Mine rescue glossary.docx

AC- Alternating Current- Refers to the when a current reverses direction 60 times per second (60 Hz) measured in Hertz Accessory Cord- Narrow diameter rope made from nylon, polyester, spectra, Kevlar, or a combination thereof Accountability- Under the command structure, account for the responding...

AC- Alternating Current- Refers to the when a current reverses direction 60 times per second (60 Hz) measured in Hertz Accessory Cord- Narrow diameter rope made from nylon, polyester, spectra, Kevlar, or a combination thereof Accountability- Under the command structure, account for the responding rescue team members first then for all personnel at the incident scene Acid- a substance with a PH rating below 7 Adiabatic Compression- A source of ignition, involves compressing a liquid or gas to produce heat Alkaline- a substance with a PH rating above 7 Airborne Particulate- Concentrations generally measured in mg/m3 and gaseous concentrations are measured in parts per million or percentage by volume Air Purifying Respirator- (APR)- A breathing apparatus that removes contaminants by filtering out particulates, e.g. dust, fumes, mists, gases, and vapors Altitude- Reference of geographical position above sea level\\ Anchors- Solid and unmovable relative to the load being applied ("Bombproof"), needed to connect the systems Anchor Attachments- Wrapping webbing, ropes, or commercially made equipment such as rated wire slings or anchor straps Anchor Leverage- To counteract the amount of force applied to an anchor, the process of rigging as close to the ground as possible Appreciable Depth- The depth of a flammable liquid greater than ¼" or 6mm Arcing- An electrical arc is a sudden release of electrical energy bridging a gap between 2 conductors, can be extremely hot Arc flash- Energized electrical conductors or circuit parts are exposed or are within equipment in a guarded or enclosed condition Atmospheric Sampling- Air quality checks performed with a gas detector in zones ranging from 1-2 meters or 3-7 feet Auto-Ignition Temperature- Temperature at which a material will ignite spontaneously, independent of an external ignition source Avalanche ERP- A site specific plan developed for mines operating in avalanche prone areas Avalanche Run out Zone- where an avalanche decelerates and finally comes to rest. Can be defined as a zone where the bulk of the snow is deposited Avalanche Safety Officer- A qualified individual that must be identified, consulted, and lead the safe emergency response in an active avalanche situation. Conducts a risk assessment and establishes active avalanche safety measures prior to planning an emergency operation Avalanche Start Zone- (Point of Origin) Where the unstable snow first breaks away, may have several start zones. Includes incline, slope, aspect, exposure to wind, elevation, exposure to sun, natural ground condition Avalanche Track- (Zone of transition) Below the start zone, where the avalanche accelerates and typically reaches maximum destructive potential. Avalanches may contain 1 or more tracks, may be clearly or poorly defined Avalanche trigger- An external event that triggers a slide, such as natural, human, or trigger points Backdraft- A Phenomenon that occurs during the decay phase where a fire is smoldering, if there is insufficient oxygen, the unburnt fire gases will collect in pockets throughout the structure or fill the entire building. The admission of fresh air (oxygen) will cause a very raid burning of these gases which may sufficient to cause and explosion. Dependent on the degree of confinement, the amount of heated gases, and the volume of fresh air admitted. Basic Substance- Another reference term to a substance with a PH rating above 7 Basket Hitch- Suitable for a 2 person or rescue sized load, a sling connected to itself wrapped around an anchor, must have no greater than a 45 degree interior load angle Becket- Anchor point for attaching a carabiner to secure the end of a rope to a pulley in a rope system Belay- A system used to protect a person or load from falling Bend- A tie that connects the ends of two ropes or webbing together Bight- A bight is an open turn formed when a rope is doubled back upon itself making a turn but not crossing over itself Biomarine BIO PAK 240R- CCBA. Closed circuit self-contained positive pressure rebreather BLEVE- Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion, when the boiling expansion rate of a pressurized vessel exceeds the capacity of the pressure relief system due to heat/fire Bonding- The process of joining together two conductors that do not carry currents Bowline- A loop that will not jam, slip, or fail Bowline on a Bight- Creates a double loop Break Bar Rack- Consists of a number of break bars attached for the purpose of braking, MBS of 10 000 lbs. or 4536kg Breaking Strength- The amount of force required to break a rope with a straight pull, such as in a tug of war where the amount the pull gradually increases Bump testing- A brief exposure of a known concentration of a gas or gases to verify sensor and alarm operation of a gas detector Bunker Pants/Coat- Protect body from heat, cuts, and abrasions Butterfly Harness- A safety harness made when only rope is available, not to be used as a working or rescue harness Butterfly Knot- Creates a loop in the standing part of the rope that provides an attachment point for multi-directional use Calibration- Monthly controlled exposure of a gas detector to a measured amount of a gas to verify accuracy of the gas detection instrument Canutec- 24 hour National Emergency Response Advisory Service CAREvent- An oxygen therapy unit that uses a 3000 psi Drager BG4 cylinder Cascade Storage System- Several large cylinders (K or M size) that are used to bring a small cylinder up to pressure, subject to CSA Standard Z-180.1-00 Casualty Management- The process of locating, retrieving, and tending to casualties Cat's Paw- Used to secure rope to hooks and rings CCBA- Closed circuit, self-contained, positive pressure rebreather whose main functions are to absorb carbon dioxide and provide oxygen, they recycle unused oxygen which is then enriched with oxygen from a compressed oxygen cylinder prior to inhalation CGA 540- oxygen therapy threaded outlet that will not inadvertently connect to any other gas fittings Chemical Heat Energy- Heat generated when combustible material absorbs heat from a source of ignition, the most common source of ignition CISD- Critical Incident Stress Debriefing- Counselling procedures conducted with personnel directly involved in a critical incident. Debriefing should be held immediately at the end of the emergency response and should be held by qualified professionals Class A Fire- Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as paper, wood, and cloth Class B Fire- Fires involving flammable liquids such as gasoline, kerosene, and greases Class C Fire- Fires involving energized electrical equipment Class D Fires- Fires involving combustible metals such as magnesium, potassium, lithium, titanium, and aluminum Class K Fires- Fires involving commercial kitchen appliances with vegetable oils, animal oils or fats, at high temperatures Classification of fires- 5 categories, A B C D K, based on important properties suck as the materials combusting and the means of extinguishment Closed Circuit Breathing Apparatus- A breathing apparatus in which exhaled air is recirculated within the system Clove Hitch- Used for securing a rope to a pole or post. It is often used as a starting point in lashing Critical Angle- Vector forces increase the load apples to rigging angle based on the degree it is rigged, listed in 30 degree increments Critical Incident- An event that is outside the range of usual human experience and physiologically traumatic to the person COD (Change of Direction) - within a mechanical advantage system, where the pulling force of the rope is traveling in the opposite direction of the load travel Cold Stress conditions- Conditions that are a result of exposure to cold environments or water for a prolonged period. Listed as; chilblains, frost nip, frostbite, immersion foot, and trench foot Colorimetric Tubes- Sealed gas tubes filled with granular material that change color when it reacts to a particular gas/vapor Complex Mechanical Advantage- Involves combining 2 simple mechanical advantage systems so that traveling pulleys collapse together, uses less equipment to give you a larger MA Compound Pulley System- A mechanical advantage system that adds a second or more pulley system to the first pulley system, a mechanical advantage system pulling a mechanical advantage system, spread apart by a meter or more Concentration Equivalent- Ceq- Formulae must be used for shifts longer than an 8 hour workday and a 40 hour work week dependent on jurisdiction in which the mine is located Conduction- Involves transfer of heat from one body to another by direct contact or by an intervening heat-conduction medium. Speed of transfer is dependent on the conductivity of the material. Ex copper, aluminum, and iron Convection- The transfer of heat be the movement of air or liquids heating and moving within themselves COPD- Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Cordage- 2 types listed, Prusik and Accessory Cross Sensitivity- A gas detection instruments sensor reacting to an interfering gas CSE Self Rescuer Long Duration- An oxygen generating closed circuit self-contained self-rescuer Current- The flow of an electrical charge, compared to the rate of water in a pipe, measured in amperes or amps Cutting tools- Tools used to sever an object Cylinder Factor Method- (Cylinder pressure multiplied by factor) divided by flow. A formula used to determine the duration remaining in an oxygen cylinder D Cylinder- Medical grade oxygen cylinder with a volume of 412 liters DC- Direct Current- Refers to a current flowing only from positive to negative Decay Fire Phase- Fire phase in which the flame may cease to exist and the fuel and/or oxygen are nearly exhausted. Burning is reduced to slow embers Direct Reading Instruments- DRI- Gas detection instruments that provide information at the time of sampling, thus enabling rapid decision making Doffing- The act of taking a breathing apparatus off Donning- The act of putting on a breathing apparatus Double Figure of 8 on a Bight- Creates two loops that forms the main point of attachment Double Fisherman's- Used to join two ropes of equal diameter Double Sheet bend- Used for tying two ropes of unequal size together DRI Accuracy- The degree to which a gas detector can measure a quantity of a substance that matches up with the quantities actual value DRI Dynamic Range- In regards to a gas detector the ratio between the largest and smallest possible signals, the smallest is the LOD and the largest is sensor saturation DRI-LOD- Limit of detection- The lowest quantity or concentration of a substance that a gas detection instrument can register within a margin of confidence DRI Precision- The degree to which repeated measurements under unchanged conditions show the same results using a gas detector DRI Noise/Drift- How much reading of a DRI gas detector fluctuated when the quantity of concentration of a substance stays the same DRI Response Time- The ability of a gas detector to react to its specific gas in the time specified ex 90 percent of reading in 30 seconds Drager MX- Electronic gas detector Drager Oxy 3000/6000- An oxygen generating closed circuit self-contained self-rescuer Drager Oxy SR90- An oxygen generating closed circuit self-contained self-rescuer Drager PSS BG4- CCBA. Closed circuit self-contained positive pressure rebreather Drager PSS 7000- Self-contained, open circuit, positive pressure breathing apparatus E Cylinder- Medical grade oxygen cylinder with a volume of 682 Liters Edge Protection- Commercial or improvised materials used to prevent damage to ropes, most commonly used when attaching to rigging to anchors Electrical Energy- Can cause combustion by releasing heat through arcing, induction, or resistance to the flow of electrical current. Static electricity can also produce a spark that is capable if igniting flammable vapors and gasses Electric Power Tools- Internal (battery) or External (plug-in) tools powered by electricity Electrical Substation- A substation where electrical voltage is reduced from 69 000- 500 000V to a usable 5 000-25 000V Energy Sources- Sources that provide independent energy in the field Extinguishment- To put out a fire Flame Interface- The area between vapour/gas and the visible flame Flashover- Near simultaneous ignition of most of the directly exposed combustible material in an enclosed area. The transition from growth phase to fully developed phase Flash Point- The lowest temperature at which fuel will give off enough vapours to ignite when exposed to an external ignition source Figure 8- A knot used as a basic safety knot Figure of 8 Bend- Used to tie two rope ends together end-to-end, in order to extend them Figure 8 on a Bight- Creates a loop that forms the main point of attachment Figure of 8 Follow Through- Used to anchor a rope around an object without the need of other equipment Figure of 8 Follow Through with a figure 8 on a Bight- A rope anchor attachment that requires a minimum of 3' of rope plus the length needed to wrap around the anchor, figure 8 on a bight is the working end Flow Rate- In regards to oxygen therapy, the flow rate of delivered oxygen measured in liters per minute Fire Extinguisher Classification- A rating system based on physical fire extinguishing potential. A B C D K, some types of extinguishers have dual or triple ratings, contain a letter and/or a number Fire Point- The temperature at which a liquid fuel will produce vapours sufficient to support combustion once ignited, usually a few degrees above the flash point Fire Tetrahedron- 4 sided figure that includes heat, oxidizing agent (oxygen), reducing agent (fuel), and uninhibited chemical chain reaction used to describe how a fire can occur without oxygen Fire Triangle- A 3 sided figure that includes oxygen, fuel and heat to describe the necessary components to create a fire Force- Something that causes or restrains motion. Formulae is F=M (A) F=Force M=Mass A=Acceleration Firefighting Eye Protection- Protects wearers eyes from foreign matter Firefighting Gloves- Protect the hands from heat, cuts, and abrasions Flat Webbing- Webbing made from a single layer of materials, like seat belt webbing Freelancing- Acting independently of command instruction, unacceptable behavior that must not be tolerated Fresh air base/zone- Area in which good, respirable air has been established and can be maintained indefinitely Frostbite Guide- 5 color coding of wind chill chard to indicate risk of frostbite dependent on time exposed Full Developed Fire Phase- the fire phase where all the combustible materials in a compartment are burning producing large volumes of fire gases Gas Cartridge- An extinguisher where the expellant is contained in a separate cartridge, normally attached to the outside of a cylinder, can also be found with the agent Gold's formulae- Mass=4\*h2 where h is the thickness of the ice, used to determine the allowable mass travelling on ice Grounding- Process of mechanically connected isolated wires and equipment to earth with sufficient capacity to carry the fault current to ensure the wires and equipment remain at the same potential (v) as the earth (ground) Grounding Rods- used to ground to earth, conductive grounding material driven 2.5 meters or 8 feet Growth Fire Phase- The expansion phase of a fire, thermal layering occurs due to convection Hand Operated Pump Extinguisher- Built in hand operated double action pump that discharges water on a continuous up and down or in/out stroke Hand Tools- Tools that require manual force that extend the range and force of body actions Hardware- Carabiners, brake bars, descending equipment, pulleys, steel O-rings, anchor plates, tri-links, stretchers, and more Hazard Assessment- Identifying and evaluating hazards that may be encountered during the rescue operation. Included but not limited to; fire, hazardous atmospheres, energy sources, physical, biological, environmental, influencing factors (time, location, environment, weather) Hazardous Atmospheres and spill tools- Used to protect responders and help with cleanup Hearing Protection- Protects the ears from excessive noises Heat Stress Conditions- Exposure to excessive temperatures dependent on duration and intensity of exposure and activity as well as patient's fitness and health. Conditions listed; heat rash, heat cramps, heat syncope (fainting), heat exhaustion, heat stroke HELP- Heat Escape Lessening Position- a technique for cold water survival that protects the parts of the body that loses heat fasted. Requires a floatation device for upper body buoyancy, increases survival time by 50 percent Helmet- Protects head from injury High Voltage- Equipment operating above 750 volts Hitch- A tie that attaches a rope or webbing to another object such that if the object were removed the tie would fall apart Honeywell Lumidor Impact Pro- Electronic Gas detector Huddle Position- cold water survival position that requires survivor's chests to be held close together to prevent heat loss. 50 percent increase in survival time Humidity- Measure of moisture concentration within the air Hydraulic Power Tools- Fluid power tools Hydraulic Ventilation- Applying a water fog spray nozzle setting at 60 degree fog at 90 percent of an opening Hydrostatic Testing- Pressuring a cylinder above is operating pressure to established safety standards to ensure the durability of the cylinder over time. Dependent on material and model used Hypergolic Mixtures- Fuels used to propel missiles or rockets. The fuels ignite when they come into contact with other hypergolic mixtures and do not require an ignition source Hypothermia- A condition of lowered internal body core temperature, also called exposure sickness, 3 stages are mild, moderate and severe Hypoxia- See St Johns First Aid glossary. Inadequate oxygenation of body tissues Ice Road Blowout- Caused by excessive speed on ice roads where the resonance wave of the water underneath the road exceeds the breaking strength of the ice causing a rupture of the ice road Ice road Speed limit- 25 km/hr. unloaded 35 km/hr. loaded unless otherwise posted IDLH- Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health- Refers to a condition posing an immediate danger to life or health, or a condition posing and immediate threat of severs exposure to contaminants Ignition temperature- Refers to the minimum temperature to which the material must be heated to induce self-sustained combustion independent of an outside heating sources Impure Air- Contaminated air that lowers the oxygen level below 19.5% Incident Command System (ICS) Allows for command, control, and coordination during an emergency response, a component of MERP Incipient Fire Phase- (Ignition Phase) when the elements of the fire tetrahedron come together and combustion begins Industrial Scientific Ventis MX4- Electronic Gas detector Intrinsic Safety- A design applied to electrical equipment that is safe to use in hazardous atmospheres. The technique is based on limiting energy, both electrical and thermal to a level below that required to ignite a specific hazardous atmosphere mixture Insulators- Materials of high resistance that conduct electricity in such small quantities that it cannot be normally detected, ex glass, ceramic, and porcelain K Cylinder- Medical grade oxygen cylinder with a volume of 6900 Liters Kilovolt- 1000 volts Knot- A connection method used in rope or as webbing to tie it to itself Knot Passing Pulley- A pulley with a large throat that enables knots or bends to pass through a pulley, can be used for a change of direction or edge protection Label- Indicates classification agent, as well as maintenance and use instructions Lanyard- Used as an attachment point between the rescue harness and secure anchor point, must meet relevant health and safety legislation of jurisdiction LEL and UEL- Refers to the minimum and maximum concentrations of a gas or vapour in the air that will ignite when exposed to an ignition source provided that there is sufficient oxygen to support combustion Loose Snow Avalanche- Dry powder snot or we snow with poor snow cohesion set in motion progressively and usually confined to the surface layer and therefore relatively small Low voltage- Equipment operating below 750 volts, source of most fires M Cylinder- Medical grade oxygen cylinder with a volume of 3450 Liters MAPP- Methylacetylene, Propadiene, Propylene, Propane, mix Mechanical Advantages- Systems built by the use of pulleys and ropes that reduce the force required to move the load Mechanical Heat Energy- Produced by compression or friction, two materials moving against one another create friction which releases heat/sparks. Compression creates heat when pressurizing gas in a container. Mechanical Ventilation- PPV-positive pressure fans, NPV-Smoke ejectors Median Lethal Concentration- (LC50) refers to what concentration a toxic substance must be in an atmosphere to be fatal to 50 percent of a test population Median Lethal Dose- (LD50) Refers to the dose of a toxic substance that would be fatal for 50 percent of a test population Mine rescue trainer- A qualified person appointed as a trainer for mine rescue training to ensure that all mine rescue members practice as a team, maintains a log of dates, times, training material, and equipment used at practice sessions (signed off) MERP- Mine Emergency Response Plan- The Company's guide to all procedures and plans of action in the case of an emergency on site. The plan describes rules and responsibilities of Management, rescue teams, and support personnel Mine Rescue Captain- Number 1 member of a team. A competent leader who has the confidence and respect of team members. Must be in good physical and mental condition, and experienced in every aspect of emergency response, se 2-2 for 10 responsibilities Mine Rescue Vice-Captain- Surface \#2, UG \#5, same qualifications as captain along with responsibility of monitoring members of the team for distress or fatigue during a response MSA G1 SCBA- Self-contained, open circuit, positive pressure breathing apparatus MSDS- Material Safety Data Sheets, provided by the manufacturer for all products on site, includes first aid, firefighting. Spill containment procedure Mutual Aid- A component of MERP, a pre-agreed upon collaboration between other mines or emergency agencies Mine Rescue Unit- Minimum of 3 mine rescue teams summoned to a mine disaster to work up to 6 hours, after that additional teams must be called in. A rotation of active, backup, rest rotation must be followed. Misc. Tools- Communication devices, ladders, lifelines, confined space equipment, tarps flares, first aid equipment, traffic and hazard control tape, lock out devices MSA W65- A non-self-contained open circuit respirator designed for self-rescue to protect the wearer against carbon monoxide Munter Hitch- Used for single-person belaying in low-angle situations Natural Anchors- Well rooted, large, living tree, rock outcrops, or boulders Natural Ventilation- the act of opening doors/ windows, wind, etc. Negative Pressure- A breathing apparatus that has a lower internal pressure than the external atmospheric pressure NFPA 1983, Standard on Life Safety Rope and Equipment for Emergency Services- ratings applied to rescue rope systems Newton- Measurement used to represent the amount of force needed to move one kilogram of mass at the rate of one meter per second. (1N=1 kg/m2) most commonly unit used is kilo Newton 1 kN=1000 N Non-Self Contained Breathing Apparatus- A breathing apparatus which oxygen is drawn through a filter to the rescuers breathing apparatus Open Circuit SCBA- A Breathing apparatus in which exhaled air is released into the surrounding atmosphere Overheating- Exceeding the amount of current that conductors and equipment are designed to carry, can also occur due to loose connections Overhand Knot- A knot used as a basic safety knot Oxidizing Agent- in chemistry- an oxidizing agent is an substance that as the ability to oxidize other substances, in other words, to cause them to lose electrons Oxygen Cylinder- Storage Device for medical grade oxygen (Approximately 99 percent O2) Oxygen Deficiency- A condition that occurs when oxygen is consumed by combustion or chemical reaction and is replaced by a toxic or inert gas Oxygen Pressure Regulator- Connects to an oxygen cylinder and regulated both flow and pressure (40-70 psi) of oxygen Oxygen Therapy Unit- Consists of 3 main components; oxygen cylinder, regulator, delivery tube and mask. Designed to deliver a regulated flow of medical grade oxygen Parts per Million-Measure of concentration of a gas within the air Personal Alert Safety System- a PASS device is used by the wearer of an SCBA as a safety alarm with a high volume siren if the wearer remains motionless (a pre alarm and a full alarm at 30 seconds) can also be triggered manually. NFPA compliant SCBAs have pass models built into them. PPE- Personal Protective Equipment, dictated by rescue conditions presented. All equipment used must meet relevant health and safety legislation, standards, and regulations PH Scale- A means of measuring substances acidity or alkalinity broken down into 14 degrees PMP (Prusik Minding Pulley) - Designed to prevent a prusik from passing through a pulley Pneumatic Power Tools- Air powered tools Positive Pressure- A breathing apparatus that maintains a higher internal pressure than the external pressure Power tools- Tools operated by internal or external power sources Primary Search- Entering the most critically affected areas first, a rapid systematic search of first the most severely threatened areas, then the area with the largest number of casualties, then the remainder of the hazard zone, and lastly the extension exposures Protective Hood- Balaclava- Protects part of face that is not covered by collar or helmet Prusik- Friction hitch used to attach a larger diameter rope without knotting the rope. For hauling and brakes, use a three-wrap prusik Prusik Rope- Rope flexible enough to grip rope, rescuer should be able to squeeze cordage together between two fingers, a minimum of 2 mm smaller than the rope it is being tied to Prying and Spreading tools- Tools used for gaining access Pulley- Used to change direction of pull of a rope, 36 KN or 8093 lbf MBS with a 4:1 pulley to rope ratio Pure water- PH 7, not included as degree of PH scale due to acidity/alkalinity neutrality Pushing/pulling/lifting tools- Used to extend reach or exert extra force on an object Pyrolysis- Refers to the decomposition of organic material in high temperatures in the absence of oxygen Radon- A naturally occurring element released into the mines atmosphere when it is uncovered Radiation- The transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave without an intervening medium. An object will wither absorb or reflect heat depending on its properties Radium Release Hitch- A release hitch designed for releasing loads on ropes such as jammed safety belay, prusiks, and passing knots in the main line system during lowers. Also used when you need to be able to lower a leading edge directional pulley to allow a rope to pass Rappelling- The act of descending a rope with the use of a descent control device operated by the rescuer. Most teams use a 'personal' brake bar or micro rack Ratchet Prusiks- A prusik placed into a haul system to safely hold a load (park brake) while resetting the pulling mechanical advantage in a compound and z-rig setups. Must be a tandem prusik with loads greater than 300 pounds or 136 kg Reducing Agent (Fuel) A material that can be oxidized, the term reducing agent references the fact that fuel reduces an oxidizing agent Relative Density- Ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a standard substance under specified conditions, liquid to water, gases to air Rescue Harness- Minimum NFPA Class iii, must include capability of providing two separate front tie ins, one at the chest for belay, one at the waist for front load bearing, and the third at the D dorsal attachment for fall arrest Resistance- Similar to the effect of friction on the flow of water in a pipe. Measured in ohms Respiratory Protection- Protects against heated gases as well as toxic and oxygen deficient atmosphere Response- Involves safely travelling to and arriving at the incident scene, staging and securing equipment and vehicles. Begins when a team is alerted to an incident RIC-UAC- Rapid intervention crew/company universal air connection that allows teams to directly attach two air cylinders of any kind to provide air to SCBAs worn by casualties or other rescuers when their supply is low. NFPA 1981 (2013 edition) Ring Bend- For connecting webbing to webbing Rollover- Occurs when unburned combustible gases that were released during the ignition or growth phase of a fire accumulate at the ceiling, mixing with oxygen and reach their flammable range, igniting and forming a fire front that expands rapidly rolling across the ceiling Rotating Tools- used to assemble or disassemble Running End- The end of rope that crosses itself Safe Working Load- Also referred to as load capacity, the weight or force that can be safely applied to a rope. The maximum safe working load is a percentage of the breaking strength Safety Factor- Ratio of the ropes breaking strength to its maximum safe working load. The safety factor is meant to account for the wear and tear and reduction under operating conditions Safety Knot- Used to prevent fraying and to stop from sliding through a block, hole, or other knot SCBA- Self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus. An open circuit self-contained positive pressure breathing apparatus that contains 4 major components; backpack, regulator, face piece and mask, and air cylinder Scott Safety Air Pak X3- Self-contained, open circuit, positive pressure breathing apparatus SCSR- Self Contained Self Rescuer- Oxygen generating self-rescuer Search and Rescue- Involves entering a building experiencing hazardous conditions to ensure the safety of those inside Search Patterns- Left or Right hand directional searches that ensure the rescuers do not get lost or disoriented during a search Secondary Search- Thorough systematic searches that ensure the entire structure is free of casualties and hazards Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus- (SCBA) - Breathable air is supplied from a cylinder or released as a product of a chemical chain reaction that occurs in a component of the apparatus Self-Expellant- An extinguisher that has enough vapour to expel themselves when the extinguisher is activated, can be ABCD Simple Rope Systems- The use of ropes attached directly to the load or anchor while the other end of the rope is where to apply the force to move the load Simple Slung (Single loop) Webbing Sling- A single strand of webbing around an anchor that is joined at the ends with a ring bend, 22kN rating that is extremely difficult to untie once loaded, must be tied with no less than a 90 degree interior load angle Standard Code of Signals- 5 code standard that all mine rescue team members must follow, given by whistle, horn, bell or other site specific method or device Size up Systematic process of gathering information and situational evaluation that continues throughout the operation that is essential to accomplish safe and efficient rescue operation. Consists of 4 parts; 1-information gathered from the initial call, 2- details observed en-route, 3- detailed observed at the scene, and 4- info gathered during the size up is either probable or factual information Smoke (Particulate) - A product of combustion, solid matter made up of unburned, partially, and completely burned substances Sources of Heat- Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical heat energy Spontaneous Heating- A source of ignition that occurs when the temperature of a given substance rises without any external heat source present. Heat is given off by oxidation, ex bunched up oily rags and charcoal piles Standard Mine Rescue Team- Consists of 6 members including the Captain Semiconductors- Materials that have a value of resistance between those of insulators and conductors, ex wood, earth, rubber tires Slab Avalanche- A slab or fairly cohesive layers of snow poorly bonded to the snow underneath breaks along a fracture line. Set in motion simultaneously over a larger area and may start in either shallow or deep snow layers Standing Part- The inactive section of rope during the process of tying a knot States of Matter- 3- Solid, Liquid, and Gas/Vapour Step Potential- The difference in electrical potential when standing in an electrical pool Steel O-ring- Used for rigging anchor systems, also used for a master point of attachment, safety factor of 20:1, ID of 3" Stored Pressure Extinguisher- An extinguisher that has the expellant and extinguisher agent when they are stored within a single cylindrical unit. Includes a pressure gauge/carrying handle/discharge lever w/tamper seal, and may or may not have a hose Striking tools- Tools used to apply force or to gain access Structural Anchors- Reinforced concrete columns, steel I beams over 15cm or 6" wide, engineered anchor points such as winder washer fall protection, large brickworks Synthetic Rope- Non-Natural fiber rope Tandem Prusik Belay- A safety system designed to catch rescue-size loads, which incorporates a load release hitch (radium) Tail- The free end of rope that extends from a knot Temperature (Heat) - Temperature refers to heat as a quantity of energy. Heat is energy in disorder and temperature is the measure of the degree of that disorder Tensile Strength- The ability of a rope to withstand a force that is applied slowly to the point of failure, e.g. with a weight suspended from a rope Tensionless Hitch- Used for anchoring a rope, used on a cylinder shaped anchors where the rope is wrapped 3 or more times, where the anchor should be at least 10 times the ropes diameter, can use a figure 8 on a bight with a carabiner or a figure 8 follow through to secure the loose end of the rope Thermal Energy- A product of combustion, released as heat and flame Thermal Layering- The rise of convection driven heated air to the uppermost regions of a confined area. Heated gases spread out laterally from the top downward, forcing cooler air to seek lower levels and eventually ignite all the combustible material in the upper levels of the room. Also referred to as heat balance or heat stratification Thermal Stress- A range of physiological reactions to temperature conditions Threshold Limit Value- TLV's- Airborne concentrations of substances to which most workers may be repeatedly exposed to day after day without adverse effect Timber Hitch- Used to hoist or drag timber or pipes TLV-Ceiling- TLV-C- The concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure TLV-Short Term Exposure Limit- TLV-STEL- 15 minute exposure to a concentration of a toxic gas which should not be exceeded at any time of a work day, even if the 8 hour average is within the TLV, max 4 per shift w/60 minutes between exposures TLV-Time Weighted Average- TLV-TWA- The time weighted average concentration for the normal 8 hour work day and 40 hour work week to which nearly all workers can be exposed to with no adverse effects Touch Potential- The difference between electrical potential between 2 parts of the body, creating electrical flow within the body Toxic Smoke (Fire Gases) - A product of combustion, made up of the various gases produced during the combustion process. Ex carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, chlorine Tri-link- Hard, screw-type, connecting links, suitable for 3 way loading Tubular Webbing- Hollow, made of nylon or polyester, more flexible to conform to surfaces Two Round Turns with Two Half Hitches- Used to secure rope to a post or pipe, will take heavy strain without slipping or jamming Uninhibited Chemical Chain Reaction- This chain reaction refers to the self-sustaining combustion that continues when heat from the fire radiates back to the fuel, even if the original ignition source is no longer present Ventilation- The planned and systematic redirection and removal of fire, smoke, heat, and fire gases from a structure Voltage-The difference in electrical potential in an electrical field. It is the force that causes the flow of electricity, measured in volts or kilovolts Wrap 3 Pull 2- An anchor sling incorporated around an anchor consisting of 3 complete wraps around the anchor with 2 attached to the working load with the third incorporating the ring bend to the anchor itself Webbing- can be described as flat rope, primarily used for harnesses and slings Webbing Harness (Horizontal) - A webbing harness used for casualties who are either unconscious or supine and require a rapid rescue Webbing Harness (Upright) - An easy, quickly-made, full body webbing harness that is used for a short period of time, consists of torso and waist sections Wet Agents- Rated for K fires, saponification turns oils and fats into soap/foam, creates a blanket that smothers the fire Wind Chill- The perceived decrease in air temp felt by the body on exposed skin due to wind. Does not actually lower temperature or affect objects. Sunshine may reduce effect by 6 to 10 units Z-Rig- A simple 3:1 MA used with a single rope