MIDTERMS READINGS PDF

LECTURE 1 Art as a Humanistic Discipline FIELDS OF LEARNING 1. Sciences 2. HUMANITIES a. Language b. History c. ART d. Philosophy i. Art Creation Artist Practice ii. ART APPRECIATION Spectator Theory THE SCIENCES - Deals with natural, physical phen...

LECTURE 1 Art as a Humanistic Discipline FIELDS OF LEARNING 1. Sciences 2. HUMANITIES a. Language b. History c. ART d. Philosophy i. Art Creation Artist Practice ii. ART APPRECIATION Spectator Theory THE SCIENCES - Deals with natural, physical phenomena THE HUMANITIES - Deals with human phenomena PARADIGM FOR LEARNING IN THE SCIENCES - SUBJECT-KNOWER - OBJECT-KNOWN - SCIENTIFIC METHOD - "The scientist learns about things in the world." PARADIGM FOR LEARNING IN THE HUMANITIES - SUBJECT-KNOWER = OBJECT-KNOWN - REFLEXIVE METHOD - "The humanist learns about the self." THE SCIENCES - KNOWLEDGE - The scientist becomes a LEARNED MAN THE HUMANITIES - WISDOM - The humanist becomes a WISE person. THE BASIC QUESTION IN THE HUMANITIES \- "Who am I? THINKERS WHOSE THOUGHTS WERE THE BASIS OF METHOD IN THE HUMANITIES 1. SOCRATES - 469-399 c. - "Know thyself." - WISDOM 2. AUGUSTINE - 354-430 c. - "Withdraw into yourself truth dwells in the inner man." 3. THALES OF MILETUS - 620-546 ca. - A scientist tends to know everything about the world that he forgets to know anything about himself 4. CONFUCIUS - 555-479 BC - "The Great Sage" Wise Man LECTURE 1.2 The Humanities in Western Civilization - **humanitas** "humanity" **divinitas** - Gods in the state of perfection in heaven **humanitas** - People in the state of culture in civilized society **barbaritas** - Savages in the state of nature for survival **ANCIENT** - 800 ca. - **COSMOCENTRIC VIEW** - **PROTAGORAS**: - Man is the [measure of all things] - **GEOCENTRISM**: - Man is at the [center of the universe] **MEDIEVAL** - 300 ca. - **THEOCENTRIC VIEW** - **SCHOLASTICISM**: - Man is [created in the image of God] - Man is at the [center of creation] **RENAISSANCE** - 1400 ca. - **ANTHROPOCENTRIC VIEW** - **HUMANISM**: - [Nothing] is [more wonderful than man] **MODERN** - 1600 - **SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC VIEW** - Man is a part of nature **POSTMODERN** - 1960 - **ECLECTIC VIEW** - Man is [a piece of everything] **ANCIENT** GEOCENTRIC THEORY - Earth (Man) is the center of the universe. - **Ptolemy** (100-170 ca.) **Almagest** - astronomical manual written about ad 150 by Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus of Alexandria) **MEDIEVAL** - Man is created by God. - **Escorial Beatus**, Illuminated Manuscript, 10th Century **RENAISSANCE** - MAN: Measure of all things - Leonardo da Vinci Vitruvian Man, bet. 1487 -1490 - Michelangelo, The Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel Painting, 1512) **HELIOCENTRIC THEORY** - Removed man from the center of the universe and suggested the view man was special in the universe - The Earth revolves around the Sun - **Copernicus, On the Revolution of Celestial Bodies, 1542** **MODERN IMAGE OF SCIENTIFIC-TECHNOCENTRIC MAN** - Man is a part of nature. - **The Evolution of Man** - The scientist is detached observer of the objectified man. - **Rembrandt, The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp/Turf, 1642** - Man is dehumanized during the industrial age. - **Gadgets** 1947 - Cesar Torrente Legaspi in depictions of anguish and dehumanization of beggars and laborers in the city. **POSTMODERN IMAGE OF ECLECTIC MAN** - Man is a piece of everything - **Poleteismo**, - Medio Cruz, from Kulo Exhibit 2011 - Artist Mideo Cruz was at the eye of one of the biggest controversies in the Philippine visual arts scene. His latest work "Poleteismo" is being vilified left and right by various religious groups and influential leaders, and an ABS-CBN reporter has even come out with a column suggesting that he, Cruz, should be forced to drink muriatic acid. HUMANISTIC DISCIPLINES HISTORY - Human events happening in the world LANGUAGE - Written and oral forms of human communication PHILOSOPHY - Human reason concerning reality ART - (ART APPRECIATION) - Admiration of human-made objects (not nature) and the human creativity - (ART CREATION) - by which these objects are made ars - "art" - Skillful production or performance LIBERAL ART - ARTIST - MAJOR ART - Architect Sculptor - Professional & Academic Artist SERVILE ART - ARTISAN ART CRAFT - Stone Cutter Carpenter WESTERN CONCEPT ART ACADEMIC - Only schooled people are artists ELITIST - Meant for the higher social class HIERARCHICAL - Liberal art and servile art, high and low art, major art and minor art or craft, fine art and practical art, folk art, indigenous art, popular art MAJOR ART - Made by artists and primarily concerned with the form of beauty MINOR ART OR CRAFT - Made by artisans and concerned with functionality and usefulness of human-made objects (artifacts) THE SEVEN MAJOR ARTS IN WESTERN CIVILIZATION Visual - PAINTING - SCULPTURE - ARCHITECTURE Performing - MUSIC - DANCE - DRAMA Linguistic - LITERATURE MINOR ARTS: CRAFT - Ceramics - Weaving - Sewing - Handicraft - Carpentry - Masonry - Stone Cutting - Gardening - Cooking LECTURE 1.3 The Humanities and the Filipino Personhood (Pagkatao) LATIN humanitas ENGLISH "humanities" FILIPINO - "pagpapakatao" - Mula sa "pagkatao" "tao" **Manunggul Jar** - **Time Period**: 890-710 BC - **Location**: Tabon Cave, Palawan **KATAUHAN** 1. **Biological and Psychological**: - Born as a human being - Act of being human - **\"Personality\"** 2. **Cultural**: - Becoming a human being - Process of becoming human - \"**Personhood**\" **Filipino Proverb**: \"Madaling maging tao; mahirap magpakatao.\"\ (It\'s easy to be born human; it\'s difficult to live as one.) **DR. ALLAN C. ORATE, UE** - **Topic**: Filipino Personhood **Key Question**: How does a human being become a Filipino? **Similarities**: - Both the jar and Filipino personhood came from clay. **The Filipino Personhood**: 1. **LABAS (External)** - **Body (Physical)** - Skin color (fair, dark) - Stature (tall, short) - Nose (sharp, flat) - Chest (broad, large) - kulay ng balat (maputi, maitim) tindig (matangkad, andak) ilong (matangos, pango) dibdib (malapad, malaki) 2. **LOOB (Internal)** - **Inner Self (Intellectual, Emotional, Moral)** - Mind (intelligent) - Behavior (good) - isip (matalino) ugali - asal (mabuti) 3. **LALIM (Depth)** - **Soul (Spiritual)** - Spirit (sacred) - anito (banal) - **Non-Dualistic Relationship of Terms in Filipino Language** - **LABAS and LOOB** - Broad forehead = intelligent - Frowning eyebrows = brave or angry - Long gaze = in love - Dirty mouth = speaks ill malapad ng noo matalino salubong ang kilay matapang o galit malagkit ang tingin umiibig maduming bibig masamang magsalita **LALIM** **malinis ang kaluluwa matuwid ang budhi** Clean soul = righteous conscience **Non-Dualistic Relation in Filipino Psychology**: - **LABAS and LOOB** - Touch - Feel - Restraint - Self-control - Listen - Hear - Laugh - Joy - Happiness - Delight - Pleasure -- Comfort LABAS Hipo Pigil dinig tawa saya sarap LOOB dama timpi ulinig tuwa ligaya ginhawa **The \"Humanities\" in Filipino Concept** **Pagpapakatao**: - The process of becoming a Filipino **FILIPINO** - Through the study of Humanities, students discover and realize their identity as Filipinos. **ART** - **Felipe del Leon Jr. (2011)**: "Defining the Filipino through the Arts" **Cultural Identity** - **Definition**: \"The worldview, values, belief systems, knowledge, skills, practices, and core principles shared by a society.\" - **FILIPINO**: Cultural identity is essential for social empowerment. When taken away, a people become passive and unproductive. **Colonial Effects on Filipino Identity** 1. **Pre-Colonial Period (Before 1500s)**: - Original cultural identity 2. **Colonial Period (1500-1950)**: - Identity destroyed by colonizers, leading to Westernization of Filipino culture 3. **Post-Colonial Period (1950 onwards)**: - Reclaiming and redefining identity in our terms **Forms of Alienation Caused by Westernization**: 1. Alienation from **community** 2. Alienation from **cultural energy: thinking in borrowed forms** 3. Alienation from race: **Doña Victorina Syndrome** 4. Alienation from **local culture** 5. Alienation from **land** 6. Alienation from **being Filipino** 7. Alienation from **sustainable living** **Some Recommendations for Developing a Filipino Perspective**: 1. Heightening social consciousness and sense of responsibility to the nation. 2. Promoting people participation and cultural diversity 3. promoting the local but thinking national or global: human communities, not the state, are the ultimate actors in the development process 4. Integrating the arts to social and cultural phenomena as lucid mirrors of social consciousness. **The Communal Character of Philippine Traditional Cultures as Reflected in the Arts**: 1. Integration of the arts with other values 2. Unity of the arts 3. Art is part of everyday life 4. Equal opportunity for artistic participation 5. Flexibility in materials and techniques 6. Use of available resources for creativity 7. Emphasis on creative process over finished product 8. Simultaneity of conception and realization **Becoming Filipino Through the Arts (Pagpapakatao)** - **The Arts**: Provide vivid images of social relations and cultural values, reflecting the consciousness of a people or artist. **The Filipino Concept of Art** - **Western Art**: Academic, elitist, and hierarchical - **Filipino Art**: Has no Western distinctions; integrates with life and is accessible to everyone. **Historical Artists** 1. **Damian Domingo (1796-1834)** - Father of Philippine painting - Founded the first art school in the Philippines - Son of Chinese immigrants converted to Christianity, but thought to be a noble Spanish descent by the Spaniards so that they commissioned him to paint - Engaged by a merchant to paint, in miniaturismo style, albums of people wearing their daily costumes - Had a vision of making art more accessible to the Filipinos (Indios) Founded the first Art School in the Philippines Escuela Dibujo y Pintura in Tondo Manila in 1821 - His patron was Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais - Professor and Director of the Philippine Art Academy. The academy was closed after his death producing Filipino artists trained in Western artistic tradition 2. **Juan Luna (1857-1899)** - Neoclassical painter famous for \"Spoliarium\" **Rizal's Speech on Filipino Artists**: - **Luna and Hidalgo**: Their achievements prove Filipinos are equal to Spaniards and deserve global recognition. JUAN LUNA - Bachelor of Arts Degree, Ateneo Municipal de Manila. - Enrolled in Academy of Fine Arts, Manila - Went to Europe in 1877, and studied in Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Won gold medal in Exposicion Nacional de Bellas Artes in 1884 for Spoliarium Commissioned by Spanish government to do paintings like La Batalla de Lepanto and El Pacto de Sangre Arrested for murdering his wife and mother-in-law, but was acquitted on grounds of crime of passion. - **Juan Luna, Spoliarium, 1884, Gold Medal, Exposicion Nacional** - **Felix R. Hidalgo, Las Virgines Cristiana espuestas al population, 1884, Silver Medal, Exposicion Nacional** **Filipino Art and Western Art** - Integration of Filipino and Western traditions, harmonizing to create a unique Philippine identity. **Examples of Filipino Art Styles**: 1. **Neoclassicism**: Tolentino\'s \"Bonifacio Monument\" 2. **Romantic Realism**: Amorsolo\'s \"Planting Rice\" 3. **Cubism**: Manansala\'s \"Marketscene\" 4. **Surrealism**: Lamaroza\'s \"Ecology Series\" 5. **Abstract Expressionism**: Joya\'s \"Karate\" 6. **Colorful Indigenous Art**: Sarimanok, Tinalak, Ling Ling O, Bulul, Jeepney art **Colorful Philippine Indigenous Art** - **Tinalak** - Tiboli art, known for handwoven textiles. - **Basey** - Art of colorful mats from Samar-Leyte. - **Pastillas Wrapper Art** - Intricate paper cut designs from Pampanga and Bulacan. - **MassKara Festival** - Bacolod City's vibrant festival with colorful masks. - **Iloilo Paraw Regatta** - Celebrates the art of sailing traditional paraws (sailboats). - **Vinta** - Traditional sailboat art of the Badjao people. - **Sarimanok Design** - Maranao art symbolizing a colorful bird. - **Okir** - Maranao traditional geometric and flowing floral designs. - **Torogan** - Traditional Maranao royal house adorned with artistic details. - **Maranao Brassware Art** - Handcrafted brassware from the Maranao people. - **Burnay Jars** - Traditional earthen jars from Ilocos, used for fermentation and storage. - **Pasiking** - Native backpack of the Ifugao people, woven from rattan or bamboo. - **Ling Ling O** - Cordillera group\'s ancient jewelry art. - **Bulul** - Igorot wooden sculptures representing ancestral spirits. **Filipino Sense of Beauty** - **Colorful Art**: The vibrant, colorful style in festivals and traditional art is seen as beautiful in Filipino culture. **Integration of Literature, Music, and Theater** 1. **Laji**: Ivatan literature and music 2. **Pasyon and Pabasa**: Literature and music 3. **Senakulo**: Theater art 4. "**dayaw**" **Cultural Critique** - **Felipe (2011)**: Cultures need to change to survive and be compatible with each other. **Lecture 2.1: Art and the Human Essence** The core questions of the humanities center on **self-discovery**: - \"Who am I?\" - \"What is a human being?\" The **Human Faculties** essential for understanding and appreciating art are: 1. **Mind** (Reason, Thinking). 2. **Will** (Emotion, Feeling). 3. **Senses** (Perception, Sensation, Imagining). According to Plato, the soul has three parts: - **Intellect** (Noûs). - **Nobler Affections** (Thumos). - **Appetites** (Epithumetikón). **Art Analysis Through Human Faculties** 1. **Senses (Perceptual Elements)**: Examining lines, colors, and shapes. 2. **Will (Representations)**: Objects, people, or events portrayed. 3. **Emotion (Emotional Suggestions)**: Feelings like happiness, fear, or sadness. 4. **Mind (Intellectual Meaning)**: Ideas, symbolism, and deeper meaning. **Art Classifications** - **Performing Arts**: Artists use their bodies as a medium (e.g., theater, dance). - **Visual Arts**: Static forms like painting and sculpture. **Elements of Art** 1. **Color**: Defines objects with meaning. Examples: - Black = Death, sorrow. - Blue = Calmness, peace. 2. **Line**: Indicates direction, movement, and energy. - Vertical lines = Stability. - Diagonal lines = Instability. - Zigzag lines = Conflict. - Curved lines = Fluidity. 3. **Medium**: Materials used to express feelings. 4. **Rhythm**: Patterns and connections in the artwork. 5. **Style**: Reflects the artist's personal expression. 6. **Shape**: Defines two- or three-dimensional space. **Principles of Art** - **Emphasis**: Directs viewers\' attention. - **Balance**: Stability through repetition or equal weight. - **Harmony**: Consistency in elements. - **Variety**: Contrasting shapes, colors, and textures. - **Movement**: Suggests action. - **Proportion**: Relates to the size of objects. - **Unity**: Brings all elements together. **Examples of Art Analysis** 1. **Amorsolo's \"Winnowing Rice\" (1957)**: - **Visual Elements**: Colors, shapes, lines. - **Representations**: Farmers, nature, traditional life. 2. **Munch's \"The Scream\" (1893)**: - **Emotional Suggestion**: Fear, shown by curving lines and facial expression. 3. **Steenwyck's \"The Vanities of Human Life\" (1645)**: - **Intellectual Meaning**: Reflects the futility of material wealth, represented by symbols like the skull (death) and hourglass (time). **Art Movements and Reality** 1. **Renaissance Art**: Realistic representations (e.g., *The Mona Lisa*). 2. **Cubism**: Abstract, multiple perspectives (e.g., Picasso\'s *The Weeping Woman*). 3. **Concretism**: Focus on pure form (e.g., Mondrian\'s *Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue*). 4. **Suprematism**: Minimalistic (e.g., Malevich\'s *White on White*). 5. **Ready-Made Art**: Everyday objects as art (e.g., Duchamp\'s *The Fountain*). **ART is...**\ Art is a combination of various elements, including: - Talent - Skill - Passion - Emotion - Idea - Truth - Reality - Goodness - Beauty - Form - Expression - Representation - Power **Art is Reality.** **Visual Examples:** **Leonardo, *The Mona Lisa*, 1501 (Renaissance Art)** - **Question:** Does this art look real?\ Renaissance art emphasizes realistic representation through careful observation of nature and human form. **Picasso, *The Weeping Woman*, 1924 (Cubism)** - **Question:** Does this art look real?\ Cubism shows different views or perspectives simultaneously, which gives it a fragmented, abstract appearance. **Mondrian, *Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue*, 1924 (Concretism)** - **Question:** Does this art look real?\ Concretism is abstract, focusing on pure geometric shapes and primary colors rather than representations of real objects. **Malevich, *White on White*, 1917 (Suprematism)** - **Question:** Does this art look real?\ Suprematism focuses on basic geometric forms, like squares and circles, aiming for abstraction beyond representational art. **Fajardo, *From Rags to Riches*, 1984 (Ready-Made Art)** - **Question:** Does this art look real?\ Ready-made art, such as using objects from daily life (e.g., rags or a urinal), challenges the definition of what \"real\" art is. **Duchamp, *The Fountain (Urinal)*, 1917 (Ready-Made Art)** - **Which art looks most real of all?**\ This piece is an example of using actual objects (a urinal) as art, blurring the line between the real object and artistic representation. **Perception of Art and Reality:** 1. **Art as Representational Image:** - The artwork attempts to depict reality as it appears (e.g., *The Mona Lisa*). 2. **Art as Abstract but Representational Image:** - Art that represents reality but is abstracted (e.g., *The Weeping Woman*). 3. **Art as Composed of Shapes and Colors:** - Abstract art that focuses on form, shapes, and colors (e.g., *Composition with Red, Yellow, and Blue*). 4. **Art as Pure Form:** - Minimalist or non-representational art, reducing forms to their essentials (e.g., *White on White*). 5. **Art as the Object Itself:** - Ready-made art that directly uses objects as art (e.g., *The Fountain*). **Representation in Art:** - **Matisse, *Portrait of Mrs. Matisse*:** - **This is not a blue woman!** This is a blue painting. - **Van Gogh, *Chair with a Pipe*:** - **This is not a chair.** This is a painting of a chair. - **Zac Efron or Ariana Grande\'s Pictures:** - **This is not the person.** These are representations or pictures of them. - **Magritte, *The Treachery of Images* (1929):** - **This is not a pipe.** It\'s an image of a pipe, emphasizing that representations are not the actual objects. **Reflection on Art Creation:** Lucian Freud remarked that in the process of creating art, an artist may initially feel that the artwork might \"spring to life.\" However, upon nearing completion, they realize that it is \"only a picture.\" This reflects the tension between the illusion of reality in art and the understanding that art is merely a representation, not reality itself. **Video Reference:** *Rene Magritte, The Treachery of Images* - The famous line, *"This is not a pipe,"* reminds us that art is an interpretation, not the real thing. **The Field of Aesthetics** **Etymology** - **AESTHETICS** - **GREEK**: *aesthesis* - **ENGLISH**: \"sensory perception\" **Magritte, The False Mirror**\ **ALEXANDER BAUMGARTEN (1714-1762)** - **Aesthetics** - The word \"aesthetics\" was first employed by Baumgarten to mean \"the science of sensory perception.\" He used it to denote a realm of concrete knowledge, distinct from the abstract, where content is communicated in sensory forms. **AESTHETICS** - **Philosophy** - Of beauty and art - Theory about the ultimate reality of things **Nature of Beauty**: Why are beautiful things beautiful? **Essence of Art**: What makes something a work of art? **AESTHETIC DEFINITION** - The creation and appreciation of beautiful human-made objects - By the artists in their creativity - By the art spectator with artistic taste - Anything with a value that delights - Art distinguished from nature **TWO WAYS OF CONSIDERING BEAUTY** - **RELATIVE** - \"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.\" - **ABSOLUTE** - \"Beauty is in the thing itself.\" - **SUBJECT** - **OBJECT** **THEORY OF BEAUTY** - Nature of beautiful things **THEORY OF ART** - Essence of art **THEORY OF ART CRITICISM** - Evaluation of the merit or demerit of works of art **Botticelli, Birth of Venus, 1482** - **Zyphers, Venus, Nymph** - **THEORY OF ART**: Is this art? Why? - **THEORY OF ART CRITICISM**: Is this art great? Why? **Model**: **Simonetta Vespucci (Italian)** - Wife of Marco Vespucci, cousin-in-law of Amerigo Vespucci, renowned for her beauty **LECTURE 3.2**\ **Aesthetic Terms** - **CATEGORIES OF VALUE** - **LOGICAL**: True and False - **ETHICAL**: Good and Bad - **AESTHETIC**: Beautiful and Ugly **AESTHETIC VALUES** **BEAUTIFUL**: Delights **UGLY**: Glooms - Wow! - Ayosah! - Hanep! - Yak! - Eww! - Ngeek! **AESTHETIC VALUES ACCORDING TO THE SENSES** **SENSES SENSING**: Sense-Data **FORMS OF ART** - **EYE SEEING**: Color, Shape, Size, Motion - **VISUAL ART**: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Dance, Drama - **EARS HEARING**: Sound - **AUDITORY ART**: Music, Drama - **NOSE SMELLING**: Odor - **OLFACTORY ART**: Perfume Making - **TONGUE TASTING**: Taste - **CULINARY ART**: Cooking - **SKIN TOUCHING**: Texture, Shape, Size, Motion - **TACTILE ART**: Sculpture, Lovemaking - **IMAGINATION IMAGINING**: Images - **IMAGINATIVE ART**: Literature, Drama **AESTHETIC VALUES ACCORDING TO THE SENSES** - **SENSE-DATA** **BEAUTIFUL**: Picturesque, Pretty, Cute, Graceful, Lovely, Fragrant, Delicious, Pleasant, Fantastic **UGLY**: Blur, Grotesque, Piquant, Awkward, Droll, Foul, Pungent, Harsh, Ridiculous **Kandinsky, Color Composition** **PICTURESQUE**: Beautiful Color **BLUR**: Ugly Color **PICTURESQUE**: - **Rainbow**: Beautiful Color in Nature - **Sunset in a Beach, San Roque Northern Samar** - **Amorsolo, Sunset**: Romantic Realism - **Van Gogh, Sunset in the Wheatfield**: Expressionism - **Lichtenstein, Sinking Sun**: Pop Art - **Monet, Venice at Twilight**: Impressionism - **Munch, Scream**: Emotional Effect of Color **COLORFUL BUILDING** - **St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow Russia** **FILIPINO SENSE OF BEAUTY** - **Horror Vacui**: Fear of Empty Space - **Horror Vacui Oil on Canvas Painting by Alfonso Ossorio** **COLORFUL DESIGN IN PHILIPPINE FOLK ART** - **PICTURESQUE**: Beautiful Color in Philippine Art - **The Colorful Art of the Philippine Kalesa** - **The Colorful Art of Tricycle Design** - **Colorful Philippine Ice Cream Cart** - **Colorful Art of the Parol** - Lanterns made of capiz shells with twinkling light design - **Giant Lantern Festival, Pampanga** **COLORFUL PHILIPPINE INDIGENOUS ART** - **Vinta**: Badjao Art - **Sarimanok Design**: Maranao Art - **Abdul Mari Imao, Sarimanok, 1975** - **Tinalak, Tiboli Art** - **Tiboli Woman Weaving Tinala\'k (Dreamweaver)** - **T\'nalak**: Indigenous woven fabric made from abaca by the T\'boli tribe of South Cotabato in the Philippines - **Tinalak**: Clothes - Made from abaca and dyed with natural vegetable dyes - Geometric patterns vary, no two pieces are exactly alike **LECTURE 3.3: Hierarchy of Beauty** **Beauty vs. Ugly** **Examples of Beauty:** 1. **Simonneta Vespucci** in the *Venus Paintings* by **Botticelli** 2. **A Samburu Woman** from Kenya, Africa 3. **Nikki Zeiring** -- International Supermodel (Vogue Magazine, 2001) 4. **Dalagang Pilipina** in **Amorsolo's** Painting **Examples of Ugly:** 1. **Durer** -- *Self-Portrait*, 1500 2. **Leonardo** -- *Grotesque Face of Scaramuccia*, 1492 3. **Tom Cruise** -- Hollywood Actor (Time Magazine, 2003) 4. **Van Gogh** -- *Self-Portrait*, 1886 **14 Degrees of Aesthetic Values:** 1. **Sublime** -- Purely delights 2. **Grand** -- Delights and awes 3. **Elegant** -- Delights and impresses 4. **Charming** -- Delights and attracts 5. **Comic** -- Delights and entertains 6. **Tragic** -- Delights and saddens 7. **Terrible** -- Delights and fears 8. **Scary** -- Glooms and fears 9. **Horrible** -- Glooms and saddens 10. **Bizarre** -- Glooms and entertains 11. **Poignant** -- Glooms and attracts 12. **Perverse** -- Glooms and impresses 13. **Rustic** -- Glooms and awes 14. **Pathetic** -- Purely glooms **Examples of Aesthetic Values:** - **Scary (Glooms and Fears)** - **Larry Alcala**, *Splice of Life* - **Comic (Delights and Entertains)** - **Charlie Chaplin**, *The Tramp* - **Bizarre (Glooms and Entertains)** - **Sotein**, *Carcass of Beef* (1925) - **Sotein**, *Mad Woman* (1922) - **Sotein**, *Woman in Red* (1922) - **Damien Hirst**, *This Little Piggy Went to Market, This Little Piggy Stayed at Home* (1996), Installation Art - **Damien Hirst**, *God Alone Knows* (2007) - **Rustic (Glooms and Awes)** - **Gericault**, *After Death* (1721) - **Sublime (Purely Delights)** - **Bernini**, *Ecstasy of St. Therese* (1592) - **Grand (Delights and Awes)** - **Beethoven**, *Choral: Ode to Joy*, From the Ninth Symphony (Performed by Choir and Orchestra of 10,000 Members, Osaka, Japan) **LECTURE 3.4: The Filipino Aesthetic Worldview** **Analysis of Aesthetic Terms According to Filipino Anthropology** **Covar** - **Pagkataong Filipino** and the concepts of **Labas** and **Loob** - **The Beautiful Personhood (Ang Magandang Pagkatao)** **Jocano** - **Filipino Aesthetic Worldview** - **Filipino Worldview: Ethnography of Local Knowledge, 2001** by F. Landa Jocano - **Filipino Anthropologist** **Anthropological Theory** - **Historical Particularism** - **Cultural Relativism** - **Cognitive Theory** - A way people look at the universe **Worldview** - People's picture of the universe that lies deep in the heart of culture **Culture** - **Worldview = Language** - A system of symbols and meanings people use to organize their ideas, which they express through language - **Language** - Contains words that carry culture. - Analysis of the meaning of words in a language is an analysis of the form of culture on which people's worldview lies. **Dimensions of Filipino Worldview** 1. Natural Dimension 2. Biological Dimension 3. Communal Dimension 4. Social Dimension 5. Normative Dimension 6. Ethical Dimension 7. Moral Dimension 8. Aesthetic Dimension 9. Teleological Dimension 10. Ideological Dimension **The Primary Filipino Aesthetic Term** - **Ganda (Beauty)** - "Sum total of *katangian* (traits) of anything that gives the highest pleasure to the senses." - A relative term since its use depends on the judgment of the beholder. - When applied to a person, **ganda** involves both physical appearance (**ayos**) and social character (**ugali**). - **Ganda** refers to the "totality of the person," both their **pagkataong panlabas** (physical appearance) and **pagkataong panloob** (social behavior). - **Ganda** and **buti** (good) are interchangeable terms, so whatever is **maganda** is also **mabuti**. Aesthetic taste involves moral judgment. - **Ganda (Beauty) = Buti (Good)** **Aesthetics of Filipino Personhood (Estetika ng Pagkataong Filipino)** - **Maayos (Pagkataong Panlabas)**: Beautiful physical appearance - **Mabutiang Ugali (Pagkataong Panloob)**: Good social behavior - **Pagkataong Maganda Pareho sa Labas at Loob**: Beautiful personhood in both external and internal traits **Categories of Ganda** 1. **Alindog** (Charm) 2. **Rikit** (Loveliness) 3. **Rangya** (Grandeur) 4. **Dingal** (Magnificence) 5. **Amo** (Gentleness) 6. **Dilag** (Gorgeousness) 7. **Lambing** (Affection) 8. **Kinang** (Radiance) 9. **Ningning** (Luster) 10. **Inam** (Goodness) 11. **Gilas** (Symmetry) 12. **Kisig** (Proportion) 13. **Kintab** (Radiance) 14. **Luningning** (Luster) 15. **Kislap** (Radiance) **The Phenomenon of Ganda** - **As an affective phenomenon**: - **Ganda** is judged based on the emotion or sentiment it evokes from the perceiver. - **Nakakabighani**: Ganda evokes desirability. - **Nakakaakit**: It attracts. - **Nakakatawag ng Pansin**: It calls attention. - **As an olfactory sense phenomenon**: - **Ganda** is judged through scent or sense of smell. - **Nananatili o Namamalagi**: Ganda makes its presence felt (*amoy bagong paligo*). - **Malinis**: It feels or smells clean (*malinis haplusin*, *amoy-malinis*). - **Sariwa**: It smells or feels fresh (*amoy-sariwa*, *amoy-pinipig*). - **As a behavioral, ethical phenomenon**: - **Ganda** is judged in terms of action, public appearance, or human relation (**ugali**). - **Mahinhin**: Coy, dainty, demure. - **Mabait**: Good-natured, considerate. - **Magalang**: Respectful or polite. - **As a physical phenomenon**: - **Ganda** is judged as a concrete entity with physical attributes. - **Makinis ang Balat**: Smooth skin. - **Maamo ang Mukha**: Gentle, docile face. - **Matipuno ang Katawan**: Healthy body. - **Matikas ang Tindig**: Upright posture. - **As a capability phenomenon**: - **Ganda** is judged based on the ability to perform work or do things. - **Masipag Magtrabaho**: Industrious. - **Magaling Magluto**: A good cook. - **Mahusay Kumanta**: A good singer. **Fernando Amorsolo's Ideal Filipina Beauty** - Rounded face - Lively eyes - Blunt yet firm and strongly marked nose - Ideal beauty is not defined by white complexion or dark brown color, but rather clear, fresh-colored skin seen in a blushing girl **Horror Vacui** - **Horror Vacui**: Fear or aversion to empty spaces, especially in artistic designs