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د. علا يونس
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This document is about Complexometry, a volumetric method for determining the concentration of metal ions. It describes different types of chelating agents and their applications in various situations, like controlling pH. It also includes examples of metal ion indicators and ways to use them.
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ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪات Complexometry د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس Complexometry ﺗﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘد ﻣﻧﺣل ﺑﯾن اﻟذرة اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ:اﻟﻣﺑدأ ﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل راﺑطﺔligand (donor) وion (as acceptor) metal...
ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪات Complexometry د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس Complexometry ﺗﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘد ﻣﻧﺣل ﺑﯾن اﻟذرة اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ:اﻟﻣﺑدأ ﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل راﺑطﺔligand (donor) وion (as acceptor) metal Coordination bond The metal ion is known as Central metal atom(M). The anion or neutral molecule is known as Ligand (L) ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس.د د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس Chelating agents: organic molecules containing two or more donor groups that combine with metal to form a complex of ring structure. ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس.د ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪاتEDTA ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل It forms very stable and soluble stoichiometric, 1:1 complexes with many metal ions.( ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌدن1:1) ﯾﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘدات 3.The disodium salt of EDTA (Na2H2Y. 2H2O) is the most commercially available. 4.Since the metal complexes are soluble, coprecipitation errors are absent.ﻻ ﺗﺣدث أﺧطﺎء ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺗرﺳﯾب 5.The end point could be easily achieved using metal ion indicators.ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺷﻌرات اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ 2.It offers some selectivity against specific metal ions by controlling the pH at which titration is performed pH ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﺗﺟﺎه ﻣﻌﺎدن ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺿﺑط درﺟﺔ ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس.د دور pH ﯾﻠﻌﺐ pHدورا ﻓﻲ زﯾﺎدة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﯿﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺪوره ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ وﺛﺒﺎﺗﮫ ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺗﺤﺮر ﺷﻮارد اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﺪ ﻣﻊ EDTAﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺒﻄﮫ أﯾﻀﺎ ً د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺮات Indicators ﻟون اﻟﻣﺷﻌر وھو ﺣر ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن ﻟوﻧﮫ وھو ﻣﻣﺧﻠب ﻟﻠﻣﻌدن ﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻣﺷﻌر ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌدن ﻋﻛوس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗﺳﺎوة اﻟﻣﺎء د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس ﻛون ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد ﺗﺗطﻠب ﺿﺑطﺎ ً ﻟدرﺟﺔ pHﯾﺟب اﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎه ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن ﺗﺷﻛل ھﯾدروﻛﺳﯾدات ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻗﻠوي )رواﺳب( وﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد ﺻﻌﺑﺎ ً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﯾﺷﻛل اﻟرﺻﺎص راﺳب ھﯾدوﻛﺳﯾد اﻟرﺻﺎص ﻓﻲ pH=10ﻟذﻟك ﻧﺿﯾف ﺣﻣض اﻟطرطر اﻟذي ﯾﺷﻛل طرطرات اﻟرﺻﺎص اﻟﻣﻧﺣﻠﺔ أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﻠﻌب اﻟوﻗﺎء دور ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻣﺛﻼً :ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺷوارد اﻟﻧﺣﺎس :ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم وﻗﺎء اﻷﻣوﻧﯾﺎ ﺑدل اﻟﺻود ﻟﺿﺑط pHﺣﯾث ﯾﺷﻛل اﻻﻣوﻧﯾﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﺣﺎس ﯾﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ ال EDTAﺑدﻻ ﻣن ﺗرﺳﺑﮫ ﻣﻌﻘد ﻣﻧﺣل د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﺴﺎوة اﻟﻤﺎء Hardness of water ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻗﺳﺎوة اﻟﻣﺎء ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد ﺗرﻛﯾز ﻛﻼً ﻣن ﺷﺎردﺗﻲ اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم واﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم ﺗﻌد ﻣﻌﺎﯾرات ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺗﺗم اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻗﻠوي ) pH=12ھﯾدروﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﺻودﯾوم (%8ﺑوﺟود اﻟﻣﯾروﻛﺳﯾد ﻛﻣﺷﻌر وذﻟك ﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺷوارد اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم ﻓﻘط ﺗﺗم اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻗﻠوي ) pH=10وﻗﺎء اﻷﻣوﻧﯾﺎ /ﻛﻠور أﻣوﻧﯾوم( ﺑوﺟود أﺳود اﻻﯾروﻛروم ﻛﻣﺷﻌر وذﻟك ﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺷوارد اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم واﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم ﻣﻌﺎ ً )ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌﻘﯾد اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم أوﻻً ﺛم اﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم( ﻓﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﺻروف ﻣن EDTAﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم ﯾﺳﺎوي )اﻟﻛﻠﻲ – اﻟﻣﺻروف ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم ﻓﻘط( د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮع Back titration د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻻزاﺣﺔ Replacement titration د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮة اﻟﻘﻠﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ Alkalimetric titration ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮة اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﺣﻤﺾ أﺳﺎس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺒﺔ Masking agents ھﻲ ﻋواﻣل ﺗﺿﺎف ﻟﻠوﺳط ذﻟك ﻟﺣﺟب ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﯾﻌض اﻟﺷوارد اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ ﺣﯾث ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن اﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻘدات ﺛﺑﺎﺗﯾﮭﺎ أﻛﺑر ﻣن ﺛﺑﺎﺗﯾﺔ EDTAﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌدن ﻣن أھﻣﮭﺎ: د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس د.ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس