Midterm Physiology Exam PDF

Theoretical 1. Where is the heart located? A) Left mediastinum B) Right mediastinum C) Middle mediastinum D) Posterior mediastinum Answer: C 2. What structure surrounds the heart? A) Myocardium B) Endocardium C) Pericardium D) Epicardium Answer: C 3. The heart consists of how many chambers? A) 2...

Theoretical 1. Where is the heart located? A) Left mediastinum B) Right mediastinum C) Middle mediastinum D) Posterior mediastinum Answer: C 2. What structure surrounds the heart? A) Myocardium B) Endocardium C) Pericardium D) Epicardium Answer: C 3. The heart consists of how many chambers? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 Answer: C 4. Which node initiates the action potential in the heart? A) AV node B) SA node C) Bundle of His D) Purkinje fibers Answer: B 5. What is the intrinsic rhythm of SA node cells? A) 30-40 beats per minute B) 40-60 beats per minute C) 60-80 beats per minute D) Up to 100 beats per minute Answer: D 6. The P wave in an ECG represents: A) Ventricular depolarization B) Atrial depolarization C) Ventricular repolarization D) Atrial repolarization Answer: B 7. Which phase corresponds to ventricular repolarization in an ECG? A) P wave B) QRS complex C) T wave D) PR interval Answer: C 8. The QT interval on an ECG represents: A) Atrial contraction B) Atrial repolarization C) Ventricular depolarization and repolarization D) Entire cardiac cycle Answer: C 9. Which type of muscle is striated and voluntary? A) Cardiac muscle B) Smooth muscle C) Skeletal muscle D) Visceral muscle Answer: C 10. What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle? A) Myofibril B) Sarcomere C) Fascicle D) Muscle fiber Answer: B 11. Which protein in muscle fibers binds to calcium ions to initiate contraction? A) Tropomyosin B) Troponin C) Myosin D) Actin Answer: B 12. Which ion is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger muscle contraction? A) Sodium (Na⁺) B) Potassium (K⁺) C) Calcium (Ca²⁺) D) Chloride (Cl⁻) Answer: C 13. Which event occurs during ventricular filling? A) Atria contract B) Ventricles contract C) Aortic valve closes D) Pulmonary valve opens Answer: A 14. What is the primary function of the heart? A) To supply oxygen B) To pump blood throughout the body C) To produce hormones D) To regulate body temperature Answer: B 15. How many valves are there in the heart? A) 2 B) 3 C) 4 D) 5 Answer: C 16. What causes the second heart sound? A) Closure of AV valves B) Closure of semilunar valves C) Opening of AV valves D) Opening of semilunar valves Answer: B 17. Which of the following best describes isovolumetric contraction? A) Ventricles contract without a change in volume B) Ventricles relax without a change in volume C) Atria contract with a change in volume D) Atria relax with a change in volume Answer: A 18. Which cells have the property of automaticity? A) Myocytes B) SA and AV node cells C) Endothelial cells D) Erythrocytes Answer: B 19. The QRS complex indicates: A) Atrial contraction B) Ventricular contraction C) Heart at rest D) All of the above Answer: B 20. What happens during the depolarization phase? A) Ca²⁺ influx B) K⁺ efflux C) Na⁺ influx D) None of the above Answer: C 21. Which structure in the muscle cell stores calcium ions and releases them during contraction? A) Sarcolemma B) T-tubules C) Sarcoplasmic reticulum D) Myofibril Answer: C 22. During which phase are the semilunar valves closed? A) Ventricular ejection B) Isovolumetric relaxation C) Ventricular filling D) Atrial systole Answer: B 23. What is the role of ATP in the cross-bridge cycle? A) It allows myosin to bind to actin B) It causes the detachment of myosin from actin C) It triggers the release of calcium ions D) It causes the power stroke Answer: B 24. Which phase involves the closing of Ca²⁺ channels and efflux of K⁺? A) Depolarization B) Plateau C) Early repolarization D) Rapid repolarization Answer: D 25. What is the phase of the cardiac cycle called when the atria contract? A) Atrial diastole B) Atrial systole C) Ventricular systole D) Ventricular diastole Answer: B 26. Which protein forms the thick filament in muscle fibers? A) Actin B) Myosin C) Troponin D) Tropomyosin Answer: B 27. What is the normal heart rate range for an adult? A) 80-160 beats per minute B) 75-115 beats per minute C) 60-100 beats per minute D) 100-120 beats per minute Answer: C 28. What structure surrounds the heart? A) Myocardium B) Endocardium C) Pericardium D) Epicardium Answer: C 29. What is the function of tropomyosin in muscle contraction? A) It blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin B) It binds calcium to initiate contraction C) It hydrolyzes ATP for energy D) It anchors the sarcomere to the plasma membrane Answer: A 30. Which layer of the pericardium is the outermost? A) Serous pericardium B) Fibrous pericardium C) Endocardium D) Visceral layer Answer: B 31. Which muscle type is responsible for movement, heat production, and maintaining posture? A) Cardiac muscle B) Skeletal muscle C) Smooth muscle D) Visceral muscle Answer: B 32. Which phase marks the beginning of ventricular systole? A) Atrial contraction B) Closure of AV valves C) Ventricular filling D) Rapid ejection Answer: B 33. What is the intrinsic rhythm of the AV node? A) 100 beats per minute B) 70 beats per minute C) 40-60 beats per minute D) 20-30 beats per minute Answer: C 34. What marks the end of the isovolumetric relaxation phase? A) Closure of semilunar valves B) Opening of AV valves C) Atrial contraction D) Rapid ejection Answer: B 35. The primary pacemaker of the heart is: A) AV node B) SA node C) Bundle of His D) Purkinje fibers Answer: B 36. Which cells conduct action potentials through cardiac tissue? A) Myocytes B) Endothelial cells C) SA and AV node cells D) Erythrocytes Answer: C 37. During the resting phase, the action potential is at: A) 0 mV B) +90 mV C) -70 mV D) -90 mV Answer: D --- 38. What is the functional unit of the kidney? A) Nephron B) Glomerulus C) Loop of Henle D) Collecting duct Answer: A 39. Which ECG segment represents the delay at the AV node? A) P wave B) QRS complex C) PR interval D) ST segment Answer: C 40. Which valve prevents backflow of blood into the left ventricle? A) Tricuspid valve B) Pulmonary valve C) Aortic valve D) Mitral valve Answer: C Practical 41. What is the first heart sound (S1) caused by? A. Closure of semilunar valves B. Closure of atrioventricular (AV) valves C. Opening of AV valves D. Opening of semilunar valves Answer: B --- 42. Which valves close to produce the second heart sound (S2)? A. Mitral and tricuspid B. Aortic and pulmonary C. Mitral and aortic D. Tricuspid and pulmonary Answer: B --- 43. What is the typical position to auscultate the mitral area? A. Left 2nd intercostal space B. Right 2nd intercostal space C. Left 5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line D. Lower left sternal border Answer: C --- 44. What heart sound is also referred to as "lub"? A. S1 B. S2 C. S3 D. S4 Answer: A --- 45. What is the typical sound associated with S2? A. Low-pitched B. Higher-pitched C. Rumbling D. Blowing Answer: B --- 46. Which heart sound occurs just before S1? A. S2 B. S3 C. S4 D. Murmur Answer: C --- 47. What term describes the technique of listening to heart sounds? A. Palpation B. Auscultation C. Phonocardiography D. ECG Answer: B --- 48. What is Phonocardiography used for? A. Measuring blood pressure B. Recording heart sounds C. Imaging heart valves D. Assessing blood flow Answer: B --- 49. What does a mid-diastolic murmur typically indicate? A. Aortic regurgitation B. Mitral stenosis C. Pulmonary stenosis D. Atrial fibrillation Answer: B --- 50. Where is the pulmonary area for auscultation located? A. Right 2nd intercostal space B. Left 2nd intercostal space C. Left 5th intercostal space D. Lower right sternal border Answer: B --- 51. Which heart sound is associated with ventricular gallop? A. S1 B. S2 C. S3 D. S4 Answer: C --- 52. What condition is indicated by a high-pitched late-diastolic murmur? A. Aortic stenosis B. Mitral regurgitation C. Mitral stenosis D. Tricuspid regurgitation Answer: B --- 53. Which of the following best describes S4? A. Low-frequency, after S2 B. Higher-pitched, before S1 C. Mid-pitched, during systole D. Blowing, after S1 Answer: B --- 54. What is the main function of the stethoscope? A. Measure heart rate B. Auscultate heart sounds C. Record blood pressure D. Detect ECG signals Answer: B --- 55. The aortic area for auscultation is located at: A. Right 2nd intercostal space B. Left 2nd intercostal space C. Right 5th intercostal space D. Mid-clavicular line, 5th space Answer: A --- 56. What is an abnormal heart sound called? A. Gallop B. Murmur C. Bruit D. Click Answer: B --- 57. S1 coincides with: A. Atrial contraction B. Ventricular contraction C. Ventricular relaxation D. Diastolic filling Answer: B --- 58. The left lateral position is important for auscultating: A. Aortic sounds B. Mitral sounds C. Pulmonary sounds D. Tricuspid sounds Answer: B --- 59. Which sound is heard during ventricular diastole? A. S1 B. S2 C. S3 D. Both B and C Answer: D --- 60. What does the term "stenosis" mean? A. Valve leakage B. Valve narrowing C. Valve infection D. Valve thickening Answer: B