Mineral and Energy Resources Notes PDF

# GEOGRAPHY - 5th ## Minerals & Energy Resources - "Homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure" - How mineral is indispensable part of mineral? - Its Uses: - Minerals are used to make and is essential in: - Railway lines, tarmac (paving) of...

# GEOGRAPHY - 5th ## Minerals & Energy Resources - "Homogenous naturally occurring substance with a definable internal structure" - How mineral is indispensable part of mineral? - Its Uses: - Minerals are used to make and is essential in: - Railway lines, tarmac (paving) of roads - Machinery - Automobile vehicles - Vehicles run on power resources derived from earth - Our food contains mineral - Livelihood, decoration, festivities - Life process is not possible without minerals - 0.3% direct intake of mineral in nutrient → rest 99.7% are complement to minerals - In tooth paste! - Abrasive minerals: Silica, Limestone, Aluminum Oxide, Phosphate minerals do cleaning. - Fluoride (from mineral fluorite) → reduce cavities - Toothpaste made of Titanium oxides from mineral: Rutile, Ilmenite, Anatase. - Sparkle comes from Mica - Hardest mineral: Diamond - Softest mineral: Tale - Limestone → consist of single mineral - Rocks → combination of homogenous substance (minerals) - Formation of minerals depend upon the physical & chemical conditions. - Characteristics of mineral - Range of colour - Hardness - Crystal forms - Lusture - Density - Geographers - Study minerals as a part of Earth's crust - Distribution of mineral, economic activities - Geologists - Formation of minerals, age, physical, chemical composition ## Mode of Occurrence of Minerals - Minerals are found in 'ores' - ORES - accumulation of mineral mixed with other minerals - The mineral content of ore must be high to make its extraction commercially viable. - What is determined by type of formation or structure in which ore is found? - Relative case with which mineral can be mined - Cost of extraction - Mineral generally occur in following forms: - Veins & Lodes: - Eg: Tin, Lead, Copper (Metallic) - Igneous & Metamorphic rocks - Occur in cracks, crevices, faults, joints - Small occurence → veins - Large occurence → lodes - Occur when molten & gaseous mineral forced upwards through cavities → cool & solidify - Beds & Layers: - Eg: Coal, Gypsum, Potash salt, Sodium salt - Sedimentary rocks - Result of decomposition, accumulation, conc - Gypsum, Na, K salt → from evaporation in arid region. - Residual mass of weathered material: - Eg: Bauxite - Decomposition of surface rock → remove soluble constituents - Alluvial Deposits: - Eg: Gold, Silver, Tin, Platinum - In valley floors & base of hills - Also called "Placer Deposits" - Contain minerals not corroded by water - Ocean waters: - Eg: Salt, Bromine, Mg, Mn nodules - Rich in manganese nodules. - How, where mineral occur in what form? - Veins & Lodes - Beds & layers - Residual mass of weathered material - Alluvial/Placer deposits - Ocean waters. ## Distribution of Minerals in India - Peninsular Plateau → Coal, mica, metallic & non-metallic - Gujarat & Assam → petroleum deposits - Rajasthan → non-ferrous minerals - Northern Plains → little or no mineral of economic value - These variations exist due to differences in: - Geological structure - Geological processes - Time involved. - When does mineral deposit turns into mine? - Mineral reserve or deposit turns into mine based on following factors: - Concentration of mineral in ore - Ease of extraction - Closeness to market ## Rat Hole Mining - Type of mining done by digging long narrow tunnels to reach coal deposit underground - This practice illegal by: National Green Tribunal - Practiced in: Jowai, Cherapunjee (Meghalaya) ## Classification of Minerals - **Metallic** - Ferrous - Iron - Manganese - Nickel - Cobalt - Non-Ferrous - Copper - Bauxite - Tin - Lead - **Non-metallic** - Mica - Salt - Potash - Sulphur - Granite - Limestone - Marble - Sandstone - **Energy** - Coal - Petroleum - Natural gas ## Metallic Minerals - **Ferrous** - Contains iron - 3/4th of total product of metallic mineral for development of metallurgical industries - India exports ferrous minerals. - **Iron Ore** - Backbone of industrial development - Two iron ore: Magnetite & Hematite - Magnetite: - 70% iron content - Finest iron ore - Excellent magnetic qualities - Valuable in electrical industry - Hematite: - 50-60% iron content - Most imp. industrial iron ore - 2018-19 97% of iron: Odisha, Chhatisgarh, Jharkhand, Karnataka - **Regions** - Odisha Jharkhand Belt - Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur Belt - Ballari Chitradurga Chikkamagaluru Tumakur - Maharashtra Goa Belt - **Major iron ore belts in India** - **Odisha Jharkhand Belt** - Odisha → Badampahar mines - Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar - Jharkhand → Gua, Noamundi → Singbhum district - Hematite ore → exported via Paradwip port - **Durg Bastar Chandrapur Belt** - Chattisgash → Bailadila hills - Bastar districts - 14 deposits of high grade Hematite - Best physical prop. for steel making - Iron ore exported to Japan & South Korea → via Vishakhapatnam post - **Ballari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru Tumakure** - Karnataka → Kudremukh mines - W-Ghats - Kudremukh deposits - largest in world! - 100% export unit - Ore exported via Mangaluru port - Transported as slurry through pipeline to - **Maharashtra- Goa Belt** - Maharashtra → Ratnagiri district - Goa - Ores are not of high quality - Exported via Marmagao port - **Manganese** - Uses: - Manufacture of steel (10kg Mn 1 tonne steel - Manufacturing bleaching powder - Insecticide - Paints. - Used in ferro-manganese alloy - Region: - Maharashtra (27%) - Madhya Pradesh (33%) - Largest Manganese producing state - **Non-ferrous Minerals** - Does not contain Iron - Not sufficient in India - Role in metallurgical engineering & electrical industry - **Copper** - Used in electrical cable, electronics, chemical industries - Why? - Malleable - Ductile - Good Conductor - Region: - MP - Balaghat mines, Malanjkhand - Rajasthan - Khetri mines - Jharkhand - Singhbhum - **Bauxite** - Ore of Aluminium - Bauxite → Alumina → Aluminium (clay eike) - Formation of Bauxite deposits: - Decomposition of wide variety of rocks rich in Aluminium silicates - Aluminium obtained from Bauxite - Light weight - Strong, durable - Malleability - Good conductivity - Region: - Amarkantak plateau, Maikal hills, Bilaspur Katni - Odisha → largest bauxite producing state: Panchpatmali, Koraput - After discovery of Aluminium → Napoleon II used aluminium as luxurious items even compared to gold & silver. Now Aluminium items are very common. ## Non-Metallic Minerals - **Mica** - Made up of series of plates or leaves of different colours - Used in electric & electronic industries. - Why? - Di-electric strength - Low power loss - Insulating properties - Resistance to high voltage - Region: - Chota Nagpur Plateau: Jharkhand-Koderma Gaya-Hazaribagh but - Rajasthan - Ajmer - Andhra Pradesh - Nellore - **Rock minerals - Limestone** - Found in rocks composed of Ca (CaCO3, MgCO3) - Sedimentary rocks. - Uses: - Cement industry - Smelting iron in blast furnace - Regions: - Rajasthan (20%) - MP (13%) - Mining → Killer industry ## Hazards of Mining - Pulmonary diseases to miners: - Dust & toxic fumes inhaled - Risk of life: Collapse of roofs of mines, fires in coal mines - Contamination of water sources (water pollution) - Land, Soil degradation - How to improve: - Safety regulations - Environmental laws ## Conservation of Minerals - Why conservation of minerals is required? - Minerals are finite, exhaustible, non-renewable - Mineral deposit only 1% of earth's crust - Formation < Consumption - Continued extraction: Cost ↑, Greater depths = quality decreases - Methods to conserve minerals: - Improved technology: Use of low grade ores at low cost - Recycling of metals: Using Scrap metals - Using non-conventional source of energy ## Energy Resources - Why do we need energy resources? - Energy is required for all activities - To cook - Provide light & heat - Propel vehicles - Drive machinery in industries. - Energy can be generated form: - Minerals - Coal - Petroleum - Natural gas - Uranium - Electricity - Hydro (Hydel) - Thermo - Wind - Nuclear ## Classification of Energy - **Conventional** - Nonrenewable source - Create pollution - Eg: - Firewood - Cattle Dung cake - Coal - Petroleum - Naturalgas - Electricity: Hydro (Hydel), Thermal - **Non-conventional** - Renewable source - No pollution - Eg: - Solar - Wind - Tidal - Geothermal - Biogas - Atomic energy. - Why do the use of firewood and cattle dung cake is decreasing in rural India? - In rural household 70% of energy required met by firewood & cattle dung cake. - Continuing these resources: Deforestation - Cow dung caker consume manure that could be used in agriculture. ## Conventional source of energy - **Coal** - fossil fuel - Uses: Power generation to industries, supply energy, commercial energy requirement - Formation: Compression of plant material over millions of years → Degree of compression - Depth & time of burial. - Based on: - Peat: Low carbon, low grade brown coal, high moisture, soft, low heating, high moisture, produced by decaying plants in swamp. - Lignite: Cool, low grade brown. - Bituminous: Most popular coal, burried deep, increased temperature, used as: metallurgical coal, for smelting iron in blast furnace. - Anthracite: Hard coal, high quality hard coal. - **Types of coal based on age:** - Gondwana Coal - 200 million years ago - Metallurgical coal - Region: Damodar Valley (WB), Tharia , Raniganj, Bokaro, Godavari, Sen, Mahanadi & Wardha valley - Tertiary Coal - 55 million years ago - Region: Meghalaya, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland - Coal is bulky material, looses weight → reduce to ash. - Heavy industries located near coalfields. - Thermal power stations. - **Petroleum (Mineral Oil)** - Major soure of energy - Why? - Provides fuel for heat & lightning - Lubricants for machinery - Raw materials for manufacturing industry - Petroleum Industry = Nodal Industry - For: Synthetic textile, Fertilizer, Chemical industry - Petroleum occurence - Tertiary Rocks: - Anticlines (dome region) - Oil trapped in crest (top portion) of uphold (layered rocks) - Fault traps - Oil flour through porous layer of limestone or sandstone - Non porous layer prevent oil from sinking or rising. - Regions: - Mumbai High - Gujarat-Ankeleshwar. - Assam (oldest oil producing) - Digboi - Naharkatiya - Moran-Mugrijan - Petroleum found in fault trap blw porous & non porous rock. - Gas (lighter) occur above the oil - **Natural Gas** - Found with petroleum deposit - Released when crude oil brought to surface - Uses: Domestic & industrial fuel - Fuel in power sector to generate electricity - Raw material: Chemical, Petrochemical industries → fertilizer - Transport, cooking fuel - CNG - PNG - Expansion of COD networks - Regions: - Mumbai High - Cambay Basin - Krishna- Godavari Basin - HVJ (Hazira- Vijaipur Jagdishpur): 1700km long gas pipeline - Constructed by GAIL - Link Mumbai High with power, industrial complex & Bassein gas fields → fertilizer - Provide impulse to Indian gas market development in Northern & west - **Electricity** - Per capita consumption = index of development of electricity - Generation of Electricity: - Hydro electricity: by running water, drives Hydroturbine, Hydroelectricity (generated by fast flowing water) - MPP projects: Bhakra Nangal, Damodar Valley, Kopili Hydel Project - Thermal electricity: by burning fuels, drive turbine to produce thermal power, Thermal electricity (generated using coal, petroleum, natural gas) - Thermal power station use non renewable fossil fuels. ## Non- Conventional Source of Energy - What is the need for it? - Consumption of fossil fuels (conventional) - Depletion of resources - Price rises - Uncertainities in future & environmental problem. - Soln: To use renewable source of energy - Nuclear energy - Solar energy - Wind power - Biogas - Tidal energy - Geo Thermal energy - **Nuclear or Atomic Energy** - Uranium, Thorium - Obtained by: Altering structure of atoms - Energy released in form of heat - Used to generate Electric power - Regions: - Rajasthan - Aravalli range: Uranium & Thorium - Jharkhand: Monazit sands, Kerala - Thorium rich. - **Solar Energy** - Photovoltaic Technology converts sunlight → electricity. - Solar energy popular in rural remote areas: Big Solar Power Plants - Minimise dependance on firewood & dung cake - Benefit: - Environment conservation - Adequate supply of manure. - **Wind Power** - India has great potential of wind power - Regions: - Nagarcoil → Madurai, TN: Imp - Jaisalmer - Andhra Pradesh - Karnataka - Gujarat - Kerala - Maharashtra - Lakshwadweep: PTO - **Biogas** - Formation: Decomposition of organic matter (shrubs, farm waste, human waste) produce gas: high thermal efficiency - Biogas plant setup at municipal, cooperative, individual level. - Plants using cattle dung in rural India: "Gobar Gas Plants" - Twin benefits: - Source of energy - Improve quality of manure - Prevents loss of trees due to burning of firewood & dung cake. - **Tidal Energy** - Oceanic tides generate electricity. - Flood gates built across inlets - High tide: Water flows into inlet & trapped - After tide: Water retained by floodgates flows back to sea via pipe that carries it through power generating turbine - Region: - Gulf of Khambhat (Gujarat) - Gulf of Kachchh - Gangetic Delta - Sunderban - **Geothermal Energy** - "Heat & electricity produced by using heat from interior of Earth." - Lexits Why? Earth grows progressively hotter with increasing depths. - Geothermal gradient ↑ = Temperature ↑ (shallow depth) - Ground water absorbs heat & become hot - Hot steam rises to Earth's surface - Steam drive turbines & generate electricity. - Regions: - Parvati valley - Manikarn - HP - Puga valley, Ladakh. ## Conservation of Energy Resource - Why we need to use sustainable energy? - Energy – basic requirement for economic development. - Economic development = increasing amount of energy consumption - Conservation of energy required. - Need of sustainable energy: PTO - "Energy saved is energy produced". Justify the statement & give methods to conserve energy. - "Energy saved is energy produced" means that if we save energy then only more energy can be produced. - Methods of energy conservation: - Public transport - Judicious use of limited energy resources - Switching off electricity when not required - Using power saving devices - Using non-conventional sources of energy - Promotion of energy conservation - Increased we of Renewable sources