MISY2010_Module 5 Database student.pptx

Module 5 Databases & Information Management  Learning Objectives Describe the differences between data, information, and knowledge, Describe database, and how a relational database organizes data. Describe non-relational database Describe the role of a database management s...

Module 5 Databases & Information Management  Learning Objectives Describe the differences between data, information, and knowledge, Describe database, and how a relational database organizes data. Describe non-relational database Describe the role of a database management system Describe tools for extracting business intelligence Information System Components (from Module 1) Five components of Information Systems: 1.Hardware 2.Software This Module 3.Data 4.People 5.Process  Data, Information, and Knowledge Informati Knowledg Data Wisdom on e Data: raw facts without context or intent. – Quantitative – numeric – Qualitative – descriptive – Data by itself is not useful Information: data is given context and is more specific Knowledge: information has been aggregated and analyzed to make decisions, set policies, and spark innovation Wisdom: the combination of knowledge and experience which improves decision making. – May take years to develop  Data Quantitative? or Qualitative ? Number of weeks in a year? A letter? Photograph? Age in years? Length in centimeters? Video recording?  Database Database – An organized collection of related information to generate knowledge for decision making purposes – Example: a university transcript database may contain information on students, classes taken, and grades received – A separate university database would be created to maintain your financial information  Database Three reasons for using a Database to maintain data: – Control of redundant data. If several spread sheets are used, data exists multiple times, ie. A persons name, if someone changes their name and it is not changed on all sheets – data is corrupted – Violation of data integrity. If a students needs to pay tuition before receiving marks, this may be missed if its in two different files. – Relying on human memory to store and to search. Human memory is not that efficient for remembering where data is.  Relational Database (Most used database) Data is organized into one or more, two dimensional tables, or relations (such as in Microsoft Access) – Tables are a collection Records which contain Fields E.g., Student ID, Course ID, Grade Earned – Record is an instance (or row) in the table E.g., First name, last name, major, birthdate – Field: Each category in the record E.g. First name Relational Database Table  Database Design Designing a database: – Understand the Goal of how the database will be used – Identify the data needed as part of accomplishing this goal – Identify how data is related to each other – Identify tables and fields to organize the data The main table needs a primary key field which is unique to each record and will not change – For example, Student Number  Database Design Each table needs a primary key field which is unique to each record and will not change -For example, Student Number  Database Design A Foreign key is a field in one table that connects to the primary key data in the original table. Normalization means to (1) reduce duplicated data and (2) ensure data integrity. This done by using foreign keys in relational tables.  Database Design: Data Data types: Types – Text – non-numeric data less than 256 characters – Number – numeric data – Boolean (Yes/No; true/false) – 0 for No or False; and 1 for Yes or True (only 2 possible options) – Date/Time – number data type that can be interpreted as a number or a time – Currency – monetary data – Paragraph Text – stores text longer than 256 characters – Object – data that can’t be typed such as a picture or music file Data types : dictate functions that can be performed – E.g. number fields can be used to perform calculations  Database Design: Data Types Field Name Field Field Data Type Storage limit (spaces allotted - keep as small as possible) Student name Student number Part-time or Fulltime student Program (Diploma/Bachelor/Master) Tuition amount charged Day student started program Student picture  Database Management Systems (DBMS) Software for creating, storing, organizing, and accessing data from a database Uses SQL (Structured Query Language) to analyze and manipulate relational data. Separates the logical and physical views of the data – Logical view: how end users view data – Physical view: how data are actually structured and organized (computer view) Examples: Microsoft Access, D B 2, Oracle Database, Microsoft S Q L Server, Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.  Database Management Systems (DBMS) Logical view: Physical view: Space Requirem how end users how data are ent view data actually structured and organized September 15, 2022 QR 346.90 QR 1,000 Full-time student Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. Human Resources Database: Multiple Views QID Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.  How a Relational DBMS works Select: – Creates a subset of all records meeting stated criteria Join: – Combines relational tables to present the server with more information than is available from individual tables (databases) Project: – Creates a subset consisting of columns in a table – Permits user to create new tables containing only desired information Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.  The Challenge of Big Data Big Data is massively large unstructured and semi- structured data sets that conventional data processing technologies do not have sufficient power to analyze 4Vs Framework: – Volume: the size or scale of the data – Variety: different forms of data – Veracity: trustworthiness of the data – Velocity: frequency of incoming data Big datasets, measured in Petabytes and exabytes offer more patterns and insights than smaller datasets, e.g. – Customer behavior or Weather patterns Requires new technologies and tools:  Non-Relational Databases “NoSQL” (Not Only SQL) Scale better than Relational Databases - usually on multiple machines and, in some cases, machines in multiple data centers Handle large data sets of data that are not easily organized into tables, columns, and rows Use more flexible data model – Don’t require extensive structuring Can manage unstructured data, such as social media and graphics E.g. Amazon’s Simple D B, MetLife’s Mongo D B Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.  Cloud Databases and Distributed Databases Cloud Relational database engines are provided by cloud computing services – Pricing based on usage – Appeal to small or medium-sized businesses Amazon Relational Database Service – Offers MySQL, Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle Database engines Distributed databases – Stored in multiple physical locations – Google’s Spanner cloud service Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.  Blockchain A distributed database of transactions Operates on a network without central authority Maintains a growing list of records called blocks Once recorded, blocks cannot be changed Reduces cost of processing transactions and enhances security Cryptocurrencies (BitCoin) and NFTs use Blockchain Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd. How Blockchain Works Copyright © 2020 Pearson Education Ltd.  Block Chain NONCE – Number used only once  Cryptocurrency and NFT NFTs are created using the same kind of programming language as cryptocurrencies, but they are different. Cryptocurrencies NFTs - Non-Fungible  Cryptocurrencies are Token “fungible”; they can be Fungible means traded or exchanged Changeable for one another. Each NFT acts as a They’re also equal in digital signature that value. makes it impossible for  They can broken down them to be exchanged into smaller parts for, or equal to one another. For example, one Bitcoin They can not be is always equal to divided another Bitcoin, or one Riyal is always equal to For example, The Last Finding Value in Data: Business Intelligence Tools for obtaining useful information from internal and external systems and big data – Data Visualization – Data Warehouses – Data Mining – Knowledge Management  Data Visualization Graphical representation of information and data (such as charts, graphs, and maps). Quickly summarizes data in a way that is more intuitive and can lead to new insights and understandings.  Data Warehouse Consists of extracting data from one or more of the organization’s databases Allows the data to be copied and stored for analysis – Needs to be refreshed as the data changes Data is time-stamped when extracted – Allows comparisons between different time periods Data is standardized – All similar fields (e.g., calendar dates) are structured the same Date is MM/DD/YYYY Data marts are smaller subsets of data warehouses for specific business problems  Data Warehousing Databases (e.g CRM, ERP, SCM)  Data Warehouse Video https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=AHR_7jFCMeY  Data Warehouse Benefits Forces organizations to better understand the data Centralized view of data to identify inconsistent data Once inconsistencies are resolved, higher quality data is used to make better business decisions Data can be analyzed over multiple time periods Tools are available to combine data and gain more insight into business operations  Data Mining Data Mining is an Automated process of analyzing data – To find previously unknown trends, patterns, and associations – To make better business decisions Business intelligence – uses mined data and analyzes it for information to increase competitive advantage Business analytics – uses internal company data to improve business processes and practices Privacy concerns – Easier to combine dissimilar sources of Information, and when aggregated tell you much more about the individual Knowledge Management (KM) Informati Knowledg Data Wisdom on e Companies and individuals accumulate knowledge which is not consistently written down or saved If its recorded, its not consistently organized KM is the process of formalizing the capture, indexing, and storing of company knowledge  Summary Described the differences between data, information, and knowledge, Described database, and how a relational database organizes data. Described non-relational database Described the role of a database management system Described tools for extracting business intelligence Quick Review – True or False Knowledge is data that is given context and is specific. A database is organized collection of related information used to generate knowledge for decision making purposes. One of the reasons for using a database is to reduce redundant data. In a database table, a field contains several records. A primary key and foreign key are different terms for the same thing. The data type used in databases is called ‘text’ can have up to 156 characters. Quick Review – True or False A phone number is the data type called ‘text’. A DBMS is software. A Relational DBMS works by Selecting data, Joining, and Projecting. Big data has big volume, variety, and velocity. Relational databases can handle big data better than non-relational databases. Blockchain is a type of relational database. NFTs can not be broken down to be sold in parts. Data mining is the process of formalizing the capture, indexing, and storing of company knowledge.