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UNITS OF EXPOSURE AND ABSORBED DOSE Exposure pathway: a route by which a radioactive material can enter the body. The main exposure routes are inhalation, ingestion, absorption through the skin, and entry through a cut or wound in the skin..‫ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠ...

UNITS OF EXPOSURE AND ABSORBED DOSE Exposure pathway: a route by which a radioactive material can enter the body. The main exposure routes are inhalation, ingestion, absorption through the skin, and entry through a cut or wound in the skin..‫ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻄﺮﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺪﺧﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺸﻌﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬:‫ﻣﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺑﺘﻼﻉ ﺍﻻﻣﺘﺼﺎﺹ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﺪﺧﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺧ ﻼﻝ ﺟﺮﺡ ﺃﻭ ﻗﻄﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬  Protection of individuals against radiation necessitates the completion of three tasks: 1- Construction of instruments that measure the intensity of radiation 2- Foundation and creation of radiation units 3- Development of safe radiation exposure limits based on the interactions of radiation with biological systems and the ensuing biological effects :‫ﺗﺴﺘﻠﺰﻡ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺇﺗﻤﺎﻡ ﺛﻼﺙ ﻣﻬﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺷﺪﺓ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﺄ ﺳﻴﺲ ﻭﺇﻧﺸ ﺎﺀ ﻭﺣﺪﺍ ﺕ ﻟﻺ ﺷﻌ ﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﺁﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﺳﺘﻨﺎﺩﺍ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ‬  radiation effect is measured in terms of exposure or dose. Exposure is defined as charge released per unit mass of air. Dose is defined as energy absorbed per unit mass of material..‫ﻱﻗﺎﺱ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺮﺭﺓ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬.‫ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻛﺘﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬:‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫)‪The first radiation unit: The Roentgen (R‬‬ ‫‪ The first radiation unit to be defined was the roentgen (symbol R), having the‬‬ ‫‪following definition:‬‬ ‫‪ 1 R = exposure due to x-rays or gamma rays of such intensity that the electrons‬‬ ‫‪produced by this radiation in 1 cm³ of dry air, at standard temperature and pressure,‬‬ ‫‪generate along their tracks‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺃﻭﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻭﻧﺘﺠﻦ (ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺰ ‪R‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺷﻌﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻨﺘﺠﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ = ‪ R‬‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ‪ 1‬ﺳﻢ‪ ³‬ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺍﻟﺠﺎﻑ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﻐﻂ ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﺕﻧﺘﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﺴﺎﺭﺍﺗﻬﺎ ﺃﺯﻭﺍﺝ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﻤﻞ ﺷﺤﻨﺔ ﺇﺟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ‪ )esu‬ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﻧﻮﻉ‬ ‫‪−4‬‬ ‫‪1 R = 2.58 × 10 C/kg‬‬ ‫‪air‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ (‪ )SI‬ﻭﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻡ (‪ )C‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻟﻮﻡ ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻱﻣﺮﺭ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ The roentgen suffers from two limitations: It was defined in terms of electromagnetic radiation (x-rays and γ rays) only. It was defined in terms of air only. :‫ﻳﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺘﺠﻦ ﻣﻦ ﻗﻴﻮﺩﻳﻦ‬.)γ ‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ (ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﻌﺔ‬.‫ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬  To overcome the limitations of the roentgen, the radiation absorbed dose (rad) was introduced. 1 rad = 100 erg/g The SI unit for absorbed dose is the gray (Gy). 1 Gy = 1 J/kg = 100 rad.)‫ﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺘﺠﻦ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ (ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩ‬ 1 ‫ = ﺭﺍﺩ‬100 ‫ﻏﺮﺍﻡ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬/‫ ﺇﺭﺝ‬SI ‫( ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻱ‬Gy). 1 Gy = 1 ‫ ﺭﺍﺩ‬100 = ‫ﻛﻴﻠﻮﻏﺮﺍﻡ‬/‫ﺟﻮﻝ‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺎﺳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺘﺠﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ Measuring absorbed dose (rad or Gy) is difficult, but it can be‬‬ ‫‪bypassed by measuring energy deposited in air. Exposure is‬‬ ‫‪measured using ionization chambers, and results are given in‬‬ ‫‪roentgens.‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ (ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﺍﻱ) ﺻﻌﺐ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺠﺎﻭﺯﻩ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‪.‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻭﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺮﻧﺘﺠﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻫﻲ ﺃﺟﻬﺰﺓ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫‪1.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻏﺮﻑ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﺎﺯ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻮﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺃﺷﻌﺔ ‪.γ‬ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺒﺪﺃ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ‬ ‫(ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻣﻞ)‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇ ﺣﺪﺍ ﺙ ﺗﺄﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻐ ﺎﺯ ﺩﺍ ﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ‪ :‬ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﻦ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﺤﺮﻳﺮ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ‪2.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ‪.‬ﻭﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻋﺪﺩ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻣﺮ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﻐﺎﺯ‬ ‫‪3.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻴﺎﺱ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺟﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻮﻟﺪﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻐﺮﻓﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺸﺤﻨﺎﺕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺓ ﻛﻬﺮﺑﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻴﺎﺳﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ‪ :‬ﻳﺘﻢ ﺣﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﻳﻦ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻳﻦ‬  The units of absorbed dose defined in the previous section are quite adequate for the quantitative assessment of the effects of radiation to inanimate objects, such as irradiated transistors or nuclear reactor materials. For the protection of people, however, the important thing is not the measurement of energy deposited —that is, the absorbed dose—but the biological effects due to radiation exposure. ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻡﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻋﺔ – ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ – ﺑﻞ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬  The units of absorbed dose defined in the previous section are quite adequate for the quantitative assessment of the effects of radiation to inanimate objects, such as irradiated transistors or nuclear reactor materials. For the protection of people, however, the important thing is not the measurement of energy deposited —that is, the absorbed dose—but the biological effects due to radiation exposure. ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻘﺴﻢ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻖ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺎﻡﺍ ﻟﻠﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻤﻲ ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺍﻧﺰﺳﺘﻮﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺮﺿﺔ‬ ‫ ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬.‫ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺸﻲﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻗﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻋﺔ – ﺃﻱ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ – ﺑﻞ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻤﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ Understanding RBE RBE Definition: RBE is defined in terms of photons. For electromagnetic radiation, RBE = 1. RBE is taken as 1 for photons of all energies, despite the definition specifying photon energies of 200–300 keV RBE ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬.‫ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬RBE ‫ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬:RBE ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬.RBE = 1 ‫ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺮﻭﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ ﻟﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻏﻢ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻳﺤﺪﺩ ﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬1 ‫ ﻣﺴﺎﻭﻳﺎ ﻝ‬RBE ‫ﻱﻋﺘﺒﺮ‬.200–300 keV ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬  Factors Affecting RBE: RBE values depend on various factors: Energy of radiation Type of cell Biological effect being studied Total dose Dose rate :RBE ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺆﺛﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ‬ :‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺓ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬RBE ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻗﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺎ ﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌ ﺎﻉ‬ ‫ﻧ ﻮﻉ ﺍ ﻟ ﺨ ﻠ ﻴ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺪﺭﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻜ ﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ‬  LET and Biological Damage Linear Energy Transfer (LET): The biological damage increases as LET increases. Heavier particles (alphas, heavy ions, fission fragments) cause more biological damage than photons, electrons, and positrons for the same absorbed dose. ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ LET :‫ﻭﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ‬ LET. ‫ﻳﺰﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻣﻊ ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺛﻘﻞ (ﻣﺜﻞ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺷﻈﺎﻳﺎ ﺍﻻﻧﺸﻄﺎﺭ) ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬.‫ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻮﺯﻳﺘﺮﻭﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﻨﻔﺲ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ‬  Quality Factor (QF) Introduction ICRU Recommendation (1963): The International Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements (ICRU) proposed replacing RBE with a new factor called the Quality Factor (QF). QF modifies the effectiveness of a given absorbed dose by LET. QF is assigned based on various considerations. A Distribution Factor (DF) can be used to express biological effect modification due to non-uniform distribution of radionuclides..)QF( ‫ ﺑﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‬RBE ‫) ﺍﺳﺘﺒﺪﺍﻝ‬ICRU( ‫ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺣﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬.LET ‫ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ‬QF ‫ﻱﻋﺪﻝ‬.‫ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬QF ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ‬.‫) ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬DF( ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬  ‫ﺇﻟﻴﻚ ﺍﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ (‪RBE: )Relative Biological Effectiveness‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ (‪ICRU: International Commission on Radiological Units‬‬ ‫)‪and Measurements‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ (‪QF: )Quality Factor‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺘﻘﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻄﻲ (‪LET: )Linear Energy Transfer‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ (‪DF: Distribution Factor‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ (‪ )DF‬ﻫﻮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺭﺍﺳﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﺃﻱ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭﻇﻴﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ (‪:)DF‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺒﺮ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺟﻢ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺲ ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻳﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺩﻋﺔ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻳﻬﺪﻑ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﺧﺬ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻌﻴﻦ ﺍﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻏﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻣﺘﺴﺎﻭﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻘﺎﺕ‪:‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﻄﺐ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﺴﺎﻋﺪ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻞ ﺣﺴﺎﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻓﺮﺍﺩ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪ The product of absorbed dose and modifying factors is termed the dose‬‬ ‫‪equivalent, (H). In 1973, the ICRU1 recommended dropping the “F” from‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪QF, a suggestion that has now become practice. In 1977, the ICRP‬‬ ‫‪recommended that the dose equivalent (H) at a point in tissue be written‬‬ ‫‪as‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﻱﺳﻤﻰ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺿﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻌﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ (‪.)H‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ ‪ 1973‬ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻹﺟﺮﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﺻﺖ ﺍﻟﻠﺠﻨﺔ ﺍﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ‪ 1977‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺍﻗﺘﺮﺍﺡ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﺍﻵﻥ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ‪.‬ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻡ )‪ (QF‬ﻣﻦ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ "‪ "F‬ﺑﺤﺬﻑ )‪(ICRU‬‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﻄﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻨﺤﻮ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ )‪ (H‬ﺑﺄﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ )‪(ICRP‬‬  ‫ﻣ ﻌ ﻠ ﻮ ﻣ ﺔ ﺍ ﺿ ﺎ ﻓ ﻴﻪ‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ (‪ )Dose Equivalent‬ﻫﻮ ﻣﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﻳﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺠﺎﻝ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻟﺘﻤﺜﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﻳﺄﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻩ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ ﻱﺣﺴﺐ ﺑﻀﺮﺏ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ (ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺎﺱ ﺑﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ "ﺟﺮﺍﻱ"‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ (‪ )QF‬ﺍﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺣﺴﺐ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ (ﻣﺜﻞ )‪Gray, Gy‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺗﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺟﺴﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ)‪.‬ﻫﺬﺍ ﺍﻟﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺘﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺗﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻷﻥ ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺿﺮﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻏﻴﺮﻫﺎ‪.‬‬  Dose Equivalent (H) Calculation Unit of Dose Equivalent (H): The unit of absorbed dose is multiplied by the corresponding Q value to obtain the unit of dose equivalent (H). Units for Dose Equivalent: 1 rem = Q × 1 rad SI Unit: 1 Sievert (Sv) = Q × 1 Gy :)H( ‫ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﻤﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ‬Q ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺿﺮﺏ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﺘﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ‬.)H( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ ﻟﻠﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ‬  Conversion Between Units: 1 Sv = 100 rem Important Note: Only the dose equivalent (Sv or rem) should be added to equalize biological effects from different types and energies of radiation. Gy or rad may be added if the dose comes from two or more sources of the same radiation type. ‫ ﻭ ﺭﻳﻢ‬Sv ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺘﺤﻮﻳﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺍﻟﻮﺣﺪﺍﺕ‬ 1. H: )Dose Equivalent( ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ‬ 1 ‫ ﺭﻳﻢ‬Sv) = 100( ‫ﺳﻴﻔﺮﺕ‬ 2. rem: )Roentgen Equivalent Man( ‫ﺭﻳﻢ‬ :‫ﻣﻼﺣﻈﺔ ﻣﻬﻤﺔ‬ 3. rad: )Radiation Absorbed Dose( ‫ﺭﺍﺩ‬ ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻳﻢ) ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬Sv( ‫ﻳﺠﺐ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﻲ ﻓﻘﻂ‬ 4. Sv: )Sievert( ‫ﺳﻴﻔﺮﺕ‬.‫ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﻭﻃﺎﻗﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ 5. Gy: )Gray( ‫ﻏﺮﺍﻱ‬ ‫ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﻣﺼﺪﺭﻳﻦ ﺃﻭ‬Gy ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺔ‬ 6. Q: )Quality Factor( ‫ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ‬.‫ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻔﺲ ﻧﻮﻉ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬  Alpha Radiation Characteristics:Very energetic but ‫ﻃﺎﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻨﻪ ﻱﻣﺘﺺ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ‬:‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬ easily absorbed by the epidermis (outer layer of skin)..)‫ﺑﻮﺍﺳﻄﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ (ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺠﻠﺪ‬ Epidermis consists of dead skin cells, so external ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺗﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﻴﺘﺔ ﻟﺬﺍ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ exposure to alpha radiation is not hazardous..‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺧﻄﻴﺮﺍ‬ If ingested, however, alpha radiation may localize in a ‫ﺇﺫﺍ ﺗﻢ ﺍﺑﺘﻼﻋﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﺮﻛﺰ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ small area of bone, causing severe biological damage. ‫ﺻﻐﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲﺍ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ Beta Radiation Characteristics: Penetrates deeper into tissue than alpha radiation. :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬ For example, a 3-MeV negatron travels through 0.6 in..‫ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺃﻋﻤﻖ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ‬ (15 mm) of tissue before being absorbed. ‫ ﻣﻴﻐﺎ‬3 ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﺒﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ ﻳﺨﺘﺮﻕ ﺍﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﺫﻭ ﺍﻟﻄﺎﻗﺔ‬ Beta radiation passes through the epidermis into the ‫ ﻣﻢ) ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ‬15( ‫ ﺑﻮﺻﺔ‬0.6 ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻥ ﻓﻮﻟﺖ‬ dermis (living cell layer), where it may cause biological.‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺍﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻪ‬ damage ‫ﻳﻤﺮ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻷﺩﻣﺔ (ﻃﺒﻘﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬.‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺣﻴﺔ) ﺣﻴﺚ ﻗﺪ ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲﺍ‬ Gamma Radiation Characteristics : Easily passes :‫ﺧﺼﺎﺋﺺ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ‬ through tissues and ionizes substances it encounters..‫ﻳﻤﺮ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﺒﺮ ﺍﻷﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﻭﻳﺆﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺼﺎﺩﻓﻬﺎ‬ Internal and external exposure to gamma radiation ‫ﻳﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ‬ results in more severe biological damage than alpha or.‫ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲﺍ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﺪﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬ beta radiation..‫ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺤﻲ ﺑﺄﻛﻤﻠﻪ‬ Gamma radiation affects the entire organism.  Adverse Health Effects : Table 16.4 illustrates that ‫ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬16.4 ‫ﻳﻮﺿﺢ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬:‫ﺍﻵﺛﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ‬ exposure to gamma radiation causes more extensive ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺿﺮﺭ ﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ biological damage than exposure to alpha or beta.‫ﺃﻟﻔﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺑﻴﺘﺎ‬ radiation. ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺛﺮ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺟﺎﻣﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ Gamma radiation can impact multiple organs and.‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺁﺛﺎﺭ ﺻﺤﻴﺔ ﺷﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ systems within the body, leading to severe health effects.  EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC RADIOISOTOPES ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬ Aside from the general effects caused by radiation ‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻏﺎﻟﺐﺍ ﻣﺎ‬ exposure, specific radioisotopes often cause damage in ‫ﺗﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺪﻭﺙ ﺿﺮﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﺋﻦ ﺍﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬ the human organism in relatively localized ways. Of ‫ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺗﺒﺮﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﻮﻡ‬.‫ﺑﻄﺮﻕ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻲﺍ‬ special interest are the radioisotopes of strontium and ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺑﻨﻴﺔ‬ radium, each of which may replace calcium in the ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎ ﻡ‬ structure of the bones Exposure to Strontium and Radium Radioisotopes ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ‬ Localized Damage in Bones: :‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‬ Strontium and radium radioisotopes can ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﻞ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﺴﺘﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﻮﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺮﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ ﻣﺤﻞ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ‬ replace calcium in bone structures..‫ﺑﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‬ They can deposit in spaces within bones where ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﺮﺳﺐ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺍﻟﻨﺨﺎﻉ‬ marrow is present, irradiating blood-forming.‫ﻣﻤﺎ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺧﻼﻳﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ cells..‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﺴﺒﺐ ﻫﺬﺍ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻠﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﻭﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻮﺍﻉ ﺳﺮﻃﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺪﻡ‬ This can lead to leukemia, a type of blood :226-‫ ﻭﺭﺍﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬90-‫ﺘﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﻮﻡ‬ Strontium-90 and Radium-226: cancer. :‫ﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﻧﺼﻔﻴﺔ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻲﺍ‬ These radioisotopes have relatively long half-lives: ‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬90: 28.1-‫ﺘﺮﻭﻧﺸﻴﻮﻡ‬ Strontium-90: 28.1 years ‫ ﺳﻨﺔ‬226: 1590-‫ﺩﻳﻮﻡ‬ Radium-226: 1590 years ‫ﺠﻌﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻨﺼ ﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﻣﻨﻬ ﺎ ﺧﻄﺮﺍ ﺻﺤﻲﺍ‬ Their long half-lives make them a persistent health hazard..‫ﺴﺘﻤﺮﺍ‬ Leukemia, caused by these isotopes, is difficult to treat. ‫ﻮﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻼﺝ‬ therapeutically. Exposure to Iodine Radioisotopes and Thyroid Damage ‫ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻨﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﻭﺿﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ Localized Damage to the Thyroid: :‫ﺍﻟﻀﺮﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ Iodine radioisotopes can cause localized damage ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﺐ ﻧﻈﺎﺋﺮ ﺍﻟﻴﻮﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻌﺔ ﺿﺮﺭﺍ ﻣﺤﻠﻲﺍ ﻟﻠﻐﺪﺓ‬ to the thyroid..‫ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ‬ The thyroid is responsible for regulating body ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺓ ﺍﻟﺪﺭﻗﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﻋﻦ ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻧﻤﻮ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺾ ﻣﻦ‬ growth and metabolism through hormones like.‫ﺧﻼﻝ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻳﺮﻭﻛﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻳﻮﺩﻭﺛﻴﺮﻭﻧﻴﻦ‬ thyroxine and triiodothyronine. ‫ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ These hormones are crucial for controlling.‫ﻭﺍﻷﻳﺾ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ growth and metabolic rates in the body. ‫ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﻋﻤﺮ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﺩ‬ IMPACT OF AN INDIVIDUAL’S AGE ‫ﻳﺘﻮﻗﻒ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻣﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ The chronic effect on the body’s tissues depends on the.‫ﻭﻃﺒﻴﻌﺔ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻭﻇﺎﺋﻔﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ number and nature of the cells whose biological ‫ﻧﻈﺮﺍ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻧﻘﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺮﺍﺭﺍ ﻓﻲ‬ functions have been altered. Because cell division occurs ‫ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺎﻟﻐﻴﻦ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ more frequently in children than in adults, exposure to.‫ﻟﻪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻃﻔﺎﻝ‬ radiation has an especially serious effect on youngsters. OSHA Regulations on Radiation Exposure :‫ﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬ General Requirements: ‫) ﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬OSHA( ‫ﻈﻢ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺴﻼﻣﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ OSHA regulates employee exposure to radiation ‫ﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻟﻺﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻤﻮﺟﺐ‬ under ‫ﺠﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻻ‬ Employers must ensure that employees do not ‫ﻌﺮﺿﻮﻥ ﻟﺠﺮﻋﺎﺕ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺭﺑﻊ‬ receive doses exceeding the permissible.‫ﺔ ﻣﻴﻼﺩﻱ ﻭﺍﺣﺪ‬ exposure limits during one calendar quarter. ‫ ﻭﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ‬16.5 ‫ﻢ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻭﻝ‬ These limits are defined in Table 16.5 and are.‫ﻌﺮﺽ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﻤﻮﺡ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ referred to as permissible exposure limits. :‫ﺍﻟﺸﺮﻭﻁ ﻟﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ Exposure and Occupational Dose Limits ‫ﻳﺠﻮﺯ ﻷﺻﺤﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬ Conditions for Exceeding Limits: :‫ﺇﺫﺍ‬ Employers may allow employees to exceed limits.‫ ﺭﻳﻢ‬3 ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺭﺑﻊ ﺍﻟﺴﻨﺔ‬.‫ﺃ‬ if: ‫ ﻻ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺮﺍﻛﻤﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﺘﻬﺎ‬.‫ﺏ‬ a. The whole-body dose in a quarter does not ‫ ﻫﻮ ﺍﻟﻌﻤﺮ‬N ‫) ﺭﻳﻢ ﺣﻴﺚ‬5 × (N – 18 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﺔ‬ exceed 3 rem..‫ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔﺮﺩ‬ b. The accumulated whole-body dose, added to :‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ‬ the occupational dose, does not exceed 5 × (N - ‫ﺗﺸﻤﻞ ﺃﻱ ﺟﺮﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻸﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﻣﺜﻞ‬ 18) rem, where N is the individual's current age. ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺪﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﺎﺳﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ ﻟﻠﺪﻡ ﺍﻟﺮﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﺠﺬﻉ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﻌﻴﻦ‬ Whole Body Dose: Includes any dose to the entire body or specific organs like gonads, blood-forming organs, head, trunk, or eyes. Warning Signs for Radiation Areas Types of Radiation Areas: Radiation Area: Ionizing radiation at levels that could exceed 0.05 mSv in one hour or 1 mSv in :‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ five consecutive days. ‫ ﻣﻠﻲ‬0.05 ‫ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﺆﻳﻦ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬:‫ﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ‬ High Radiation Area: Radiation at levels that.‫ ﻣﻠﻲ ﺳﻴﻔﺮﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺧﻤﺴﺔ ﺃﻳﺎﻡ ﻣﺘﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬1 ‫ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻭ‬ could exceed 1 mSv in one hour. ‫ ﻣﻠﻲ‬1 ‫ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ‬:‫ﻘﺔ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ‬ Airborne Radioactivity Area: Areas with.‫ﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﺣﺪﺓ‬ radioactive material concentrations exceeding ‫ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬:‫ﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻹﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬ prescribed levels..‫ﻣﺸﻌﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰﺍﺕ ﺗﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺪﺩﺓ‬ Signs: :‫ﺎﺕ‬ These areas are marked with the trefoil symbol, ‫ﺗﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺮﻣﺰ ﺛﻼﺛﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺮﻭﻉ ﻭﻛﻠﻤﺔ "ﺣﺬﺭ" ﻭﺍﻟﻌﺒﺎﺭﺓ‬ the word "CAUTION," and the applicable radiation ‫ﺳﺒﺔ (ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺇﺷﻌﺎﻉ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﺸﺎﻁ‬ area designation (Radiation Area, High Radiation.)‫ﻋﻲ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﻝ ﺑﺎﻟﻬﻮﺍﺀ‬ Area, or Airborne Radioactivity Area).