Genetics and DNA: Questions for Revision

Genetics (cases in worksheets are great to practice all of these. But don't limit yourself to only those! Try to build other scenarios for each inheritance) ​ What is the difference between: ○​ self-fertilization and a cross-fertilization? ○​ gene and allele...

Genetics (cases in worksheets are great to practice all of these. But don't limit yourself to only those! Try to build other scenarios for each inheritance) ​ What is the difference between: ○​ self-fertilization and a cross-fertilization? ○​ gene and allele? ○​ homozygous, heterozygous and hemizygous? ○​ genotype and phenotype? ○​ dominant and recessive? ○​ linked and unlinked genes? ​ Given a scenario, am I able to identify: ○​ the type of inheritance? (Mendelian, incomplete dominance, co-dominance, lethal alleles, multiple alleles, epistasis, X-linked?) ○​ the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents? ○​ the gametes of the parents? ○​ the genotypic and the phenotypic ratios (proportions)? ​ Am I able to analyze a pedigree and determine the type of inheritance demonstrated? ​ What is a true-breeding organism? In what occasions we have a true-breeding individual? ○​ What is a carrier? How can I identify one? ​ Am I able to build and analyze Punnett squares for: ○​ monohybrid crosses? ○​ dihybrid crosses? ​ How are X-linked inheritance is different from the others? ○​ which sex has XX and which sex has XY? ○​ why males have a higher chance of having X-linked traits? ○​ from whom affected males receive the trait? ​ What are polygenic and continuous varying traits? What are some examples? DNA replication and repair ○​ What does it mean for DNA replication to be semi-conservative? ​ What are parental strands? ​ What are daughter strands? ​ A new strand has how many parental and daughter strands? ○​ How DNA replication starts? ​ What needs to exists in order for replication to begin? ​ How is it different between prokaryotes and eukaryotes? Why?  ​ What enzymes are involved? What is their function? ​ If an enzyme stops working, how can that affect DNA replication? ​ What is the replication fork? ○​ What are the working conditions for DNA polymerase? ​ if these conditions are not met, what happens? ​ Where does the DNA polymerase remove energy to add nucleotides to a new strand? ​ What types of bonds are formed between nucleotides and between strands? ​ In which direction does DNA polymerase works? ○​ What are the differences between leading and lagging strands? ​ Why do we have two types of strand being synthesized? ​ What is needed to form a leading strand? ​ What is needed to form a lagging strand? ​ What are Okazaki fragments? ○​ After replication is done, what happens to the primers? What is the function of DNA ligase? ○​ What are the similarities and the differences in DNA replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes? ○​ What are telomeres and why are they important for our genes? ○​ Why DNA replication in eukaryotes leads to the shortening of telomeres at each cell cycle? ○​ How does telomerase works? ​ In which type of cells are they active? ○​ What are the differences between spontaneous and induced mutations? ○​ What are the DNA repair mechanisms? ​ How do they work? ​ What are exonucleases and endonucleases? RNA transcription and processing ​ What is the difference between transcription and translation? ​ Where does transcription occurs in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes? ○​ Why are the locations different? ​ Where does translation occurs in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes? ​ What is gene expression? ○​ What different types of RNA can be synthesized? ○​ What is the difference between protein-coding RNAs and non-coding RNAs? ​ What is the function of mRNA, tRNA and rRNA? ​ How is transcription initiated? ○​ What is the promoter and what it is its function? ○​ Where is the promoter located? ○​ Is the promoter part of the transcribed RNA? ○​ What is the difference between transcription initiation in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes? ​ How is RNA elongated? ○​ How is the double-helix opened up? ○​ To which direction does RNA polymerase works on? ​ What are the differences between template strand and coding strand? ○​ How can I identify an RNA sequence using them as a starting point? ​ How does transcription ends? ○​ What happens when transcription ends? ​ What are the 3 RNA processing mechanisms? ○​ What is the function of each one of them? ○​ Where do they happen? ○​ If they don't happen, what is the fate of the mRNA? ​ What are the differences between exons and introns? ​ How is splicing preparing the pre-mRNA to be used in translation?