MIL-Q2-REVIEWER-NI-YONEE PDF

“Content is fire. Social media is gasoline”. - Jay Baer Commerce Influencer are people who are well-respected in a given industry or by the It is an efficient energy source that gets your engine...

“Content is fire. Social media is gasoline”. - Jay Baer Commerce Influencer are people who are well-respected in a given industry or by the It is an efficient energy source that gets your engine greater public; they are categorized by their ability to influence running nicely and optimizes its power. others' beliefs or opinions. a new strategic approach implemented by brands and marketers Because of the internet, never has information been as to generate leads and sales. The true definition of Influencer accessible as ever, and it is not just us receiving information; it Commerce is the act of using influencers to drive and channel is also enabled us to spread information like wildfire traffic from their audience to your website or e-commerce platform in order to generate sales. Special Powers that People get from Media Gatekeeper Media and Information has empowered people to improve stands guard at a gate and decides who gets to pass through and themselves and create an impact to the society. who doesn’t. In its role as gatekeeper, the media decides which 1. SOCIALIZATION stories and issues are important enough to receive public With the use of platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram, attention—and which aren’t. how people socialise has been greatly revolutionised. Each news outlet has its own criteria for deciding which stories It has made it easy to connect to our family members, friends get through the gate and into the public eye. and relatives on a real-time basis. Gatekeeper: B is for "BUSINESS" 2. BUSINESS With the exception of PBS, the Public Broadcasting System, Businesses have greatly been impacted by social media — from most are commercial or for-profit sources. They make money by marketing to interacting with customers on a timely basis. A selling time or space to advertisers. But advertisers won’t pay business that has embraced the use of social media has a for ads nobody will see, so for-profit media must make the news definite edge over its competitors. as exciting as possible to attract lots of viewers. 3. ECONOMY News programs are not always as exciting as, say, action films. Media improves the efficiency of the economy by providing In order to survive in today’s culture, television news must keep actors more and better information with which to make things short, fast paced, and exciting. decisions and improving stability. If a story can’t be told in a quick, 15-second sound bite, it’s likely Media catalyzes positive changes in society by providing the to be left outside the gate. information that influences public opinion. Gatekeeper: B is for "BIASED" 4. POLITICS Biased means favoring one view over another. Social media has impacted politics in many ways. Nowadays, it Bias may cause the media to open the gate to some stories is where most people get their news; in some cases, this is instead of others or to report stories in a way that is weighted before the media houses do. It is the medium that gives the toward one side. easiest access to political and other news. There are many causes of bias. The most common among media 5. JOB HIRING sources is being more politically liberal. Social media has impacted job recruitments significantly. The Watchdog majority of companies make their hiring decisions based on In its role as watchdog, the media keeps watch on the one's social portfolio. Recruiters also use online networks to government and others in power. Local news stations often have post job vacancies through which they get their ideal a segment in which they investigate problems for people. Entire, candidates. hour-long news shows are devoted to exposés, which are stories 6. EDUCATION designed to expose wrongdoing. Many professions and skills have been built and learned through Although a watchdog will bark when there is something wrong, social media. There is a massive increase in online learning most of the time the watchdog just watches. where one can easily learn a skill and build a strong profession WHO'S THE MEDIA'S AUDIENCE??? around it. If the media reported an event and nobody watched or Communication & Collaboration responded, it would have no influence at all. In the same way, Finding concrete info online the public influences the media because the media can’t Parental Involvement function without peoples’ attention. Improved literacy, communication & reading skills How people respond to the media’s reporting can affect which Distance learning opportunities stories get through the gate. Citizen Journalism The gathering and reporting of news by people who are not The 10 New Paradigms of Communication in the Digital Age trained as professional journalists. PARADIGM 1: FROM AUDIENCE TO USER The act in which a citizen, or group of citizens play an active role The communication process in the actual scenario is user in the process of collecting, reporting, analyzing and centered: users have the control to choose, to decide, to search, disseminating news and information with the intention of to define and configure, to subscribe or unsubscribe, to providing independent, reliable, accurate, wide-ranging and comment and, most important: to write, talk and film. relevant information that is required for democracy and PARADIGM 2. FROM MEDIA TO CONTENT development. The media convergence has reset media identity. Media brand Tourism Promoter image becomes one of the most valuable activities of media Brings many different aspects of the hospitality and tourism companies: a source of credibility and prestige for digital industry together to promote all components to the public. content. These organizations work together to create a one stop shop for PARADIGM 3. FROM MONOMEDIA TO MULTIMEDIA corporate companies and tourists who are looking for someone The multimedia identity of the actual environment allows all knowledgeable about the area. media industries to converge online and traditional media There are three main types of tourism promoters, travel agents, (press, broadcast, movies). Online media are multimedia, and tour wholesalers, and destination management companies. multimedia is a new language. PARADIGM 4. FROM PERIODICITY TO REAL-TIME Intelligent routing to devices Sharing news and opinions with the ability to interact in real- This future technology will be useful to, for example, local councils. time are the seed of cybercommunities. However, opportunities While on the move, staff will be able to provide the precise for reflection diminishes when information comes and goes as description and location of a street- based issue using quick as time, but today’s fast-paced information promotes Smartphones and mobile devices that can take photos and have dynamism and new conversational styles. GPS (global positioning system) support. Intelligent routing will PARADIGM 5. FROM SCARCITY TO ABUNDANCE then alert the responsible team to action. Space for the print media and time for broadcast media ceased Eye tracking technology to be the limit to content and now the time of the user is the measures eye positions and movements which are analyzed new scarce resource. The overflow of information calls for new through computer applications. Future laptops, smartphones and skills and tools to manage data, news, and opinions. tablets could contain thousands of tiny imaging sensors built into PARADIGM 6. FROM EDITOR-MEDIATED TO NON-MEDIATED the display screen. Worldwide publishing without editors, but with a close peer Eye tracking technology could have many possible applications, review daily process and in most cases open to comments from including: readers is the nature of social web publishing. Hence, the agenda 1. Law enforcement – lie detection of relevant current affairs goes beyond the established media 2. Airport security – identifying suspicious behavior, e.g. to catch land and now is share with a wide variety of new sources, most terrorists before they strike of them not media. 3. Retail – recording, monitoring an analyzing consumer behavior to PARADIGM 7. FROM DISTRIBUTION TO ACCESS ‘tailor’ marketing to individuals The access paradigm is complementary with the user center 4. Safety - alerting and awakening a drowsy or distracted driver paradigm and both explain the strong interactive nature of the would save many lives new environment. Access means to seek, search, navigate, surf, 5. Health care – assisting people with disabilities or paralysis to decide, an active attitude, a will to connect and communicate, communicate (laptop) and improve mobility (electric wheelchair) the contrary of the passive reception of media content. 6. Human-computer interaction – using screen icons and a blink PARADIGM 8. FROM ONE WAY TO INTERACTIVITY here or a gaze there. Say goodbye to the mouse and keyboard. This has three levels: Internet glasses First level: the possibility for the user to choose the format of Technology that can display images directly onto our retinas while information display (browser and navigation interface not blocking our sight is being developed. This technology can be configuration). used in eyeglasses and have uses ranging from e-Gaming to Second level: the possibility for the user to produce input for a military defense. In the next 10-20 years experts predict that system. This contribution could be co-authoring, writing Internet glasses will replace Smartphones. Imagine these viewing comments, answering pools and tests, posting news, and so on. experiences: Third level: the possibility for the user to communicate with 1. Seeing building schematics and locations of others (especially other users of the system in real or delay time. useful for security or fire fighters) PARADIGM 9. FROM LINEAR TO HYPERTEXT 2. Giving a speech while information is streamed to your eyeglasses Hypertext becomes the grammar of the digital world. The in real time pathways of the info-spaces are built on links. Creating and 3. Receiving turn by turn directions as you walk toward your activating links online could be the new name of destination alphabetization. Reading and writing by linking, this is, 4. Viewing virtual recipes while cooking without losing your rhythm exploring and creating hypertextual environments daily is the 5. Walking down the street, seeing one of your friends show up "on most strategic skill digital natives are achieving. screen" 2 blocks and 1 cafe away PARADIGM 10. FROM DATA TO KNOWLEDGE Wearable Technology The extraordinary amount of data these days bring back the role Wearable technologies today are smart watches. These watches are of media as social managers of knowledge. Today, the strategic worn as a typical wristwatch but do more than just tell time. mission of media is the information about the information: information intelligence, interpretation, filtering and searching The Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) combined with the challenge of new interactive multimedia a model for delivering learning content online to any person who narratives and delivered by a wide range of channels. wants to take a course, with no limit on attendance. It can be characterized by the following: TRENDS IN DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY 1. A revolutionary approach to education that moves away from the Many of the technological advances we are seeing today will physical to the virtual shape our daily lives in the future – the way we relax, interact, 2. A kind of learning that happens online, breaking the norm of communicate and conduct business. traditional schools or universities for higher education. Haptics technology 3. Utilizes information technologies like analytics to help instructors Is a feedback technology (using computer applications) that gauge their student’s learning. takes advantage of the user’s sense of touch by applying force, 4. Emphasis on connectedness. vibrations and/or motions to the User. The Massive Open Online Course ( MOOC) and its implications Contextual awareness The media and information are in a constant change, and its By combining ‘hard sensor’ information such as where you are development is a continuous process. This development is highly and the conditions around you, combined with ‘soft sensors’ dependent on how connected entities are. In fact, while some such as your calendar, your social network and past preferences books would refer to this age as the Age of Information, others - future devices will constantly learn about who you are and would fittingly call this time as the “Connected Age.” Oblinger how you live, work and play. (2013) provides explanation to the current ways of the world: Voice and tone recognition The Implications Not only can voice and tone recognition be used to confirm a 1. By taking learning into virtual space, attendance is no longer a person’s identity but tone recognition can be used to detect a determining factor in one’s education. This makes MOOC learning person’s health or emotional state. This technology will open a popular alternative for those whose life situations make them new opportunities in security and healthcare – with mobile unable to attend regular schools applications.  2. Managing MOOC is relatively cheaper than running educational 2. Sound effects makes specific points, provides hint to the setting in institutions. By taking out the experiences of Universities – which the absence of visuals (e.g., squeaky doors, explosions, rustling leaves, are passed down to students in exorbitant fees- MOOC addresses etc.) the high cost of education. Sound effects are grouped into four (Schneider, 2009) 3. Analytic provides information about the learning process of Hard sound - Those that appear on screen and are synchronized to students. Through the use of data collected through analytics, the picture, recorded directly as what they are. MOOC provides a means to improve learning. Foley sounds - Equally synchronized on screen but are not the 4. Since it focuses on connectedness as part of the learning original sound as what they appear to be. That means that they are process, MOOC allows education to take place on a global scale, recorded and mixed to appear as another sound on screen. connecting learners and instructors all over the world to one Background sound - All sounds that indicate ambience settings. another to maximize education. They do not need to be synchronized to the picture. Ambience sounds are usually recorded in real life application in nature and MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERATE INDIVIDUAL then mixed. Common background effects include weather Enables people to: ambience and forest ambience, traffic sounds, etc. interpret and make informed judgments as users of information Design sound - Describes a palette of sounds that usually do not and media occur in nature (laser weapon). They may be created from scratch Becomes a: with various audio editing tools and with the help of effect skillful creator and producer of information and media processors. messages 3. Narration is spoken message that often gives the most direct In simple terms, a media and information literate individual can: information. This is the most essential content in some media formats, interpret information effectively such as audiobooks designed for the visually-impaired people or for use multiple forms of media those who want an alternative listening experience in novels and other produce information and media message in own right traditional reading content. PERSONAL/ PROFESSIONAL Henriques (2018) says that there are four types of narration: Media and information improve quality of life Fully-Voiced Reading (solo narration) - Probably the most Communication has been made easier. recognized style of reading. All of the characters are vocalized in a Information has become widely accessible. dramatic fashion or in a way that makes the characters Conducting research has become more convenient. distinguishable from one another, maintained throughout the POLITICAL entire audiobook, and usually all done by one voice actor/narrator. Media and information for greater political participation Partially-Voiced Reading (solo narration) - Made when the voiced The media serve the government by informing the public about production (usually done by one narrator) focuses on giving sulfects they need or they want certain characters a distinguishable voice – most commonly the The public is informed of the political affairs in the country and protagonists or any character who has a distinctive voice in the are further encouraged to take a more active rolé in the narration. The other characters, normally the minor ones, do not government need to sound dramatically different from one another. ECONOMIC Unvoiced Readings (solo narration) - The narrator reads the story Media and information promoting economic opportunities in a natural, more straightforward tone. There are no changes in The open content contribution nature of the new media has voice for different characters. The story is told in the narrator’s made it possible for ordinary individuals to offer their materials voice and the whole book is usually voiced by one voice actor. for consumption often for free, or at times for a cost. Multicast Readings / Full Cast Readings - There is more than one EDUCATIONAL voice actor hired to read the audiobook. This can range from two Media and information for improvement of learning improvement characters (duet narration) or more. The improvement in the learning environment brought by Audio File Formats media and information goes beyond convenience, availability, Sound comes in various digital formats. Schmidt (2020) posts 7 and cost. popular audio file types in www.canto.com: Media and information have cleansed society's palate and have 1. M4A is an mpeg-4 audio file or audio-compressed file used because reinvented learning as a whole. of increased quality demand as a result of cloud storage and bigger SOCIAL hard drive space in contemporary computers. It is preferred due to its Media and information individuals as more cohesive social units high quality. Media and information literate individuals are said to be more 2. FLAC (Free Lossless Audio Codec) is an audio file compressed into a cohesive social units than those who are not. smaller size of the original file. It is not frequently used compared to The media may play a hand towards a holistic development of other sound file formats because it often needs special downloads to the society, but without media and information literate function. The advantage of FLAC is, being a lossless audio file, its individuals sharing the same goal, development would not compression can save size and promote sharing of an audio file while occur. being able to return to the original quality standard. 3. MP3 is an MPEG audio layer 3 file format preferred because its Audio Media compression saves valuable space while maintaining near-flawless Audio Media is an educational term which refers the use of quality of the original source of sound. MP3’s high quality and small elements such as voice, sound or music as instructional tools. size is very popular for all mobile audio-playing devices. It is They stand as instructional materials themselves or as auditory compatible with nearly every device capable of reading audio files. The adjuncts MP3 is probably best used for extensive audio file sharing due to its Marshall (2001) cites three: manageable size. It also works well for websites that host audio files. 1. Music often elicits emotions and arousal from listeners Calvert 4. MP4 is an audio file type is a comprehensive media extension, (2014). It is effective in mood setting and stimulates listeners in capable of holding audio, video and other media. The MP4 contains performing various personal tasks such as studying and meditating, data in the file, rather than code. This is important to note as MP4 files as well as social functions like for courtship rituals, for the creation require different codecs to implement the code artificially and allow it and maintenance of friendships, as a topic of conversation, and as a to be read. way to encourage dancing (Roberts & Christenson, 2001 on Calvert 2014). 5. WAV is a Waveform Audio File that stores waveform data. The waveform data stored demonstrates strength of volume and sound in specific parts of the WAV file. It is entirely possible to transform a WAV file using compression, though it is not standard. WAV is typically used on Windows systems. They are usually uncompressed audio files, though it’s not a requirement of the format. 6. WMA (Windows Media Audio) is Windows-based alternative to the more common and popular MP3 file type. Its advantage is its lossless compression, retaining high audio quality throughout all types of restructuring processes. Despite its quality, it is not the most popular do to its inaccessibility to many users, especially those who don’t use the Windows operating system. 7. AAC (Advanced Audio Coding) is an audio file that delivers decently high- quality sound and is enhanced using advanced coding. It has never been one of the most popular audio formats, especially when it comes to music files, but the AAC does still serve some purpose for major systems. This includes popular mobile devices and video gaming units, where the AAC is a standard audio component. Some Tips for Low-Cost Sound Designing 1. Never underestimate the power of natural sound. 2. Create your own sound bank. 3. Go for original music, otherwise, search for royalty free music. 4. Eliminate unnecessary noise as much as possible. 5. Be careful with your voice recordings. 6. Balance layers of sound. Motion Media is visual media that gives the appearance of a movement can be a collection of graphics, footage, videos. It is combined with audio, text and /or interactive content to create multimedia Movement is another dimension that affects media and information.Every single movement that is incorporated in a video production contributes to the storytelling process or to elicit the desired emotions from the viewers. The Nashville Film Institute (2020) lists down the following purposes of movement in a video. 1. Creating dynamic scenes - Consider the camera as the viewer’s eyes on a story; therefore, how the camera moves dictates how the viewers see a scene. 2. Influencing audiences’ emotional reactions - As movement stands for the audience’s view, it can also influence emotions. Shooting a gang war scene with shaky hand-held camera lets the audience feel the chaos of the event, swaying the camera on a boat scene commands sea-sickness. 3. Directing audiences’ attention - Camera movements can hide audiences’ vision and pull audiences away from certain elements on-screen. 4. Controlling reveals - Adding camera movements is also a great way to provide narrative information, reveal new subjects that were once offscreen, and even foreshadow or create ironic tension that characters are unaware of. Basic Camera Movement The camera is the basic equipment to record movement. Other devices, like the tripod, sliders, gimbal, dolly, and drone contribute to the quality of the captured video. They can be improvised, though. All it takes in a bit of creativity to get things done. Clark (2016) mentions six basic movements that are doable even with minimal equipment: Manipulative Media CONCRETE VS VIRTUAL tools or devices used for hands-on developmental, educational, information, leisure, therapeutic, and other purposes that require kinesthetic sense toys in particular, are essential in early childhood development, where the concept of play is a great factor for the child to grow physically, mentally and emotionally allow simulation of processes and explanation of abstract ideas they supplement information for the visually impaired Examples of Manipulatives Ancient civilizations used manipulatives as aid in concretizing abstract ideas, such as in mathematical computations. Quipu (used by Incas) A device with numerous colored and knotted strings, in order to keep records and communicate information about dates, statistics, accounts, and even folklore during the time when an alphabetic writing system was not yet used. Abacus A beaded device used for mathematical computations, and was used in ancient Rome, East Asia and Russia. History of Manipulatives The idea that manipulatives can be used for educational purposes dates back to the 18th century, when Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi asserted that learning takes place through the use of sense and physical contact. Friedrich Froebel, the creator of the world’s first kindergarten in 1837, supported Pestalozzi’s idea PRODUCING MULTIMEDIA CONTENT and made sure that his school are filled with play objects for his Producing multimedia content involves creating and combining pupils. These objects that Froebel packaged as a set of “20 gifts” various media elements, such as text, images, audio, and video, to were designed to help children recognize and appreciate patterns create a cohesive and engaging experience for the audience. and forms found in nature. FACTORS TO CONSID PRODUCING A GOOD CONTENT: Maria Montessori developed this concept and came up with 1. ESTABLISH YOUR TH STATEMENT materials to help children develop their sensory abilities, put This may look like a piece of your Practical Research subject but them in control of the learning process, enable them to learn establishing the thesis statement is the first concern of any through personal investigation and exploration. Lastly, Jean storyteller. Every content has a story, even if it is not text based. Piaget theorized that children must first construct knowledge 2. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE through concrete operations before moving to formal operations. These are the people you are conversing with through your work. (Resnick, Martin, Berg, Borovoy, Colella, Kramer, and Silverman, Identify their preferences, their level of understanding, their 1998) biases, their manner of thinking. 3. DETERMINE YOUR PURPOSE Classification of Manipulatives Once you have identified your audience, you must determine the TRADITIONAL - Does not require any digital component to purpose why you are producing a content. You may combine function. purpose, for instance, your content may be entertaining and at DIGITAL - Computationally-enhanced versions of traditional the same time, informative; you may advertise a product and call manipulatives the attention of your audience about a certain social issue. Resnick (1998) termed these as the “new manipulatives” and are 4. CHOOSE YOUR STYLE designed to enable children new sets of concepts that were You must be guided by the profile of your audience and the considered before as too advanced. (feedback and emergence) nature of your platform. Decide on the genre that you will An example digital manipulative is Lego bricks embedded with employ. robotics technology, which students can program to move and 5. THINK AN INNOVATION perform certain functions. Today’s generation is always in search for novelties - things they CONCRETE - Allow actual hands-on manipulation Include have never seen before and ideas that are fresh and new. Pattern Blocks, Fraction Circles, Cuisenaire Rods, Two-color 6. DECIDE YOUR LANGUAGE Counters, and Color Tiles with a (paper) Chip Abacus. A person’s foreign language hits the mind; his or her native VIRTUAL - “interactive, web-based, visual representation of a language hits the heart. A common language spoken by a vast dynamic object that provides opportunities for constructing majority across nations would ensure maximum understanding. mathematical knowledge (Moyer et al, 2002 on Hunt, 2008). 7. EXPLORE OTHER OPTIONS Is a single medium enough for you to inform, or would Tamagotchi: Love It, Feed It, Mourn It multimedia help in gaining wide audience? Remember that media By Carol Lawson May 22, 1997 convergence is a trend. 8. THINK OF WHAT OTHERS CAN GIVE BACK In 1996, a Japanese invented the Tamagotchi, a virtual pet simulation This is not about getting paid for your work; this is all about the game. It was meant for leisure, but the effect went beyond its goals. effect on your audience upon viewing your content. Consider This is one clear proof of the power of manipulatives to “manipulate yourself as an advocate of change for the community and for the one’s behavior.” world through your content. Tamagotchi, which means "cute little egg," entered the world last November in Japan. Bandai, which also makes the Mighty Morphin Power Rangers and knows something about mass marketing, says more than four million Tamagotchis have been sold in Japan. EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATIVE TECHNIQUES: USER TESTING - During this stage, test members of the audience Tailoring the message use the multimedia piece while team members observe. Communication designed for an individual based on information Depending on the goals of the project, the staff might observe from the individual. users' reactions or have them answer questions to see if the Targeting the message to audience segments project hits the right marks. After user testing, there are usually Communication designed for subgroups based on group further adjustments to the project. Once the team and clients are membership or characteristics such as age, gender or sex, race, satisfied, the project goes out for distribution. cultural background, language, and other EVALUATING MULTIMEDIA “psychographic”characteristics such as a person’s attitudes. refers to the critical analysis of diverse media content to develop Using narratives a discerning understanding of its purpose, message, and potential Communication delivered in the form of a story, testimonial, or impact. Students learn to assess the credibility of sources, entertainment education. identify potential biases, and understand the ethical implications Framing the message of multimedia messages. Communication that conveys the same messages in alternate “Legit ba ‘to? (Is This True)” ways (e.g., what is gained or lost by taking an action or making a This must be the first question to ask in evaluating media content. choice). In the millions of fresh news and information found in the STAGES OF PRODUCTION IN MULTIMEDIA: internet every day, not all can be considered legit, and with the 1. Pre-production Stage advancements in technology, fake information can look very PLANNING MEETING - This kicks-off the multimedia production authentic in the eyes of unwary netizens. process. The main goal of this stage is to unify the project team The Sheridan Libraries of Johns Hopkins University post some items members in a common vision for the project and to lay out the to consider that can help determine authenticity of an online content lines of action each member must do. (2020): CREATIVE BRIEF AND SCRIPT WRITING - A creative brief is a Location of the source (Where does the content come from?) short, yet detailed summary of a company's background and the Network (Who are the followers of this site?) campaign goals it aims to achieve (Turits, 2019). This may be used Content (Can the information be confirmed from other sources?) for any type of project and may serve as a blueprint for all Contextual updates (Is the content updated or is it lost in time?) creative content projects needed. Age (What is the age of the account in question? Be wary of STORYBOARDING TO TIE T ELEMENTS TOGETHER WRITING - recently created accounts) The ideas laid out in a script needs to be concretized through Reliability (Is the source of information reliable?). images and sound. Thus, to accomplish this, content creators THE DECEPTIVE SEVEN: SEVEN COMMON TYPES OF need a story board. DISINFORMATION - A storyboard is a visual representation of a film sequence and Satire or parody - Content that isn't intended to cause harm, but breaks down the action into individual panels. It sketches out has potential to fool how a video sequence will unfold. A storyboard is similar to a False connection - Headlines, images or captions that oversell the trial-run for your finished film, video, or commercial, laid out in a content (e.g., clickbait) comic book-like form. (Studiobinder, 2019) Misleading content - Information that frames an issue or a person - A storyboard panel for a scene includes a sketch of the visual in a misleading way elements, the voiceover or title text, and any production notes. It Imposter content - Content that impersonates or falsely claims to guides the process, keeps everyone in check and gives structure be from a genuine source to the project. (Smith, 2019) Manipulated content - Genuine information or imagery that is 2. Production Stage manipulated or edited to deceive PRODUCTION AND DESIGNING THE VISUAL ASPECTS - During Fabricated content - New content that is 100% false, made to the design stage, designers take over the visual aspects of the deceive and do harm project to determine how it looks and feels. Aided by the DIMENSIONS OF CRITICAL EVALUATION storyboards, the production staff create graphics, shoot photo Coiro (2017) presents four dimensions of critical evaluation: stills or videos, record sound, and collect all necessary images. Relevance - The information’s level of importance to a particular Design is always done with an eye toward the audience. (Smith, purpose or explicitly stated need for that information 2019) Accuracy - The extent to which information contains factual and - In making short films, proper planning results to a well- updated details that can be verified by consulting alternative executed production stage, allowing to economize time and and/or primary sources. resources in the process. Documentaries normally take a longer Bias/Perspective - The position or slant toward which an author time for shoots, because the script only serves as guidelines and shapes information. the creators rely on actual, unrehearsed and spontaneous footage Reliability - The information’s level of trustworthiness based on that characterizes the documentary genre. information about the author and the publishing body. 3. Post-Production Stage REVIEW AND EDITING - This is also called the post-production A 4-Step Test stage, and it is the most complex of the multimedia development Closely related to Coiro’s dimensions of critical evaluation is process. All the sound and visual components are combined in a Caulfield’s four- step test in evaluating content. You’ll find this logical sequence. Editing a one-minute content can even take relatable to the filtering process, as it comes in a synonymous hours depending on the requirements specified in the storyboard. acronym: SIFT. The following material is lifted from Caulfield’s - Creators who specialize on same-edit videos such as those done website, hapgood.us (2019). in weddings and other social occasions need intensive planning 1. Stop - The first move is the simplest. STOP reminds you of two and technical preparations to produce the required product. The things. First, when you first hit a page or post and start to read it client always has the final say on the look of the content, that is — STOP. Ask yourself whether you know the website or source of why rounds of client review and editing may also happen. the information, and what the reputation of both the claim and the website is. Second, after you begin to use the other moves it can be easy to go down a rabbit hole, going off on tangents only distantly related to your original task. 2. Investigate the source - know what you’re reading before you read it. 3. Find trusted coverage - Sometimes you don’t care about the particular article or video that reaches you. You care about the claim the article is making. You want to know if it is true or 4. Trace claims, quotes, and media back to the original context - Maybe there’s a picture that seems real but the caption could be misleading. Maybe a claim is made about a new medical treatment based on a research finding — but you’re not certain if the cited research paper really said that. In these cases, we’ll have you trace the claim, quote, or media back to the source, so you can see it in its original context and get a sense if the version you saw was accurately presented. It’s about Recontextualizing There’s a theme that runs through all of these moves: they are about reconstructing the necessary context to read, view, or listen to digital content effectively. One piece of context is who the speaker or publisher is. What’s their expertise? What’s their agenda? What’s their record of fairness or accuracy? So we investigate the source. Just as when you hear a rumor you want to know who the source is before reacting, when you encounter something on the web you need the same sort of context.