Midterm-Module (Chapter 1-3) PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY MODULE 1  PREFACE The Science, Technology, and Society module is deliberately designed to acquire the fundamentals of science and technology in the society. This inter...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY MODULE 1  PREFACE The Science, Technology, and Society module is deliberately designed to acquire the fundamentals of science and technology in the society. This interdisciplinary course has three-unit credits and engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in the society. Science, Technology and Society (STS) is an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions under which the production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occurs. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This module is divided into five (5) chapters. Chapter 1 confers the Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology. Chapter 2 discusses the Intellectual revolutions that defined society. Chapter 3 focuses on Science and Technology and Nation Building. Chapter 4 emphasizes on The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology and Technology as a Way of Revealing Human flourishing. Lastly, Chapter 5 centers on when technology and humanity cross. The parts of the module consist of the learning objectives, lesson content, and activities. An evaluation activity is added for students to have a better understanding on the concepts following a task-based and learner- centered approach. This course module is expressly for the students of Benguet State University and is produced by the College of Numeracy and Applied Sciences-Physics Department. Contributions from several authors of references or sources are properly acknowledged. 2  COURSE GUIDE COURSE DESCRIPTION This interdisciplinary course engages students to confront the realities brought about by science and technology in society. Such realities pervade the personal, the public, and the global aspects of our living and are integral to human development. Scientific knowledge and technological development happen in the context of society with all its socio-political, cultural, economic, and philosophical underpinnings at play. This course seeks to instill reflective knowledge in the students that they are able to live the good life and display ethical decision making in the face of scientific and technological advancement. This course includes mandatory topics on climate change and environmental awareness. The table presents the detailed course content of the subject: CHAPTER 1 Historical antecedents in which social considerations changed the course of science and technology a. In the World: Pre-history, Ancient, Middle and Modern Age b. In the Philippines CHAPTER 2 Intellectual revolutions that defined society a. Copernican b. Darwinian c. Newtonian d. Lavoisier CHAPTER 3 Science and Technology and Nation Building a. The Philippine Government S&T Agenda b. Major development programs and personalities in S&T in the Philippines c. Science Education in the Philippines d. Selected indigenous science and technologies CHAPTER 4 The Human Person flourishing in terms of science and technology as a Way of Revealing Human flourishing CHAPTER 5 When technology and humanity cross: a. Genetically Modified Organisms b. Gene therapy (Stem Cells) c. Nanotechnology d. Robotics and AI e. Information Age (Gutenberg to social media) f. Why does the future not need us? 3  COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES At the end of the course, the students, regardless of gender and ethnicity, are expected to: Cognitive: 1. Articulate the impacts of science and technology on society, specifically Philippine society. 2. Explain how science and technology affect society and the environment and its role in nation- building. 3. Recognize the effect of socio- cultural and politico- economic factors on the development of science and technology especially in the Philippine setting. 4. Analyze the human condition in order to deeply reflect and express philosophical ramifications that are meaningful to the student as a part of society. 5. Define and demonstrate the impact of social media on the students’ life and Philippine society in general. Affective: 1. Imbibe the importance of science and technology in the preservation of the environment and the development of the Filipino nation. 2. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology such that the student may be able to define for himself/herself the meaning of the good life. 3. Foster the value of a healthy lifestyle toward the holistic and sustainable development of society and the environment. Psychomotor: 1. Creatively present the importance and contributions of science and technology to society. 2. Examine shared concerns that make up the good life in order to come up with innovative and creative solutions to contemporary issues guided by ethical standards 3. Illustrate how the social media and information age impact their lives and their understanding of climate change. COURSE REQUIREMENT At the end of the course, you are expected to submit the following: 1. Written reports about assigned research works (when necessary) 2. Examinations EVALUATION AND GRADING SYSTEM: A. EVALUATION Your performance is evaluated in terms of: Written reports about assigned activities and researches (if there are) Activity Reports 66.67% Examinations 33.33% B. GRADING SYSTEM Your final grade (FG) would be computed using the following: Final Grade (FG): (2/3) FTG + (1/3) MTG where MTG = Midterm Grade = (2/3) CSG + (1/3) Midterm Exam Grade FTG = Final Term Grade = (2/3) CSG+ (1/3) Final Exam Grade CSG = Class Standing Grade = the CSG would be based on your submitted activities 4 BSU VMGO ORIENTATION, COURSE CONTENT AND CLASSROOM POLICY ORIENTATION Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:  state the BSU Vision, Mission, Goals and Objectives; and  explain the relation of the institution’s VMGO to their course.  define quantitative research; and  describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and kinds of quantitative research Vision: BSU as an International University engendering graduates to walk the intergenerational highways. Mission: Benguet State University CARES to: Challenge innovation, Advance technology and facilities, Revitalize administration, Engender partnership, and Serve in sustaining intergenerational role Goals & Objectives Goal I: Challenge Innovation in the four-fold functions of the University Objectives: 1. (Instruction) To provide quality education responsive to the needs of time 2. (Research) To enhance research productivity contributing to sustainable development 3. (Extension) To disseminate relevant research outputs and other scholarly activities consistent with BSU’s mandated programs 4. (Production) To promote sustainable and appropriate resource generation strategies for the implementation of development plans 5. (Administration) To advocate for resource management and effective energy efficiency in addressing the demands of climate change Goal II: Advance Technology and Facility by shaping the University become responsive to modern needs Objectives: 1. (Instruction) To use information and communication technology learning resources to sustain and enhance quality of alternative teaching - learning continuity endeavors 2. (Research and Extension) To upgrade facilities and enable researchers/extensionists to conduct activities using specialized facilities 3. (Production) To acquire and update state-of-the-art facilities in the projects innovation 4. (Administration) To upgrade facilities and establish modern physical infrastructures Goal III: Revitalize Administration by harmonizing performance monitoring, information, and reporting systems Objectives: 1. To elevate the BSU PRIME-HRM to a level of excellence for good governance and efficient public service 2. To reinforce transparency, integrity, and objectivity in the delivery of service 3. To regenerate instruction, research, extension, production, linkages, governance, management, and policies 4. To streamline operations to be efficient, effective, and responsive to challenges and changes 5 Goal IV: Engender Partnership by proactively strengthening linkages Objectives: 1. (Instruction) To establish academic partnerships with local, regional, national and international institutions providing educational opportunities for faculty, staff, and students 2. (Research) To increase and sustain university relations with academe, industries, GOs, NGOs, and LGUs for research funding 3. (Extension) To increase and sustain partnership with academe, LGUs, NGOs, industries, and others 4. (Production) To comply with existing laws, policies and other requirements Goal V: Serve Intergenerational Role by revitalizing the Spiritual, Physical, Economical, Cultural, Intellectual, Emotional, and Social (S.P.E.C.I.E.S.) state Objectives: 1. To offer programs that embody social, cultural, economical and developmental needs both for local and global markets 2. To champion local culture and languages in the University context through research, extension, and academic programs 3. To document best practices of the University 6 Name: ____________________________________________________ Score: __________ Program, Yr., and Section: __________________ ACTIVITY 1: Among the listed university goals and objectives, which one do you think is the most relevant to the degree program you are undertaking (Example: Goal V, Objective 1)? Explain why so? Write not more than 100 words. Detach the worksheet once finished. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ 7 _____________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER Historical Antecedents in which Social Considerations 1 Changed the Course of Science and Technology LESSON 1: PRE- HISTORY Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:  discuss how scientific and technological developments in the pre-history affected the society and the environment;  analyze the three important periods in pre- history; and  identify the tools used in the different periods. ENGAGE Imagine you were living 5 million years ago, what was life like during this era? Write in 3- 5 sentences. INTRODUCTION Prehistory is the age that begins with the appearance of human being about five million years ago, and finishes with the invention of writing, about 6,000 years ago. It is a long period divided into three periods: the Paleolithic period, the Mesolithic period, and the Neolithic period. The Paleolithic period began with our first ancestors and finished about 10,000 years ago. During that period, human beings used tools made of stone and lived on hunting and gathering. In the Mesolithic period, the development of agriculture contributed to the rise of permanent settlements. The Neolithic period or new age, human beings lived in villages and human communities cultivated the land and raised cattle. Continuance of agriculture and cattle herding gave rise to a productive economy as well as the discovery of metal. It is essential to recognize the impact of the foremost inventions and development of tools used by pre historic human to understand how it affected our society and environment. EXPLAIN The Paleolithic Period Paleolithic Period also called Old Stone Age is characterized by the use of rudimentary chipped stone tools. These included simple pebble tools (rock shaped by the pounding of another stone to produce tools with a serrated crest that served as a chopping blade), hand adzes (tools shaped from a block of stone to create a rounded butt and a single-bevel straight or curved cutting edge), stone scrapers, cleavers, and points. Such tools were also made of bone and wood. The Paleolithic Period was also characterized by the manufacture of small sculptures (e.g., carved stone statuettes of women, clay figurines of animals, and other bone and ivory carvings) and paintings, incised designs, and reliefs on cave walls. Characteristics 1. Food supply and Population is directly related 8  2. Humans had a very short life expectancy 3. Childhood illnesses were deadly 4. Paleolithic humans only stayed in one spot until the food supply was gone. Obtaining Food Roles of women and children Gathered nuts, berries, and eggs Collected honey Dug for roots Roles of men Hand fishing Hunting small animals w/ sticks and rocks Hunting for larger animals in groups Making Tools 1. Sticks and stones were sharpened into useful tools for hunting and other jobs 2. Pebble Tools 3. Chips were taken out of large stones to make jagged sharp edges Making Fire 1. Fire was 1st discovered by humans as a natural element, lighting causes fires 2. Soon the realized that they could make fire by rubbing 2 sticks together to create sparks 3. Cooking food helped the digestion process allowing humans more time to complete other tasks 4. Cooking also allowed for better nutrition Fire was used by early humans in many ways: Stay warm and dry, as weapon, For hunting, for clearing land, cooking food Seeking Shelter 1. The first humans lived on the open plains of Africa, they took shelter in pits they dug and dry river beds in bad weather 2. As the prehistoric humans moved out of Africa and into Europe and Asia they began to use caves as shelter Making Clothing 1. As climate changed to cool and wet prehistoric man began to use large animal hides for clothing 2. They were sewn together to provide protection and warmth The Neanderthals and the Cro- Magnons These are the two species within the genus Homo and have achieved a Paleolithic level of development. Below are the differences between the two species. NEANDERTHALS CRO- MAGNONS 1. Discovered in Germany, found throughout 1. Discovered in France, remains found in North Asia, Africa, and Europe Africa, Asia, and Europe 2. Believed 1 million lived on Earth at 1 time 2. Tool makers, invented the burin to make better 3. Skilled hunters, used traps (pitfalls) to catch weapons for hunting larger game larger prey 3. Spear throwers were invented to expand their 4. 1st to bury their dead food source and make hunting safer 4. Invented the axe to cut down trees and bamboo to make rafts and boats. Rafts allowed them to become the 1st humans to reach Australia 9  5. 1st to use bones, ivory, and shells for jewelry, and decorate clothing 6. Made flutes from hollow bones to create music The Mesolithic Period The Mesolithic Period, or Middle Stone Age, is an archaeological term describing specific cultures that fall between the Paleolithic and the Neolithic Periods. The Paleolithic was an age of purely hunting and gathering, but toward the Mesolithic period the development of agriculture contributed to the rise of permanent settlements. Characteristics 1. Second period in Human history 2. Based on the increased technology of “microlith” 3. The new technology allowed for an increase in leather work and basketry. 4. Tools were combined with other tools and refined for hunting 5. All these new tools were allowed for the domestication of plants and animals. Tools Microliths: tiny flints that were glued/fixed to Assorted flint blades: used as knives wooden shafts to make arrows or spears for hunting. Axe head: The axe heads were fixed into a Scrapers: used for cleaning animal skins in the wooden handle and used like axes today. process of making leather 10  Flint core: raw material from which other tools Burins: used for carving or engraving wood and could be made. bone, like a chisel The Neolithic Period The Neolithic or New Stone Age denotes to a stage of human culture following the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods and is characterized by the use of polished stone implements, development of permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making, domestication of animals and plants, the cultivation of grain and fruit trees, and weaving. Characteristics 1. Hunter and Gatherers began to farm 2. Life became more sedentary and permanent villages developed 3. Seed planting and animal domestication 4. Neolithic people became food producers 5. Farming 6. growth in population Tools 1. Hammers and Chisels: Hammers were mostly used with chisels in woodworking, though the difference between a hammer and a war club is really only in the use. 2. Adzes: A larger adze also makes an effective tool for digging, removing roots and generally preparing land for planting. 11 3. Axe: Axes make the clearing of land much simpler, allowing the spread of agriculture. Axes also make effective weapons, and it is thought that many Neolithic axes were meant to be used on enemies rather than trees. 4. Three- Sided Blade Points: can be inserted deeper into a carcass, or run along a bone, and works better for the fruits and vegetables of a settled agricultural life. 12 Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: __________ Program, Yr., and Section: ________________________________ ACTIVITY 2: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished. 1. Compare and contrast Paleolithic period, Mesolithic period, and Neolithic period. 13 2. Identify a tool in any period of the pre- history then write its impact in our society at present. Write not more than 80 words. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the implication of agriculture on human society? Write not more than 80 words. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 14 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER LESSON 2A: Ancient Civilization 1 (Sumerian, Babylonian, and Mayan) Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:  discuss the interactions between Science, Technology and Society in Ancient Civilization; and  discuss how scientific and technological developments affect society and the environment. ENGAGE : Below are writings in cuneiform. Decode it using the cuneiform “alphabet.” Cuneiform “Alphabet” INTRODUCTION The term civilization basically means the level of development at which people live together peacefully in communities. Ancient civilization refers specifically to the first settled and stable communities 15 that became the basis for later states, nations, and empires. Moreover, a civilization is a complex human society with certain characteristics of cultural and technological development. In many parts of the world, early civilizations formed when people began coming together in urban settlements. The word “civilization” relates to the Latin word “civitas” or “city.” This is why the most basic definition of the word “civilization” is “a society made up of cities.” SIX TRAITS OF A CIVILIZATION 1. CITIES: The first civilizations developed in river valleys (flat area between hills or mountains) where people could carry on the large-scale farming that was needed to feed a large population. As food became abundant (easier to get), more people would live in the city. New patterns of living soon emerged. 2. GOVERNMENT: Growing numbers of people, the need to maintain the food supply, and the need for defense (protection) soon led to the growth of governments. Governments organize and regulate human activity. They also provide for smooth interaction between individuals and groups. 3. RELIGION: Important religious developments also characterized the new urban (city) civilizations. All of them developed religions to explain the forces of nature and their roles in the world. They believed that gods and goddesses were important to the community's success. 4. SOCIAL STRUCTURE: A new social structure based on economic (money) power also arose. Rulers and an upper class of priests, government officials, and warriors dominated society. Below this class was a large group of free people - farmers, artisans (people with special skills), and craftspeople. At the bottom was a slave class. 5. WRITING: Writing was an important feature in the life of these new civilizations. Above all, rulers, priests, merchants (businessmen), and artisans used writing to keep accurate records. 6. ART: Significant artistic activity was another feature of the new civilizations. Architects built temples and pyramids as places for worship or sacrifice, or for the burial of kings and other important people. Painters and sculptors portrayed (showed) stories of nature. They also provided depictions (drawings) of the rulers and gods they worshiped. Did you know that the Sumerian culture was lost to history until the 19 th century? All knowledge of their history, language and technology—even their name—was eventually forgotten. Their secrets remained buried in the deserts of Iraq until the 19th century, when French and British archaeologists finally stumbled upon Sumerian artifacts while hunting for evidence of the ancient Assyrians. Scholars such as Henry Rawlinson, Edward Hincks, Julius Oppert and Paul Haupt later took the lead in deciphering the Sumerian language and cuneiform, providing historians with their first ever glimpse of the long lost history and literature of early Mesopotamia. Since then, archaeologists have recovered numerous pieces of Sumerian art, pottery and sculpture as well as some 500,000 clay tablets, the vast majority of which have still yet to be translated (https://www.history.com/news/). ANCIENT SUMERIANS The Sumerians were the most extraordinary people who ever lived on the face of the earth. They seemed to come from out of nowhere, and they single-handedly invented civilization when most of the rest of the world was still living in the Stone Age. What’s more, they did it thousands of years before anyone else. In regard to the Sumerians, you will need to revise your concept of ancient in comparison to the "ancient" Greeks, Romans, and Egyptians. The Sumerian civilization was already ancient when it ended in 2004 B.C., 16 twenty centuries before Julius Caesar, sixteen centuries before Socrates, and seven centuries before Tutankhamen. CONTRIBUTIONS FABRICATION OF COPPER The archeological evidence states that they harnessed the skill of extracting and working with copper around 5000 to 6000 years ago. By developing this skill of fabricating copper, they helped in significant growth of various Mesopotamia cities like Uruk, Sumer, Ur, and al’Ubaid. Sumerians used copper in making heads of arrows, razors, harpoons and many other small objects. Later, they also began making vessels, chisels, and jugs from copper. These objects reveal excellent craftsmanship of the Sumerians. THE WHEEL During this Bronze Age, people had already begun planting crops, herding domestic animals and also had some form of social hierarchy. It was none other than Sumerians, who were the firs to use wood as wheels. They joined the logs together and further rolled them in a way that made it easier for moving the heavy objects. Gradually, by observing the movement, they went one step further by drilling a hole through the frame of the cart while making a place for the axle. Ultimately, they connected the wheels to form a chariot. Today, this wheel caters to transportation systems spread worldwide. CUNEIFORM SCRIPT It is the oldest writing form in the world and was first used by the Sumerians in 3400 BCE. Here, a stylus is pressed into soft clay that produces a wedge-shaped style of writing. These impressions represent word signs which they used to keep a record of everything. It started with pictorial cuneiform and later changed to phonograms or word concepts. The cuneiform script was used for more than three millenniums until the Roman era introduced alphabetical forms. SAILBOAT Sumerians came up with lightweight sailboats made from wood and papyrus. The sails were square-shaped and made up of cloth. Not only were these sailboats helpful in trade and commerce, but they also proved to be of great use in irrigation and fishing. It is considered to be one of the crucial inventions that really helped in making the Mesopotamian civilization a great empire. CODE OF UR-NAMMU The oldest surviving law code produced towards the end of the third millennium BCE was written on clay tablets in the Sumerian language. This code gives us an insight into how justice prevailed in the ancient Sumerian society. Listed below are some laws followed under the Code of Ur-Nammu: A man must be killed if he commits a murder A man will be killed if he commits a robbery A man must be imprisoned and asked to pay 15 shekels of silver if he commits a kidnapping If a slave marries a slave and if that slave is set free, he does not leave the house If a slave marries a native, he should hand over his first son to his owner 17 BOARD GAMES The royal game named Ur or The Game of Twenty Squares is a Sumerian version of the board game from ancient Mesopotamia that existed around 2500 BCE. Its remains were founded by Sir Leonard Woolley during 1920s. You can still find one of the two boards in the British Museum of London. Known to be one of the oldest and most popular board games, this could be played by only two people. LUNAR CALENDAR This calendar is entirely based on the recurrence of lunar phases which means, the phases of the moons were used to count the 12 months. The Sumerians observed two seasons – summer and winter and the sacred marriage rites were performed on New Year. They used the phases of the moon to count 12 lunar months as a year. To make up the difference between this year and the year of seasons, they added an extra month to every year after four years. Why is “The Hanging Gardens called such”? It’s because it has plants cultivated at a height above ground level, and the roots of the trees are embedded in an upper terrace rather than in the earth. This is the technique of its construction. The whole mass is supported on stone columns so that the entire underlying space is occupied by carved column bases (https://www.livescience.com/). BABYLONIAN The city of Babylon on the River Euphrates in southern Iraq is mentioned in documents of the late third millennium B.C.E. and first came to prominence as the royal city of king Hammurabi (about 1790-1750 B.C.E.). He established his control over many other kingdoms stretching from the Persian Gulf to Syria. CONTRIBUTIONS POSITIONAL NUMBER SYSTEM The Babylonian numeral system is the first known positional numeral system and it is considered by some as their greatest achievement in mathematics. The value of a digit depends on both the digit and its position. Positional system greatly simplifies arithmetic. During that time the Babylonians did not have a concept of zero or a digit for it and made use of space instea. Due to their advanced number system, the Babylonians made great advances in mathematics. It has now been established that Greek and Hellenistic mathematicians borrowed heavily from the Babylonians. ADVANCED ARITHMETIC CALCULATIONS AND SOLVED QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Babylonians constructed tables to aid in calculation. Unearthed Babylonian tablets give squares of the numbers up to 59 and cubes of the numbers up to 32. If one uses formulas, a table of squares is all that is necessary to multiply numbers. As the Babylonians did not have an algorithm for long division, they instead used a table of reciprocals. We still have their reciprocal tables going up to the reciprocals of numbers up to several billion. Apart from arithmetical calculations, Babylonian mathematicians also developed algebraic methods of solving equations. These were also based on pre-calculated tables. 18 FIRST TO USE SOPHISTICATED GEOMETRY TO TRACK MOVING OBJECTS The Babylonians used geometry for the calculation of the areas of rectangles, triangles and trapezoids as well as the volumes of simple shapes such as bricks and cylinders. Five Babylonian tablets also provide evidence that they were using sophisticated geometrical calculations to track Jupiter across the night sky. They did this through a method for estimating the area under a curve by drawing a trapezoid. Using this method they tracked the position of Jupiter as well as its speed and the distance that it traveled. This technique is fundamental to physics and was previously believed to have originated in 14th century Europe. BUILT MASSIVE AND MARVELOUS STRUCTURES LIKE ETEMENANKI AND THE ISHTAR GATE The Mesopotamian civilization built a number of ziggurats. The most famous of these is Etemenanki, which had a height of 91 meters but is now in ruins. It was constructed around 610 BC by the Babylonian king Nabopolassar and was dedicated to the patron deity of Babylon, Marduk. Etemenanki is most probably the inspiration for the biblical story of the Tower of Babel, a tower tall enough to reach heaven. The Babylonians were well known for their large scale buildings. Apart from Etemenanki, they are said to have constructed The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Hanging Gardens were an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees shrubs, and vines. They are described as a marvelous feat of engineering and are said to have been constructed during the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II (605 – 562 BC). However, some doubt the existence of such a structure as there is no physical evidence for it. Other awe-inspiring structures constructed by the Babylonians include the Ishtar Gate, which was the main entrance to the ancient city of Babylon. ENACTED ONE OF THE EARLIEST AND MOST COMPLETE LEGAL CODES Hammurabi (r. 1792 BC to 1750 BC) was the sixth king of the First Babylonian Dynasty. He brought almost all of Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule. Hammurabi enacted a set of laws to govern his empire now renowned as the Code of Hammurabi. It was one of the earliest and most complete written legal codes. Also, unlike earlier Mesopotamian law code, it was one of the first law codes to place greater emphasis on the physical punishment of the perpetrator. The Code of Hammurabi contains as many as 300 laws that discuss a wide range of subjects, including homicide, assault, divorce, debt, adoption, tradesman’s fees, agricultural practices and even disputes regarding the brewing of beer. It was among the first codes to establish the presumption of innocence, the principle that one is considered innocent unless proven guilty. 19  Did you know that their pyramids and cities of ancient Mayans are still being discovered? It’s amazing to think that something as large as a pyramid could elude archaeologists today. But it was only a few years ago that a Maya pyramid more than 1000 years old was discovered at Toniná in the Mexican state of Chiapas. It had been hidden under what was believed to be a natural hill. In 2015, researchers said this newfound monument was actually Mexico’s tallest pyramid at 246 feet (75 meters) in height, surpassing the 213-foot Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan. The ruins of two Maya cities concealed by thick vegetation were also recently discovered in Mexico’s state of Campeche (https://www.mentalfloss.com) ANCIENT MAYAN The Maya civilization began long ago in a place called 'Mesoamerica'. This huge area is made up of Mexico and part of Central America. The Mayas built amazing cities like Tikal (which they called 'Yax Mutal') and Palenque. Even though they lived in different cities, ruled by different kings and queens, the Mayas shared a lot of common beliefs and traditions. They were experts at reading the stars and even built their cities as a map of the sky! They were also inspired by the creatures of the forest and shared many legends about animals, plants and nature spirits. CONTRIBUTIONS ASTRONOMY Ancient Mayans recorded information on the development of the sun, the moon, Venus, and the stars. They have also calculated the days to be 365.2420 days (the true approximation is 365.2422). BALL COURTS Ball games were frequently played during religious celebrations, lasting for up to 20 days. The courts were situated at the foot of sanctuaries to pay tribute to the gods and goddesses. CHOCOLATE Ball court The Ancient Mayans were the first to first to discover the many uses of the cacao bean between 250 and 900 AD. They mixed the cacao bean with pepper and cornmeal to make a fiery chocolate drink. HALLUCINOGEN Every occasion was feted in a grand way, and people with special powers known as shamans conducted rituals for the gods. The shamans took stimulating drugs to induce trance-like states during these rituals in order to make contact with the spiritual world. These substances affected the body in such a way that pain was not felt, and energy was increased. LAW AND ORDER Laws were standardized across every state and were applicable to all levels of society. If someone broke the law, they would go to court where punishments were meted out according to the crime. Victims of theft were personally involved in the process of justice. IN AREA OF MATHEMATICS 20  Used a base 20 or vigesimal numbering system and to some extent base 5. They have also built the concept of 0 into their numbering system by 36 BC. MAYAN ART The Maya created artwork from a variety of materials including wood, jade, obsidian, and earthenware, and decorated stone landmarks, stucco, and walls. Woodcuts were common but only a few examples still survive. Stone sculptures are much more common today, the most celebrated among them, from Copan and Quirigua, are remarkable for their complexity of detail. MAYAN WRITING Glyphs are used to describe or represent a word, sound or even a syllable through pictures or symbols. History suggests that the Maya used around 700 different glyphs, and astonishingly 80 percent of the language is still understood today. RUBBER The fundamental staples of the Mayan diet were maize, beans, and squashes. Crops also included amaranth, bean stew peppers, sweet potatoes, manioc, tobacco, chaya, cotton, cacao, vanilla, and of course latex. The Maya took the latex from trees and blended it with the juice from vines to make elastic. 21 Name:_________________________________________________________ Score: _________ Program, Yr., and Section:________________________________ ACTIVITY 3: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished. 1. How did the development in science and technology shape human history? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Select two (2) inventions from ancient Sumerian, Babylonian, or Mayan and discuss how these inventions impacted the people and the society during the time period they were invented. Write not more than 100 words. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ 22 ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER LESSON 2B: Ancient Civilization 1 (Greek, Roman, and Egyptian) Did you know that the pyramids were not built by slaves but by paid laborers? Ancient construction workers were a mix of skilled artisans and temporary hands, and some appear to have taken great pride in their craft. The idea that slaves built the pyramids was first conjured by the Greek historian Herodotus in the fifth century B.C., but most historians now dismiss it as myth. While the ancient Egyptians were certainly not averse to keeping slaves, they appear to have mostly used them as field hands and domestic servants (https://www.history.com/news). ANCIENT EGYPT The ancient Egyptian civilization began 5,000 years ago when people started building villages next to the River Nile in north-east Africa. It lasted for around 3,000 years. The river was an important source of water in a hot and dry desert landscape. It enabled the ancient Egyptians to grow crops like wheat, barley, fruits and vegetables. Furthermore, they have established a lot in terms of infrastructure. Aside from Engineering technology, the Egyptians have contributed other practical things that the world now considers as essential. CONTRIBUTIONS THE PYRAMIDS The oldest pyramid was erected for King Zoser between 2667-2648 BC.The oldest pyramid was erected for King Zoser between 2667-2648 BC. In fact it is the first monumental stone building designed and constructed that we know of. WRITING Along with the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians were the first people to develop their language into a codified form of writing. All early forms of writing were pictograms – pictures. All writing systems developed in this way but their original forms become lost as the pictures are refined into abstract forms. What is interesting about the Egyptians is that although their writing changed to the abstract form of Hieratic they deliberately preserved the hieroglyphic pictures in their original forms. PAPYRUS SHEETS 23  Papyrus sheets are the earliest paper-like material – all other civilizations used stone, clay tablets, animal hide, wood materials or wax as a writing surface. Papyrus was, for over 3000 years, the most important writing material in the ancient world. It was exported all around the Mediterranean and was widely used in the Roman Empire as well as the Byzantine Empire. Its use continued in Europe until the seventh century AD, when an embargo on exporting it forced the Europeans to use parchment. BLACK INK The Egyptians mixed vegetable gum, soot and bee wax to make black ink. They replaced soot with other materials such as ochre to make various colors. THE CALENDAR The Egyptians devised the solar calendar by recording the yearly reappearance of Sirius (the Dog Star) in the eastern sky. It was a fixed point which coincided with the yearly flooding of the Nile. Their calendar had 365 days and 12 months with 30 days in each month and an additional five festival days at the end of the year. Calendar However, they did not account for the additional fraction of a day and their calendar gradually became incorrect. Eventually Ptolemy III added one day to the 365 days every four years. THE OX-DRAWN PLOUGH Using the power of oxen to pull the plough revolutionized agriculture and modified versions of this Egyptian invention are still used by farmers in developing countries around the world. THE SICKLE The sickle is a curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley. IRRIGATION The Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness Nile River’s yearly flood and bring water to distant fields. THE SHADOOF The Shadoof is a long balancing pole with a weight on one end and a bucket on the other. The bucket is filled with water and easily raised then emptied onto higher ground. Shadoof 24  CLOCKS In order to tell the time Egyptians invented two types of clock. Obelisks were used as sun clocks by noting how its shadow moved around its surface throughout the day. From the use of obelisks they identified the longest and shortest days of the year. An inscription in the tomb of the court official Amenemhet dating to the16th century BC shows a water clock made from a stone vessel with a tiny hole at the bottom which allowed water to dripped at a constant rate. The passage of hours could be measured from marks spaced at different levels. The priest at Karnak temple used a similar instrument at night to determine the correct hour to perform religious rites. SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS The Edwin Smith Papyrus shows the Egyptians invented medical surgery. It describes 48 surgical cases of injures of the head, neck, shoulders, breast and chest. It includes a list of instruments used during surgeries with instructions for the suturing of wounds using a needle and thread. This list includes lint, swabs, bandage, adhesive plaster, surgical stitches and cauterization. It is also the earliest document to make a study of the brain. The Cairo Museum has a collection of surgical instruments which include scalpels, scissors, copper needles, forceps, spoons, lancets, hooks, probes and pincers. WIGS During the hot summers many Egyptians shaved their heads to keep them clean and prevent pests such as lice. Although priests remained bald as part of their purification rituals, those that could afford it had wigs made in various styles and set with perfumed beeswax. MUMMIFICATION The Egyptians were so expert at preserving the bodies of the dead that after thousands of years we know of the diseases they suffered such as arthritis, tuberculosis of the bone, gout, tooth decay, bladder stones, and gallstones; there is evidence, too, of the disease bilharziasis (schistosomiasis), caused by small, parasitic flatworms, which still exists in Egypt today. There seems to have been no syphilis or rickets. Alarm Did you know that It was common in ancient Greece to write manuscripts bi-directionally,clock meaning that one line would be written from left to right and the following line would be written from right to left. Just to make it doubly confusing, the letters were also mirrored from one line 25 to the other. This was called boustrophedon text (https://www.factinate.com).  ANCIENT GREECE Ancient Greece was born on the shores of the Aegean Sea about 4,000 years ago. In over a millennium it expanded to lands as far as west of Spain and Far East of India. There were collections of 1500 territories that acted as sovereign nation called City- States. Moreover, Ancient Greece acquired the 1st large scale democracy which was developed in the city state of Athens. Greek empire established colonies overseas and it is well protected from foreign invaders such as the Persian Empire. City- States are united to defend their homeland (Example: LEONIDAS king of Sparta fought XEREX king of Persia). Soldiers are labeled as HEROES which inspired the creation of Olympics that celebrated PHYSICAL COMPETITION. The Greek empire contributed mainly on the arts and architecture, philosophy (reason, ethics, and natural law), language, and Alphabet. REASONS FOR DECLINE 1. Greece was divided into city-states. Constant warring between the city states weakened Greece and made it difficult to unite against a common enemy like Rome. 2. The poorer classes in Greece began to rebel against the aristocracy and the wealthy. 3. The city-states of Ancient Greece had different governments and were constantly changing alliances. 4. Greek colonies had a similar culture, but were not strong allies to Greece or any of the Greek city- states. CONTRIBUTIONS WATER MILL The water mill was used for metal shaping, agriculture, and milling. It originated from the Perachora wheel created in the third century BC in Greece and was invented by the contemporary Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium. Water mill ODOMETER The odometer measures the distance traveled by a vehicle such as a bicycle or automobile. It is mechanical in nature and slowly evolving into electro-mechanical with the rise of technology. Vitruvius first described the odometer as being used for measuring distance around 27 BC. Odometer Archimedes of Syracuse as its inventor used the odometer sometime around the First Punic War. Some historians also attribute its invention to Heron of Alexandria. ALARM CLOCK The ancient Greek’s alarm clocks used large complicated mechanisms to time the alarm. They made use of water (or sometimes small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded the alarm. Plato was believed to have utilized an alarm clock to signal the start of his lecture. His version used four water vessels lined up vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was tapped off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. Afterwards, this vessel would empty towards the bottom vessel for storage and reuse. 26 CARTOGRAPHY Anaximander was one of the first pioneer cartographers to create a map of the world. He included all inhabited areas of the world in his map. The map appeared in tablet form and featured Ionia in the center. It was bounded on the east by the Caspian Sea and stretched to the Pillars of Hercules in the west. Middle Europe borders the map in the north while Ethiopia and the Nile feature at the southern end. OLYMPICS It was dedicated to the Olympian Gods. The game was for young men to show their physical qualities and to enforce the relationship between the various Greek cities. Only Greek men were allowed to participate in the Olympics but not women. There are three stages of the Olympic Games. The Isthmian Games (two years at the Isthmus of Corinth), Pythian Games (four years near Delphi), and Olympia (southwest of Greece which takes place every four years) Did you know that ancient Romans built dams that are still in use today? Amazingly, two Roman dams built in Spain are still in use after 1,900 years. These dams are noteworthy for their extraordinary height, which remained unsurpassed anywhere in the world until the Late Middle Ages (https://www.factinate.com/). ANCIENT ROME Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe, Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands. Among the many legacies of Roman dominance are the widespread use of the Romance languages (Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Romanian) derived from Latin, the modern Western alphabet and calendar and the emergence of Christianity as a major world religion. After 450 years as a republic, Rome became an empire in the wake of Julius Caesar’s rise and fall in the first century B.C. The long and triumphant reign of its first emperor, Augustus, began a golden age of peace and prosperity; by contrast, the Roman Empire’s decline and fall by the fifth century A.D. was one of the most dramatic implosions in the history of human civilization. CONTRIBUTIONS ARCHES Romans first found a way to set an arch on top of two tall pedestals such that it would span a walkway (and in many cases, even highways). These arches went on to become pivotal engineering constructions that laid the foundation for many of the subsequent structural highlights of ancient Rome. Many bridges were built upon these arches, and so were the aqueducts, sewers, amphitheaters, and even the great Colosseum. GRID- BASED CITIES 27 It is characterized by a rectangle or a square in a nearly perfect orthogonal layout of streets. The two main streets, the “cardo” and the “decumanus”, would cross each other at a right angle in the center of the grid. This grid was an ideal structure to organize the different components of a city such as housing, theaters, and stores into particular blocks. To avoid the city becoming a monotonous series of blocks, the Romans incorporated various items such as open theaters, public baths, markets, and other recreational facilities within the city grid. SEWERS AND SANITATION The Romans established a number of public baths, latrines, and an interlinked sewage line binding them all together in a complex and efficient feat of engineering. Rome and other major cities had an extensive network of sewers and drains that ran along the sides of the streets. CONCRETE The Romans used to combine their cement with volcanic rock popularly known as “tuff,” enabling the resulting concrete to endure possible chemical decay. It is not much of a surprise that many ancient Roman structures such as the Pantheon, the Colosseum and the Roman Forum having been standing for more than two millennia. ROADS AND HIGHWAYS Used for the rise of the Roman state, expanding all across the Roman Republic and then the Roman Empire. In a period of about 700 years, they built about 55,000 miles of paved highways around the Mediterranean basin and across Europe. It ensured the fast and efficient movement of goods, soldiers, and information across the entire empire. Roman roads usually followed a straight route across the countryside, making travel efficient and fast. AQUEDUCTS It is used to transport water from rivers, springs, and reservoirs. The first Roman aqueducts were built around 312 BC It uses the downhill flow of water to supply the city centers. Once the water reached bigger cities like Rome, large reservoirs would then contain it. The public baths, fountains, toilets, and private villas could then all tap into the network and access the water. SURGERY TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES They have invented procedures such as the cesarean section. During the reign of Augustus, a military medical corps was established to assist injured soldiers in battle They also invented tools like bronze scalpels, obstetric hooks, bone drills, and forceps, and also the rather frighteningly named vaginal speculum. Moreover, they pioneered the earliest form of antiseptic surgery since they used to dip medical tools in hot water to disinfect them before surgery. 28 JULIAN CALENDAR Ancient Romans instituted the 12 months of the year. It is clear from the name that the calendar was named after Julius Caesar himself, and some Eastern orthodox churches use it to calculate holidays even today. NEWSPAPERS Newspapers were used for official announcements and developments. Rome was the first empire to establish a sophisticated system of circulating written news. It published the “Acta Diurna” which translates as “Daily Events.” It is comprised of political news, trials, military campaigns, executions, major scandals, and other similar subjects these handwritten news sheets were published daily and posted by the government in the Roman Forum from the year 59 BC to somewhere around 222 AD. The Romans also published the “Acta Senatus” that recorded the proceedings in the Roman Senate Name:_________________________________________________________ Score: _______ Program, Yr., and Section:________________________________ ACTIVITY 4: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished. 1. Identify and write three (3) major scientific and technological developments in the world that created a large impact on your daily life. 1 2 3 29  2. What historical antecedent gave rise to the invention you mentioned in the first question? ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ CHAPTER LESSON 2C: Ancient Civilization 1 (Chinese, Persian, and Indus-Hindu) ENGAGE : Below are contributions of some ancient civilizations. Guess the names of these contributions, its use, and in which civilization it belongs to. 30  Did you know that China was the first country who used paper money? The first type of paper money was called jiaozi (Chinese: 交子, Pinyin:/jyaoww dzrr/), printed in 1023 during the Northern Song dynasty, in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan Province (https://www.chinahighlights.com/). CHINESE CIVILIZATION Ancient China is also known as middle kingdom. Chinese civilization is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. China is a vast country with great river systems called the Yellow River to the north and the Yangtze to the south. These regions were the cradle of civilization in China. The fertile soil allowed the ancient Chinese to grow their crops, mainly millet and rice. During the ancient period, China is ruled in dynasties, each having its own contribution. CONTRIBUTIONS WOODBLOCK PRINTING In this method of printing, Chinese characters were engraved on a wooden plate then were stamped on a paper. This was then improved by carving individual characters on pieces of clay and then hardened them with fire. These movable type pieces were later glued to an iron plate to print a page and then broken up and redistributed for another page. COMPASS “SI NAN” The compass has a ladle shaped lodestone placed on a metal plate. The lodestone aligns itself to the north-south direction. It was originally used of feng shui then it was used for navigating ships. GUNPOWDER This was accidentally discovered when an alchemist tried to make a potion to gain human immortality. The gunpowder is made of sulfur, charcoal, and saltpeter. This was used in fireworks during important celebrations. Furthermore, it was used in gunpowder-propelled weapons to attack at a distance. 31 TEA PRODUCTION It is believed that tea was accidentally discovered by an emperor when dried leaves went into his boiling pot of water. He drank it and tasted good. Tea production was developed when an unknown inventor created a machine that was able to shred tea leaves into strips. This enabled tea the increase of production and the trade with other nations. MECHANICAL CLOCK This clock is considered to be the world’s first mechanical clock. This clock is operated by dripping water that powered a wheel that made one full revolution in 24 hours. An iron and bronze system of wheels, shafts, hooks, pins, locks, and interconnected rods made the clock work. This system caused the automatic chiming of a bell on the hour and the beating of a drum every quarter hour. ACUPUNCTURE Acupuncture is a medical technique that uses fine needles to relieve pain, cure disease, and improve general health. Originally, pointed stones were used then followed by slivers of animal bones until fine bamboo needles were used. SILK PRODUCTION Silk is naturally produced by silk worms but it was the Chinese who developed the technology to harvest silk and process it to produce paper and clothing. Silk production resulted in the creation of product trade. The silk trade opened China to the outside countries, making way for cultural, economic, and scientific exchanges. Did you know that the ancient Persian capital city of Persepolis, situated in southern Iran, ranks among the world’s greatest archeological sites? It was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979. The Achaemenian palaces of Persepolis were built upon massive terraces. They were decorated with ornamental facades that included the long rock relief carvings for which the ancient Persians were famous (https://www.history.com/). PERSIA Ancient Persia, roughly modern-day Iran, established its first empire under Cyrus the Great. Followed by his son, Darius the Great was able to the stretch the Persian Empire from Europe’s Balkan Peninsula—in parts of what is present day Bulgaria, Romania, and Ukraine—to the Indus River Valley in northwest India and south to Egypt. With the accomplishment of these two leaders, Persia became the first global empire and the leading nation during their time. The Persians were the first people to establish regular routes of communication between three continents—Africa, Asia and Europe. They built many new roads and developed the world’s first postal service. CONTRIBUTIONS QANAT This is the water supply system of ancient Persia. A gently sloping underground channel which can extend to several kilometers carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses and fields. It is used for the irrigation of crops and for drinking water. 32 YAKHCHAL It literally means ice pit (yakh-ice, chal- pit). This ancient refrigerator, though more of a cooler, is built in deserts of Persia. A containment area is dug then a dome made of water-resistant mortar (sarooj) will be erected. It is made cool either by transporting ice from nearby mountains in it or by allowing water to pass using underground water channels (qanat). Yakhchal is used to store and preserve food. SULFURIC ACID It was discovered by Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Jakarta al-Razi. Its use during ancient times is still unknown, but this discovery is one of the bases of the formation of chemical engineering in the modern field of chemistry. At present, sulfuric acid is used in cleaning agents, fertilizers and detergents. ANIMATION Earthenware goblet and bowl with sequential drawings were found in a burial site in Iran. Giving the bowl a spin, one would see a goat leaping to snatch leaves from a tree. (You can check the animation on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kO_GqsvLRCc) POSTAL SERVICE Mails are carried by messengers (called as chapaar) on horseback and once they reach a station, messengers stop to pass their packets of mail to another messenger or to change their horses. These enabled faster delivery of mails. Did you know that during the Indus Valley Civilization, they used seals as an identifier? They were engraved with words written in their own language. The seals consist of a lot of creatures, animals, people, or perhaps even gods. The most famous among them is the “Pashupati seal”, where a three headed man with buffalo horn on his middle head sits between a tiger and a bull (https://detechter.com/). INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION The Indus Valley Civilization or also known as Harappan Civilization existed around 3300 B.C.E. until 2600 B.C.E. along the Indus river. At present, the area occupied by this civilization extends along Afghanistan, Pakistan and Northwest India. Harrapans were able to develop the first accurate system of standardized weights and measures, some as accurate as to 1.6 mm. In the field of Mathematics, the Indus Valley civilization gave much contribution. Concepts of negative and positive quantities, square root and cube root, quadratic equation, implications of zero and infinity, and Fibonacci were from ancient and classical Hindus. In 1800 BCE, Indus Valley Civilization started to decline. Most scholars believe that the collapse of the civilization is due to climate change. Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________ Program, Yr., and Section: ________________________________ ACTIVITY 5: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished. Choose one among the Ancient Chinese, Persian, and Indus Valley Civilization. Identify one of their inventions/ contributions (except for the ones in this module) then draw it. Explain in 33  your own words how the invention/ contribution work. Also, identify its uses and purpose. Write in not more than 100 words. CHAPTER LESSON 3: Middle Age and Modern Age 1 34  Did you know that between 500 C.E -1400s: A pope is more powerful than a king? Eels were sometimes used as currency? Animals could be tried and convicted for crimes, and if found guilty will be sentenced to death? Archery practice was compulsory for every Englishman? Their bread could get you high or kill you? (Sometimes they use stored rye which was frequently infected with a fungus with LSD like qualities that causes hallucinations, gangrene and - in extreme cases- death.) Their shoes could be up to two feet long? MIDDLE/ MEDIEVAL AGE Middle or medieval age, is a millennium from 500 CE to 1400 A.D. (some references extend it to 1600), is considered as “Dark Ages.” Unfortunate events such as invasion, wars and immigration were prevalent in this period. Focusing in Europe, this is the period when the established civilization of Greeks and Romans were destroyed by barbarians. As described by Edward Gibbon, this is a period of “Barbarism and Religion.” During this time, one of the most powerful institution are the churches, Roman Catholic Church in Europe and Islam in Central Asia. By 11th century, crusades were conducted by knights of Roman Catholic Church in order to expel Muslims out of Jerusalem. In 1300s a mysterious disease, called as Black Death also known as bubonic plague, spread across Europe and resulted in the death of around 30%-60% of Europe’s population. This disease made its way to Europe when ships trading in Asia docked in Sicily port. There is no exact account in how this disease was eradicated but accordingly, it was stopped by the isolation of those uninfected. RENAISSANCE PERIOD Renaissance was a period in Europe from late 1400s to 1600s. The term renaissance is a French word which means rebirth. It symbolized the beginning of a new era of art, rebirthing the classical models of Ancient Greek and Rome periods while using the modern techniques. Renaissance is also described as period of enlightenment. There was a cultural, political, scientific and intellectual explosion which gave a new perspective to people. There was a shift in the view of people regarding nature. Some important contributions during this period are the following: Invention of the printing press by Johannes Guttenberg in 1440. This invention led to information revolution and enabled the mass production of printed books. Improvement of lenses- This led to the invention of microscope and telescope, enabling the observation of heavenly bodies and tiny particles. Development of scientific method- Galileo used controlled experiments and analyzed data to prove, or disprove, his theories. The process was later refined by scientists such as Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton. MODERN AGE Early modern period began approximately at the beginning of the 1700s. In this period, the major historical milestones including the Age of Discovery since the ancient period are tackled. Simple tools and animals aid in human labor and activities. As science progressed, tools were replaced with simple machines resulting in the significant increase of output. In the late 1600s, steam engine was invented and was improved by James Watt in 1765. The discovery of steam engine propelled and improved industry operations and the transport system. The work done by human hands and feet were transferred to machines. This period is also known as the Industrial Revolution. During the modern age, several people made important contributions in the field of Science. Here are some: 35  Person Contribution Year Blaise Pascal Invented the first mechanical calculator, also known as Pascaline. 1642 Robert Hooke Described cells for the first time. 1665 Anton Van First observed bacteria 1683 Leeuwennhoek discovered microorganism 1696 Gabriel Fahrenheit Constructed first mercury thermometer 1714 Benjamin Franklin Distinguished negative and positive charge 1751 Proposed the conservation of charge Alessandro Volta Invented galvanic cell (battery) for storing and as a source of 1800 electricity Hans Oersted Discovered that electric current generate magnetism 1820 Andre Marie Ampere Formulated Ampere’s law that tells us how electric current 1820 generates magnetism Michael Faraday Discovered electromagnetic induction 1830 Samuel Morse Developed Morse code which is used in wire telegraph 1830 Robert Brown Discovered the nucleus in the cell 1831 Louis Pasteur Discovered pasteurization 1856 Developed vaccine against anthrax and rabies 1885 Thomas Alva Edison Notable for inventing the first long-lasting incandescent light bulb 1870 Alexander Graham Bell Invented telephone 1876 Heinrich Hertz Discovered that light and heat are electromagnetic waves 1887 Daniel Williams Conducted the first open heart surgery 1893 William Roentgen Discovered x-ray 1895 Henri Becquerel Discovered natural radioactivity 1896 Guglielmo Marconi Developed wireless telegraph 1897 Martinus W. Beijerinck First to recognize that viruses are reproducing entities that are 1898 different from other organisms Discovered new types of bacteria from soil and described biological nitrogen fixation Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________ Program, Yr., and Section: ________________________________ 36  CHAPTER EVALUATION: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished. 1. Choose an invention or discovery from renaissance period to modern age. You can look for inventions or discoveries which were not discussed. Give its importance and uses to the society at present. Write your answers in the box provided below. 2. Write “T” if the statement is true and “F” if the statement is False. If the statement is false, write the word or phrase that made it incorrect and beside it write the correct answer. The Neanderthals were early hominids discovered in France. They were tool makers and invented the burin to make better weapons for hunting. During the Neolithic era sticks and stones were sharpened into useful tools for hunting and other jobs. The axe heads which were fixed into a wooden handle and used like axes at present time were invented during the Mesolithic period. Scrapers are flat pieces of stones with one longer slightly curved edge. The edge is sharpened by "knapping" or “banging off “flakes with another rock. 37 The three sided blade points make the clearing of land much simpler and allowed the spread of agriculture. Moreover, these tools were also effective weapons. Paleolithic people started seed planting and large animal domestication and eventually became food producers. Perachora wheel was created in the thirteenth century BC in Greece and was invented by the contemporary Greek engineer Philo of Byzantium. Speedometer measures the speed at which you are traveling while Odometer measures the distance that you have travelled. Arches went on to become pivotal engineering constructions that laid the foundation for many of the subsequent structural highlights of ancient Greece. The first Roman aqueducts were built around 312 BC and were used to transport water from rivers, springs, and reservoirs. Wood and papyrus were used to make lightweight sailboats during the ancient Egypt. The main reason is for them to move on water easily. Cuneiform script was the first writing system to be developed by the Sumerians. This style of writing was wedge-shaped. A stylus was used to produce different figures and pictorials by making cuts into soft clay. The Sumerians used geometry for the calculation of the areas of rectangles, triangles and trapezoids as well as the volumes of simple shapes such as bricks and cylinders. The Ox- drawn plough has a curved blade used for cutting and harvesting grain, such as wheat and barley. The Egyptians constructed canals and irrigation ditches to harness Nile River’s yearly flood and bring water to distant fields. 38 3. Explain some of the monuments/ architecture that were developed during the ancient period. Think of how architecture changed. 4. Why was writing important during the ancient civilization and how did it change the lives of people? 39  CHAPTER Intellectual Revolutions 2 Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:  discuss how ideas of some intellectuals contributed to the spark of scientific revolution; and  explain how the scientific revolution changed the way how humans see the world. ENGAGE How can you change the thinking of a person? Your answer: DISCUSSION A change from one thinking to another is known as paradigm shift. According to Thomas Kuhn, paradigm shift is not a threat to science but contributes to its progress. In history, a paradigm shift in science occurred. This period is known as scientific revolution. Scientific revolution, which is claimed to have started on 16th century in Europe, is the period of enlightenment when the development in Math, Biology, Physics, Astronomy and Chemistry transformed the view of society about nature. This period resulted in the emergence of modern science. Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas: What can you observe on the model of the solar system beside? If you notice, the Earth is the center of the solar system instead of the sun. This model is known as geocentric model of the solar system. During the time of Ancient Greece, it was believed that Earth is the center of the universe with the sun, moon, and planets revolving around it. This idea had been unchanged until the renaissance period. 40  In 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus published his book De revolutionibus orbium coeletium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) where the center of the universe is the sun. The Earth and other planets revolve around the sun while the moon revolves around the Earth. This model of the solar system is known as the heliocentric model. This idea of Copernicus was not from an extensive observation of heavenly bodies, rather it is a product of thought experiment. Nicolaus Copernicus The shift from an earth-centered to a sun-centered system raised questions in the scientific community. Also, it seems to https://science4fun.info/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Nicolaus- Copernicus.jpg create uncertainty to the teaching of the church. Protestant reformers adhering to the literal interpretation of the Scripture were the first one to attack this idea. Roman Catholic Church were silent at first until Galileo Galilei published his work supporting Copernicus’ idea. Heliocentric model of the solar system was judged by the Roman Catholic Church to be heretic and therefore it was banned for the rest of the 16th century. Question to Ponder on… Do you think church should intervene in scientific activities? Isaac Newton Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, physicist, astronomer, theologian, and author. Often, Newton’s work is associated on an apple falling from a tree which made him wonder why the fruit fell on the ground. This is just a portion but Newton’s work leads back in answering gaps from the heliocentric model. Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the solar system was supported by the discoveries of Galileo Galilei and Johannes Kepler. But the work of these two still did not satisfy all the questions about the heliocentric model. In 1687, Newton published his work entitled Philosphia Naturalis Principia Mathematica, better known Isaac Newton as the Principia. This work introduced the universal law of gravitation https://www.biography.com/.image/ar_8:10%2Cc_fill%2 and the three laws of motion which removed the last doubts on the Ccs_srgb%2Cfl_progressive%2Cg_faces:center%2Cq_auto :good%2Cw_620/MTcxMzkwNTQzNzgyMjI1OTAy/gettyim validity of the heliocentric model. More than answering the questions about the heliocentric model, laws of motion were the solid foundation of mechanics; his law of universal gravitation combined terrestrial and celestial mechanics into one great system. Other contribution of Newton includes being one of the developer of calculus. Newton quoted, "if I have seen farther than others, it is because I was standing on the shoulders of giants." This is his way of acknowledging his predecessors for the contributions to science which made his Principia possible. 41 Charles Darwin Charles Darwin was a British naturalist and biologist whose work is the most controversial during his time as it contradicts the Divine Theory of creation. His work started when went to a nearly five-year expedition to Galapagos Islands. He observed that though some animals are of different species, they have similarities. He accounted this to the environment. For instance, he observed birds which are endemic to different islands are similar but their beaks are different. The Charles Darwin shape of their beaks are accounted to the food they https://i.guim.co.uk/img/media/c6457145033aa5622c3a6ef5 106f8da3e5287c2f/0_248_2481_1488/master/2481.jpg?widt h=605&quality=45&auto=format&fit=max&dpr=2&s=b505d86 9d70dec08855aafe0530a5737 eat. In 1580, Darwin published the book “The Origin of the Species” where he introduced the theory of evolution. According to this theory, organism have the ability to adapt to their environment (natural selection) and would gradually change into something that would be more competitive to survive (evolution). Question to Ponder on… How can Darwin’s theory influence the field of agriculture, political science and religion in the modern times? Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier is regarded as the Father of Modern Chemistry. His major contribution is on the discovery of the conservation of mass, which disproved the phlogiston theory. In phlogiston theory, combustible material contains particles called phlogiston, an “immaterial” particle released in burning. If we are going to burn a 5kg wood and weigh the ashes produced, the ashes would weigh less than 5kg. This somehow supports phlogiston theory. But if we contain all the products (including the smoke and other particles) and weigh it, this would be 5 kg. This idea on the conservation of mass later became a law. Other contribution of Antoine Lavoisier includes the Antoine Laurent Lavoisier https://i2.wp.com/www.butterflyfields.com/wp-content/ invention of the system of naming compounds which is still used uploads/2019/02/Antoine-Lavoisier.jpg?fit=630%2C779&ssl=1 today. 42 Name: _________________________________________________________ Score: ________ Program, Yr., and Section: ________________________________ ACTIVITY 6: Answer the following. Detach the worksheet once finished. Science