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# Vatican I Council (1869-1870) This document discusses the Vatican I Council, convened by Pope Pius IX. The council declared the dogma of papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals. This was intended to discipline Catholics. **Further Developments:** * **Pope Leo XIII:** Issued the enc...

# Vatican I Council (1869-1870) This document discusses the Vatican I Council, convened by Pope Pius IX. The council declared the dogma of papal infallibility in matters of faith and morals. This was intended to discipline Catholics. **Further Developments:** * **Pope Leo XIII:** Issued the encyclical *Rerum Novarum* in which he condemned both socialism and capitalism. This marked a shift in how the Church's teachings interacted with society. * **Rise of Christian Democracy:** A new social movement, known as Christian Democracy, emerged in response to the social and economic issues of the time. * **Zionism:** This Jewish political movement advocated for a Jewish homeland in Palestine. **Unification of Italy:** The document also details the stages of the unification of Italy: * **Initial Movements:** Nationalistic movements led to the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) taking the lead. * **King Victor Emmanuel II:** The King of Piedmont, Victor Emmanuel II, and his chief minister, Camillo Cavour, played key roles in the unification process.