MIDTERM-TRANSES - GROUP 1 PDF

MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 BONE TISSUE AND JOINTS THE SKELETAL - Helps the bones glide past one another. SYSTEM GROUP 1 ANATOMY OF TYPICAL BONE BS PSYCH 1 Y1-6...

MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 BONE TISSUE AND JOINTS THE SKELETAL - Helps the bones glide past one another. SYSTEM GROUP 1 ANATOMY OF TYPICAL BONE BS PSYCH 1 Y1-6 PERIOSTEUM - Covers the surface of the FUNCTION OF THE SKELETAL SYSTEM bone. SKELETAL SYSTEM OUTERSHELL - Is made of bones and - Protects the entire bone. cartilage. - It provides rigid support and framework for the human body. SPONGY BONE - Providing protection for soft - Contains red bone marrow. internal organs. - It allows movement as the MEDULLARY CAVITY muscles pull on bones. - Contains yellow bone marrow. BONE FUNCTION - Attachment sites for muscles Made up of : - Ligaments - Bones - Cartilage CARTILLAGE - Contributes to the skeletal system. ❖ ELASTIC CARTILLAGE - Is not found in the skeletal system. Hyaline cartilage - Is found at the ends of bones where they form joints. ❖ FIBROCARTILLAGE - Found in between vertebrae within the knee. - Is stronger than hyaline. 1  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 FORMATION AND - Houses yellow bone marrow ARTICULAR CARTILAGE-layer of GROWTH OF BONE hyaline cartilage that reduces friction in joint AND CARTILAGE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE (growth plate) found in children - Contains growing cartilage CLASSES OF BONES that allows bone to increase in length - Bones are classified - Ossifies to become primarily according to shape epiphyseal line in adults 1. LONG BONES EPIPHYSEAL LINE- site of previous epiphyseal plate - Longer than they are wide PERIOSTEUM—dense irregular -Function as Levers connective tissue lining surface EXAMPLES: - Contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic -HUMERUS vessels - Tendons and ligaments -FEMUR attach to periosteum by perforating fibers -ULNA ENDOSTEUM - dense irregular -TIBIA connective tissue lining medullary cavity COMMON STRUCTURES - Periosteum and endosteum EPIPHYSIS- end of long bone contains cells that allows bone growth DIAPHYSIS-shaft of long bone 2.SHORT BONES METAPHYSIS-between epiphysis and diaphysis Cube-like in shape - Location of epiphyseal Approximately equal plate/line length, width, and thickness MEDULLARY CAVITY-hollow space Provide stability and in diaphysis support. Examples: 2  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 -Carpal bones of the Typically seen in tendons wrist. -Tarsal bones of of feet, hands, and knees the ankle Patella is the only common sesamoid bone in every 3.FLAT BONES person. Composed of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone Spongy bone houses red bone marrow Usually thin, but can be curved Protect internal organs. EXAMPLES: -Cranial bones (skull). -Sternum. -Ribs. -Scapula 4. IRREGULAR BONES Do not have an easily characterized shape Does not fit any other classification Complex shapes EXAMPLES: -Vertebrae -Facial bones 5. SESAMOID BONES Small, round bones suspended in a tendon or ligament Protect tendons from compressive force EXAMPLES: - Patella - Only common sesamoid bone 3  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 JOINTS TYPES OF SYNOVIAL JOINTS BASED ON SHAPES Articulation of bones. Functions of joints. a. PLANE JOINT- the surfaces → Hold bones together. of the bones are mostly → Allow for mobility & flat and the bones slide sometimes restricting. past each other during Ways joints are joint motion. The motion classified: at this type of joint is → Functionally usually small and tightly → Structurally constrained by surrounding ligaments. FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF b. HINGE JOINT- This type of JOINTS joint allows only for bending and straightening ➤ Joints that are based on the motions along a single degree of movement. axis, and thus hinge joints are functionally 1. SYNARTHROSES- immovable classified as uniaxial joints. joints. ⤷ EXAMPLE: Sutures in the c. PIVOT JOINT- a rounded skull; syndesmoses portion of a bone is (binding tibia and fibula, enclosed within a ring radius & ulna), gomphosis formed partially by the (tooth attachment to its articulation with another socket). bone and partially by a ligament. The bone rotates 2. AMPHIARTHROSES- slightly within this ring. moveable joints. d. CONDYLOID JOINT- ⤷ EXAMPLE: Symphases (ellipsoid joint), the between vertebrae and shallow depression at the between pubes, end of one bone synchondroses between ribs articulates with a rounded and sternum. structure from an adjacent bone or bones. 3. DIARTHROSES- freely e. SADDLE JOINT- both of the moveable joints. articulating surfaces for ⤷ EXAMPLE: Ball and the bones have a saddle sockets as in hip, hinge shape, which is concave in as in elbow. one direction and convex in the other. This allows 4  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 the two bones to fit together like a rider CLINICAL FORMS OF ARTHRITIS sitting on a saddle. ➤ OSTEOARTHRITIS Saddle joints are ⤷ The most common chronic functionally classified as arthritis biaxial joints. f. BALL-AND-SOCKET JOINT- The ➤ RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS joint type with the ⤷A chronic autoimmune condition greatest range of motion. that is prolonged and mostly At these joints, the affects the joints. The immune rounded head of one bone system's inflammation (the ball) fits into the inadvertently targets the bowl-shaped socket of the synovium, the tissue lining the adjacent bone. The bone joints. Joint discomfort, with the “ball” of the swelling, stiffness, and ball and socket can move eventually degeneration of the in a circular motion, joints can result from this therefore ball-and-socket inflammation. joints are classified ⤷ functionally as multiaxial joints. ➤ GOUTY ARTHRITIS ⤷ Inflammation of joints is STRUCTURE ASSOCIATED THE caused by a deposit of urine SYNOVIAL JOINT crystals from the blood. ➤ BURSAE- flattened fibrous ⤷ It can usually be controlled sacs ⤷ by diet. lined with synovial membranes. ⤷ Filled with synovial fluid. ⤷ It's not part of the joint. ➤ TENDON SHEATH ⤷ The elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon. INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH JOINTS. ➤ BURSITIS- inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction. ➤ TENDONITIS- it is the inflammation of the tendon. ➤ ARTHRITIS- ⤷ Over 100 different types. ⤷ Most widespread crippling disease in the U.S. 5  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 OPEN FRACTURE a.k.a. compound fracture BONE HISTOLOGY & The broken bone that penetrates the skin, increases the risk of BONE FRACTURES infection. CLOSED (Simple) Fracture -the bone is broken but the skin remains intact, BONE HISTOLOGY without an external wound. OSTEOBLAST- builds bone COMPLETE FRACTURE OSTEOCYTE- bone cells - the bone is completely OSTEOCLAST- removes/ broken into two or more crushes existing bones parts. OSTEOBLAST deposits INCOMPLETE (Greenstick) calcium into bones FRACTURE decreases blood calcium -the bone cracks but does not level break all the way through, OSTEOCLAST removes calcium often seen in children. from the bones increases COMMINUTED FRACTURE blood calcium level -the bone shatters into three COMPACT BONE has a solid or more pieces. matrix that forms most of the diaphysis of a long bone and the thinner BONE MARKINGS surfaces of all other This is the characteristics bones. seen on bones that have SPONGY BONE consists of three primary categories many small, marrow-filled and have various purposes: spaces in between the trabeculae located mainly 1. Articulating surfaces: in the epiphyses of long Smooth areas where bones bones. It forms the meet to form joints. interior of all other Condyle-rounded surface bones Facet- Flat surface Head- Prominent rounded surface Trochlea- rounded articulating surface 6  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 2. Depressions: Indentations The three main types of that allow passage for cartilage tissue are hyaline blood vessels and nerves cartilage, fibrocartilage, and or provide space (such as elastic cartilage. fossa, sulcus, fovea). 3. Projections: Raised areas Three Types of Cartilage where muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach. Hyaline, elastic, and Crest- ridge fibrocartilage Epicondyle- Chondroblasts - cells of Projection off a cartilage that secrete matrix condyle Line- slight, Chondrocytes - cells that are elongated ridge completely surrounded by matrix Process- prominent feature Found in lacunae Ramus- long projection(branch) Hyaline cartilage, the most Spine- Sharp process common type of cartilage in the Trochanter- Rough body, consists of short and round projection dispersed collagen fibers and Tubercle- small, contains large amounts of rounded process proteoglycans. Under the microscope, tissue samples Tuberosity- rough appear clear. The surface of surface hyaline cartilage is smooth. Both strong and flexible, it is found in the rib cage and nose HOLE AND SPACES and covers bones where they CANAL-passage in bone meet to form moveable joints. It makes up a template of the FISSURE-slit through bone embryonic skeleton before bone FORAMEN-hole through formation. A plate of hyaline bone cartilage at the ends of bone MEATUS -opening into allows continued growth until canal adulthood. SINUS— air-filled space in bone Fibrocartilage is tough because it has thick bundles of collagen fibers dispersed through its matrix. The knee and jaw joints and the intervertebral discs are 3 types of cartilage examples of fibrocartilage. 7  MIDTERMS | GROUP 1 Elastic cartilage contains Spaces house red bone marrow elastic fibers as well as where hematopoiesis occurs collagen and proteoglycans. This tissue gives rigid support Cells of Bone as well as elasticity. Tug gently at your ear lobes, and Osteogenic cells - stem cells notice that the lobes return to that replicate their initial shape. The Develop into osteoblasts external ear contains elastic Communicate via canaliculi cartilage. Osteoblasts - cells that form Bone Tissue new bone matrix Solid connective tissue Osteocytes - mature Compact bone osteoblast that are completely More dense surrounded by matrix Provides support and Located in lacunae protection Osteoclasts — cells that Spongy bone breakdown bone Provide strength to bone Aid in bone remodeling Spaces house red bone marrow Compact Bone Osteon-structural unit of compact bone Made of rings of matrix called concentric lamellae Concentric lamellae surround central canal and provide support Blood vessels in central canal connected to periosteum by perforating canals Nutrients and wastes move through canaliculi Spongy Bone Contain osteocytes within trabeculae Trabeculae-beams of bone that form lattice-like network within spongy bone Form along stress lines to provide strength 8