water quality, soil and landforms, and presence of other living organisms on the planet.** **Remember, every condition is referred to as factors. In ES parlance, Living and Non-living things are all interplaying factors, so in this case, we use abiotic factors to simply describe non-living components and biotic factors for living organisms themselves, including us. We will deal closely of these factors on the next lesson.** **Environmental Science is Interdisciplinary** **Think of a student organization represented by various leaders of every college. Each provides significant voice and role to keep the whole organization executing its main objectives and platforms. That same applies to ES. The issues studied in ES are complex and interdisciplinary because it includes concepts and ideas from multiple fields of study or specialization and at the same time, decisions have impacts in all these fields of study.** **For instance, consider the way our government dealt with the current COVID-19 pandemic; various sectors actually were just some of the few of the whole "interdisciplinary team" that provided contribution to deal with this pressing environmental and health issue.** **Say, the utilization of PPE or personal protective equipment. Consider the example below and those in open and closed parentheses are just some of the few playing interdisciplinary fields of study or concerned sector of the community:** 1. **Our community makes decision in utilization of PPE, even before the COVID-19 pandemic took place. We study the possibilities of how we can distribute cheapest and affordable PPE to our healthcare delivery systems like hospitals for commercial use because we need it to avoid contamination from infectious agents. (ECONOMICS).** 2. **Before a PPE is made, we need raw materials for it. Natural resources are extracted to possibly make these PPE. Either these raw materials were mined or obtained from any resources coming from our planet earth. (GEOLOGY).** 3. **These natural resources will be brought to various communities to reach target population and here we require transportation to ease delivery and local exportation (ENGINEERING).** 4. **These natural resources are processed in factory plants. They are transformed physically and chemically. These release pollution in form of chemical substances that goes anywhere in the planet and we all know that pollution is bad. (CHEMISTRY).** 5. **The pollution interacts with the other parts of the planet, say in the air it becomes acid rain that falls during precipitation. (METEOROLOGY).** 6. **The effects of acid rain is detrimental to every life forms and even humans. (ECOLOGY).** 7. **Our government then creates and imposes various laws to regulate and help in mitigation of these issues. (POLITICS).** **See? That's how Environmental Science becomes interdisciplinary. So whatever college you may belong to or what course program you are taking at this moment, the career that you're definitely preparing for will soon play a role in the entire complex system of how Environmental Science is applied to our communities.** **Roots of Ecology from Major Historical Proponents** **Ecological sciences are traced back to Greek proponents who introduced the systematic way of solving problem through logical and analytical approaches. This approach is known as the Scientific Method.** **To understand this, you need to consider how some of these Greek minds think of when they view a natural phenomenon. They have become so eager and curious how things take can place like that. Gone the old times they just relied on their mythological thinking linking to gods and goddesses the explanations because they started to incorporate critical thinking to describe the phenomena they experience. Critical thinking lead to development of Scientific Method. We will deal with it right after the brief ecological history.** **What is Ecology?** **Ernst Haeckel, a German zoologist coined the word, oikologie which came from two Greek words, "oikos" and "logos"; meaning "household" and "to study". So here, ecology is all about the relationship of living things to its so-called natural environment. It's the same as the study of existing interaction between biotic and abiotic factors and how this interaction influences or affects the distribution and abundance of living organisms.** **Ecology cannot be set aside. Our relationship as humans to our nature actually developed a pressing problem in our civilization at present. Our activities lead to various environmental issues we cannot easily leave and escape from. Because of this, Ecology itself became a very important aspect in philosophical discussions that stands at the intersection of politics, science and economics. (studfile.net, 2015).** **Some of the Greek philosophers had both mixed mythical and critical thoughts when they describe a certain phenomenon. Through their contemplative speculations over things, the concept of "balance of nature" became the earliest ecological idea and remained to be a fundamental aspect so far in ecology. Below are some ancient proponents who lead to the emergence of ecology as science:** 1. **Thales (c.460---c. 547 BC)** **"All things came from water." (Mythic and critical)** **"All things have souls." (Mythic)** **Because water is the only substance known to Greeks in all state of matter.** 2. **Anaximander (c.610---c. 545 BC)** **"Life came from the sea and we came from some species before us."** 3. **Anaximenes (c.545 BC)** **"Ice and air (pneuma) is basic not water. Because pneuma can change."** **Notice here that according to a 20th century philosopher, Karl Popper, he described the manner of how natural philosophers presented their thoughts through progression of ideas, meaning they don't prove their opinions and their opinions persists until proven false. This, for some of you may think, this is suspicious because we don't have proofs to support such notions. Exactly. That's how science started, out of curiosity, we create first speculations or theories to describe how things as they are.** **Eventually, mathematics cleared these suspicions. Chemists for instance started to find out the presence of whole-number ratios in nature. Here in the ancient times, natural philosophers slowly engaged incorporating critical thinking where analytical and logical components contributed more plausible explanations to natural phenomena.** 1. **Pythagoras (c.560-480 BC)** **"There are numerical harmonies in nature, and that mathematics is the key to finding them."** 2. **Alcmaeon (born c. 535 BC)** **Applied Pythagorean idea of harmony to medical thought.** **"There are body "forces" (hot and cold, sweet and bitter, and so on) that properly "balance with each other when one is healthy, and illness occurs when the forces are out of balance."** **This is the birth way of Medicine where rational ideas and empirical medicine came together. This supported rational thinking that when "People live in healthy environments, eat healthy diets, and get adequate amount of exercise---therefore maintain a healthy body state and when things are contrasting, diseases are more likely.** 3. **Hippocrates (460---c. 370 BC)** **Hippocratic Corpus, Waters and Places: Books that correlate diseases in a community with changing weather conditions that are affected by seasonal changes. Hippocrates is famously known as the Father of Medicine and an oath named after him, the Hippocratic Oath taken and sworn by medical practitioners such as physicians** 4. **Herodotos (died c. 425 BC)** **The "traveling" Father of History** **"History is a mixture of old and new thinking."** 5. **Thucydides (c. 460---c. 400 BC)** **wrote History of the Peloponnesian War.** **"The plague of Athens spread from Ethiopia to Egypt that is contagious to both people and animals."** 6. **Pericles (430 BC)** **led the Spartans to invade Attica and this provoked an epidemic eruption by simple ravaging or destruction of the Spartans at the countryside. The epidemic plague killed Pericles (429 BC) that caused the surrender of Athens in 404BC.** 7. **Plato** **in his Republic, he discredits sensory observations. For him, "If you understand that collecting data is nonsense, then you can gain an understanding of the world and society in the only reliable ways left open--- through MATHEMATICS and DIALECTICS. We are all familiar what mathematics is. It's the language of science presenting proven scientific investigations summed in mindboggling equations.** **Dialectics on the other hand according to dictionary is the art of investigating or discussing the truth of opinions or an inquiry into metaphysical contradictions and their solutions.** **Summing it all up, we go back to Karl Popper's description that scientific theories originate from myths that may contain important prediction of a scientific theory. Also, observation and critical thinking engaged upon the proponents themselves helped in the development of Scientific Method.** **Scientific Method** **The previous historical discussion of proponents and events reflects how philosophers utilized and exercised their empirical and logical abilities to explain a particular situation. In these situations, we noticed that various factors in the natural environment itself interacted with one another hence producing certain scenarios as a result. Then, this result perplex another person to question how come these things relate to and influence our lives over time.** **We owe a lot to our early pioneers and now the information we all encounter today is actually product of correct knowledge that has been uncovered, verified, and refined. We can also say it is like having possibly a wrong knowledge in the beginning because we lack supporting evidences but these nevertheless gradually became a correct knowledge over time because scientific method allowed us to arrive to conclusions after conducting series of testing or experimentation.** **So now, the question is, how do you apply these same abilities that our ancient proponents did during their times to your life at the moment? The purpose of why you repeatedly encounter scientific method is to see how it really applies practically, to almost everything in this life in order to ease us and to provide possible options, suggestions, and even solutions to problems we encounter every day. You needed to have an open mind to do so. Any experience you may encounter as a problem can be solved by applying this logical and systematic approach.**  **Figure 1. Scientific Method (Source: North, R. (2018) How to invent everything** **The success of this method depends on how you apply it. How will you know? When you have produced a knowledge that is reproducible. Meaning your knowledge can be checked by anyone as they do the same experiments by themselves. (North, 2018).** **Human Ecology Laws** **Being a concerned individual matters. You may ask yourself with these questions, "what is my concern?", "why am I concerned?", "for what or to whom am I concerned?", "how to become concerned?" So, what are these questions pertaining to? Simple. They all ask you how concerned you can be as a person whenever you encounter issues or problems in your community or your entire society. Or even, what is the role you play as a concerned citizen your nation?** **Laws place all things in proper order. Be it a natural law or made by humans like us, their main purpose is to provide stability in any form of organization or system. Now, what happens when these laws are violated or say, some of us unfortunately fail to observe or abide in them? Problems arise. That's it. If we want to keep our natural systems intact and sustainable for the next generation, we may want to reflect within ourselves how do we keep these laws observed at all costs.** **There are 16 Human Ecology Laws. It's quite a lot but most of them are similar to one another and its worth the time and effort to be familiar with them:** 1. **Law of Interrelatedness ("we are all together"). This is a famous "no man is an island". We are all dependent to one another for survival. No one can say, "I don't need anyone or anything" or "I can live all by myself". The sustenance our body needs come from the environment where we live. Nothing is expendable.** 2. **Law of Conservation of Energy ("you can't get something from nothing"). Don't get this wrong because you see the word "conservation" there and most student always say, it's all about "conserving energy" like turning off the light or electrical appliances or something when not in use. It's not like that. This means, we cannot create energy nor we can destroy it. It is only "transformed". Energy is elsewhere. We usually find ways how to collect or harness this energy for our benefit so things may work for us. The word "conservation" here refers to the fact that energy is not lost when it's used but just converts into another form. Think of solar energy absorbed by plants and this energy transforms into chemical energy through photosynthesis and then becomes mechanical energy, and so on and so forth.** 3. **Second Law of Thermodynamics ("there's overall decrease in amount of usefulness"). Here, you don't say "okay, since energy is neither created nor destroyed, what's the sense of saving energy, since energy is just elsewhere?" Any energy stored let's say, the butane fuel inside a canister decreases its amount of usefulness because it runs your portable gas range to grill your favorite Korean samgyupsal. Work is obtained from the stored energy in the canister to fire the gas range so you can cook your meal well. Eventually, you notice the gas runs out because there is no more available usefulness to keep the gas range working. While the energy is doing the work, its amount of usefulness decreases at the same time. Take in mind that we need to use energy efficiently. Don't overuse your gadgets because the amount of usefulness stored in their batteries will run out soon. You definitely don't want to replace the battery or the gadget itself very quick because of that.** 4. **Law of Conservation of Matter ("there is no away").** 5. **Law of Continuous Creation ("everything becomes something else"). These two laws above are similar. It applies the same principle that matter is neither created nor destroyed but transformed as well just like energy. There is no "away". The matter yesterday is the same matter as today. It may not be the same look because it already transformed into a new look. Matter exists in various states (solid, liquid, gas, plasma). When water evaporates, it becomes gas. The former liquid matter is not actually gone, it's still the same water vapor in the air. The plastic that people burns seemed to have disappeared but it is the same matter in another form such as pollution on land or in air. See, matter can transform physically or chemically. The best effort we can do to avoid accumulation of wastes from unwanted matter is to perform the 3Rs---Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle.** 6. **The Diversity Principle ("there's unity in differences"). Our differences is actually a strength. Balance is achieved mysteriously despite diversity. Evolutionary processes created various traits favorable for survival. One is essential and nothing is expendable. The role played by one organism determines the success of another species or even their survival.** 7. **Nature Knows Best ("nature knows best but not all the time") You can relate here the present pandemic pressing at our world at the moment. You see, we get also the same treatments or way of alleviating our health problems from nature itself.** **Our vaccines utilize natural mechanisms to induce immunity in our body. We discovered this through experiments and now we take advantage of its benefits to healthcare and medical fields but, we have to take full responsibility of what we discover and what we can create through science. We have to impose accountability to the results or impacts it may impose to our health or environment. There are widespread alleged possibilities circulating in social media that COVID-19 might have been developed purposely in laboratories but we cannot consider the veracity of this unless we have supporting facts or evidences explaining this phenomenon.** 8. **Your Environment Is You ("you shape building, your building shapes you"). The way you treat your home actually reflects the kind of place where you live in. If you prefer throwing garbage elsewhere or you don't take responsibility of the wastes that you discard regardless of amount, type or size, these accumulate in time making your place or your community untidy and eventually becomes polluted and unfit for living.** 9. **The Environmental Bill of Rights ("right to live in clean environment"). All humans deserve to live in a clean environment. For example, we noticed in our barangay that there is a very untidy area with some garbage are left behind. This leaves foul stench that invites insects like flies and pests such as rats scavenging on any leftovers. We help by raising and voicing out our concerns to our community and even to local officials to act and urge one another in keeping our communities clean, safe and livable for everyone.** 10. **The Rights of the Unborn ("give the unborn a clean place to live in").** 11. **The Responsibility of the Born ("pass to the next generation the nature undamaged"). The two laws above are also the same. We are all responsible for passing to the next generation a sustainable, clean, safe, and livable home.** 12. **The Law of Equity ("all is equal to live in dignity and peace"). Whatever socioeconomic background or nationality, each one of us is covered by this human ecology law. It is our responsibility to continue observing and keeping this law working for all of us at all cost. We respect every individuality as we become more considerate to one another. Next time we want to sing loud with our karaoke to showcase our voice, regardless of our singing skills, we put others first before ourselves. The loud karaoke sound is actually noise pollution and adjusting the volume eases possible tension. Doing so will not cause further discomfort to our neighbors at the same time.** 13. **The Goal of the Society ("comfortable living is the goal of the society"). A sustainable community can make this possible. More work and opportunities can ensure order by keeping people and their families well provided and sustained. Every society must have this goal to ensure success among members of community.** 14. **Technology: Part of the Problem, Part of the Solution ("technology gives and takes"). Always consider that technology always have positive and negative impacts. As Lewis Wolpert once said, "Reliable scientific knowledge is value free and has no moral ethical value. Science tells us how the world is... Dangers and ethical issue arise only when science is applied as technology."** 15. **Give Earth a Chance ("nature is inevitably pursuing it's need to change for better or worse") Admit it. We can never have control over things in this natural world, most especially natural changes. Our planet will transform anytime it like without telling us the schedule when it is going to happen. The best we can do is to be prepared at all cost. Nature itself provided us in the past how severe it can be through its earthquakes, hurricanes, tsunamis, floods, forest fires and other forms of deadly and devastating natural events and calamities. With our past experiences of these things, we can learn how to mitigate, adapt and overcome once they occur again anytime soon at this present age.** 16. **Brontosaurus Principle ("the bigger the better, or the bigger the worse"). Dinosaurs were so big that we think they could have been the strongest living things that had ever existed but their size as well imposed a disadvantage that led to their quick extinction. On the other hand, cockroaches were said to be one of the longest surviving insect species because they adapted so well to changes. Size does matter especially when we relate human population here. We need to put into consideration that our planet maintains its carrying capacity to sustain every living organism its basic needs.** **Because we all compete for natural resources, humans must take actions on helping our planet restore its resources faster than it is consumed in order to sustain our growing population.** **Resources:** - **\ ** **SELF-CHECK PR-1.2.1** A. **Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.** 1. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a vast accumulation of knowledge based on facts, observations, and experimentations conducted over time.** 2. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Our community makes decision in utilization of PPE, even before the COVID-19 pandemic took place. We study the possibilities of how we can distribute cheapest and affordable PPE to our healthcare delivery systems like hospitals for commercial use because we need it to avoid contamination from infectious agents.** 3. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Ernst Haeckel, a German zoologist coined the word, oikologie which came from two Greek words, "oikos" and "logos"; meaning "household" and "to study".** 4. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ "There are numerical harmonies in nature, and that mathematics is the key to finding them."** 5. **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ This is a famous "no man is an island".** **\ ** **SELF-CHECK ANSWER KEY PR-1.2.1** 1. Environmental Science. 2. **Economics.** 3. Ecology. 4. **Pythagoras (c.560-480 BC).** 5. Law of Interrelatedness ("we are all together"). **\ ** **STUDENT NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | WRITTEN WORK PR-1.1.1 | +=======================================================================+ | **WRITTEN WORK TITLE: *Essay on The Introduction to Ecology*** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **WRITTEN TASK OBJECTIVE:** To enable to understand the | | ***Ecology***. | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | A. What course are you taking at this moment? Think of your future | | self and the possible career you will be having as profession. | | Now describe the possibility how Environmental Science and your | | profession interacts in your work. Think of other possible | | sectors or groups within your place that will be part of the | | interdisciplinary interaction. | | | | MY FUTURE CAREER/PROFESSION: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_ | | | | B. Write before each arrow the possible sectors or groups that might | | become part of the "interdisciplinary" interaction. | | | | When you are finished, explain briefly your completed figure | | describing that Environmental Science is interdisciplinary in | | nature. | | | | My brief explanation: | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\ | | _\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ | **ASSESSMENT METHOD: WRITTEN WORK CRITERIA CHECKLIST** | +-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ **STUDENT NAME: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ SECTION: \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** WRITTEN OUTPUT CRITERIA CHECK LIST PR-1.1.1 +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **CRITERI | **SCORING | | | | | | A** | ** | | | | | | | | | | | | | **Did I. | | | | | | |..** | | | | | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | | **1** | **2** | **3** | **4** | **5** | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | 1. 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