Document Details

UserReplaceableOtter323

Uploaded by UserReplaceableOtter323

د. علا يونس

Tags

complexometry titration chemical analysis analytical chemistry

Summary

This document is about Complexometry, a volumetric method for determining the concentration of metal ions. It describes different types of chelating agents and their applications in various situations, like controlling pH. It also includes examples of metal ion indicators and ways to use them.

Full Transcript

‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪات‬ ‫‪Complexometry‬‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ Complexometry ‫ ﺗﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘد ﻣﻧﺣل ﺑﯾن اﻟذرة اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻣﺑدأ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل راﺑطﺔ‬ligand (donor) ‫ و‬ion (as acceptor) metal...

‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪات‬ ‫‪Complexometry‬‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ Complexometry ‫ ﺗﻌﺗﻣد اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة اﻟﺣﺟﻣﯾﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘد ﻣﻧﺣل ﺑﯾن اﻟذرة اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ‬:‫اﻟﻣﺑدأ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺷﻛﯾل راﺑطﺔ‬ligand (donor) ‫ و‬ion (as acceptor) metal Coordination bond The metal ion is known as Central metal atom(M). The anion or neutral molecule is known as Ligand (L) ‫ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬.‫د‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ Chelating agents: organic molecules containing two or more donor groups that combine with metal to form a complex of ring structure. ‫ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬.‫د‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﯿﺎس اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪات‬EDTA ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮل‬ It forms very stable and soluble stoichiometric, 1:1 complexes with many metal ions.‫( ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌدن‬1:1) ‫ﯾﺷﻛل ﻣﻌﻘدات‬ 3.The disodium salt of EDTA (Na2H2Y. 2H2O) is the most commercially available. 4.Since the metal complexes are soluble, coprecipitation errors are absent.‫ﻻ ﺗﺣدث أﺧطﺎء ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﺗرﺳﯾب‬ 5.The end point could be easily achieved using metal ion indicators.‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻧﮭﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺑﺳﮭوﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﺧدام اﻟﻣﺷﻌرات اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳﺑﺔ‬ 2.It offers some selectivity against specific metal ions by controlling the pH at which titration is performed pH ‫ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﺣﻘﯾﻖ اﻻﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﺗﺟﺎه ﻣﻌﺎدن ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺑﺿﺑط درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬.‫د‬ ‫دور ‪pH‬‬ ‫ﯾﻠﻌﺐ ‪ pH‬دورا ﻓﻲ زﯾﺎدة اﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎﺋﯿﺔ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺪوره ﻓﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ‬ ‫وﺛﺒﺎﺗﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﻻ ﻧﻨﺴﻰ ﺗﺤﺮر ﺷﻮارد اﻟﮭﯿﺪروﺟﯿﻦ أﺛﻨﺎء ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟﺘﻌﻘﯿﺪ ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪ EDTA‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻻﺑﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺿﺒﻄﮫ أﯾﻀﺎ ً‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺸﻌﺮات ‪Indicators‬‬ ‫ ﻟون اﻟﻣﺷﻌر وھو ﺣر ﯾﺧﺗﻠف ﻋن ﻟوﻧﮫ وھو ﻣﻣﺧﻠب ﻟﻠﻣﻌدن‬ ‫ ﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﻣﺷﻌر ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌدن ﻋﻛوس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد ﻗﺳﺎوة اﻟﻣﺎء‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫ ﻛون ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد ﺗﺗطﻠب ﺿﺑطﺎ ً ﻟدرﺟﺔ ‪ pH‬ﯾﺟب اﻻﻧﺗﺑﺎه ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎل ﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن ﺗﺷﻛل‬ ‫ھﯾدروﻛﺳﯾدات ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻗﻠوي )رواﺳب( وﯾﺻﺑﺢ ﺗﻔﺎﻋل اﻟﺗﻌﻘﯾد ﺻﻌﺑﺎ ً‬ ‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺑﯾل اﻟﻣﺛﺎل ﯾﺷﻛل اﻟرﺻﺎص راﺳب ھﯾدوﻛﺳﯾد اﻟرﺻﺎص ﻓﻲ ‪ pH=10‬ﻟذﻟك ﻧﺿﯾف‬ ‫ﺣﻣض اﻟطرطر اﻟذي ﯾﺷﻛل طرطرات اﻟرﺻﺎص اﻟﻣﻧﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ أﺣﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﯾﻠﻌب اﻟوﻗﺎء دور ﻣﺳﺎﻋد ﻣﺛﻼً‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺷوارد اﻟﻧﺣﺎس‪ :‬ﯾﺳﺗﺧدم وﻗﺎء اﻷﻣوﻧﯾﺎ ﺑدل‬ ‫اﻟﺻود ﻟﺿﺑط ‪ pH‬ﺣﯾث ﯾﺷﻛل اﻻﻣوﻧﯾﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﺣﺎس‬ ‫ﯾﺗﯾﺢ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﻣﻊ ال ‪ EDTA‬ﺑدﻻ ﻣن ﺗرﺳﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻘد ﻣﻧﺣل‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﯾﺪ ﻗﺴﺎوة اﻟﻤﺎء ‪Hardness of water‬‬ ‫ ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر ﻋن ﻗﺳﺎوة اﻟﻣﺎء ﺑﺗﺣدﯾد ﺗرﻛﯾز ﻛﻼً ﻣن ﺷﺎردﺗﻲ اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم واﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم‬ ‫ ﺗﻌد ﻣﻌﺎﯾرات ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‬ ‫ ﺗﺗم اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻗﻠوي ‪) pH=12‬ھﯾدروﻛﺳﯾد اﻟﺻودﯾوم ‪(%8‬ﺑوﺟود اﻟﻣﯾروﻛﺳﯾد‬ ‫ﻛﻣﺷﻌر وذﻟك ﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺷوارد اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم ﻓﻘط‬ ‫ ﺗﺗم اﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﻓﻲ وﺳط ﻗﻠوي ‪) pH=10‬وﻗﺎء اﻷﻣوﻧﯾﺎ‪ /‬ﻛﻠور أﻣوﻧﯾوم( ﺑوﺟود أﺳود‬ ‫اﻻﯾروﻛروم ﻛﻣﺷﻌر وذﻟك ﻟﻣﻌﺎﯾرة ﺷوارد اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم واﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم ﻣﻌﺎ ً )ﯾﺗم ﺗﻌﻘﯾد اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم‬ ‫أوﻻً ﺛم اﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم( ﻓﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﺻروف ﻣن ‪ EDTA‬ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻣﻐﻧزﯾوم ﯾﺳﺎوي )اﻟﻛﻠﻲ –‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺻروف ﻣن أﺟل اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم ﻓﻘط(‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﻋﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻟﺮﺟﻮع ‪Back titration‬‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺎﯾﺮة ﺑﺎﻻزاﺣﺔ ‪Replacement titration‬‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮة اﻟﻘﻠﻮﯾﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ‪Alkalimetric titration‬‬ ‫ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﺘﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺮة اﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ اﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﺑﻤﻘﯿﺎس ﺣﻤﺾ أﺳﺎس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻮاﻣﻞ اﻟﺤﺎﺟﺒﺔ ‪Masking agents‬‬ ‫ ھﻲ ﻋواﻣل ﺗﺿﺎف ﻟﻠوﺳط ذﻟك ﻟﺣﺟب ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﯾﻌض اﻟﺷوارد اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ‬ ‫ ﺣﯾث ﺗﺷﻛل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌﺎدن اﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠﺔ ﻣﻌﻘدات ﺛﺑﺎﺗﯾﮭﺎ أﻛﺑر ﻣن ﺛﺑﺎﺗﯾﺔ ‪ EDTA‬ﻣﻊ اﻟﻣﻌدن ﻣن‬ ‫أھﻣﮭﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬ ‫د‪.‬ﻋﻼ ﯾوﻧس‬

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Browser