Midterm Ethics PDF

ETHICS - The term Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning characteristics way of acting and ethike or doctrine of morality. - Mos (nominative) or Moris (Genitive) means custom, or traditional line of conduct Moral Norm - It is a common awareness that only human speaks...

ETHICS - The term Ethics is derived from the Greek word ethos, meaning characteristics way of acting and ethike or doctrine of morality. - Mos (nominative) or Moris (Genitive) means custom, or traditional line of conduct Moral Norm - It is a common awareness that only human speaks of and behave according to what they know as right or wrong, good or bad. Morally Good Person - If he correctly distinguishes what is right from what is wrong not only in knowledge but also in practice. Immoral Person - If he does not act or behave in conformity with practiced moral principles or norms Amoral Person - If he does not have the ability to distinguish between what is morally good act and what is morally evil one, one who cannot identify and accept moral norms, resulting into some sort of "abnormality" or deviancy Ethics - Practical and philosophical science of the morality of human acts or human conduct - Is said to be science insofar as it is a body of systematized knowledge arranged with its accompanying explanation. - As a practical science means its consists of principles and laws that are not applied in daily living accompanying explanation. - As a philosophical science, ethics is not a technical course nor a laboratory study Morality - The implementation of ethical principles and laws. **The Object of the Ethics** - Material Object- It refers to the subject matter to be studied, namely, the human act. - Formal Object- It refers to the morality of the human act. It is which is learned and to be applied. - Formula Object Quo- It refers to the human reason employed in the study of the course. Importance of the Study of Ethics 1\. To sharpen the moral nature of the learners by inculcating the moral norms. 2\. To make them aware of the moral principles and law governing man's action. 3\. To help the students become aware of the intimate relation between their moral nature and laws 4\. To show to the learners that acting in accordance with his rational and moral nature could lead them to their supernatural destiny -- God. 5\. To develop in the students a morally upright living 6\. To let the students realize that people cannot live together harmoniously in society without the ethical norms and laws applied or followed DIVISION OF ETHICS GENERAL ETHICS: 1. man and his ends 2. Human acts 3. moral norms, laws, and principles 4. Rights and duties APPLIED (ETHICS INDIVIDUAL) 1. Social Ethics 2. Family 3. State 4. Church 5. Societal concerns General Ethics- the basic course in the science of Ethics. it consists of the basic notions and fundamental principles and norms of morality. Chapter 2: Man and His Existence ================================ **3 Greek Thinkers** - Socrates (469-399 BC) - Plato (427-347 BC) - Aristotle (384-322 BC) They considered as the founders of PHILOSOPHY OF MAN **3 Christian Thinkers** - St. Augustine of Hippo - St. Anselm of Italy - St. Thomas of Aquinas They incorporated the idea of church teachings. **3 Eastern Philosophers** - Lao-Tse ( ca. 604 BC) - Kung-fu tse/ Confucius (C. 551- 479 BC) - Gautama Buddha (563- 483? BC) The ethical-religious life of man without any attempt to delve into the philsophical nature of man. **Lao-Tse (born ca. 604 BC)**- encourages man to be virtuous in order to attain \"Tao\" (God) **Kung-fu tse or Confucius (c 551-479 BC)-** taught men with his \"Golden Rule\" in order to attain happiness and self-protection. **Gautama Buddha (563- 483? BC)-** called \"The E: lightened One\" during his time, wrote that man strives for happiness, which cannot be attained in this changing and illusory world because \"happiness means changelessness, evenness of being, peace\" **SOCRATES (469-399 BC)-** man is made of body and soul. **Happiness**- the highest value of man. - it is attained only by man's intellectual virtue according to the Greek thinkers. **PLATO (427-347 BC**)- viewed that the soul of man is the immediate product of God's action. **ARISTOTLE (384-322 BC)**- The soul as substantial form of the human body. The soul, which is created by God, is spiritual and immortal. -The soul is spiritual, rational, autonomous and immortal. -Souls are encarnated into bodies as a consequence of sin which is committed by coming in contact with matter. \- The first human body was a male body from which emerged a female. -The spiritual soul is the thinking principle of man. -If the man lives well on earth, his soul will go to place of happiness DEATH- It liberates the soul from the prison of the body **VARIOUS NOTIONS OF MAN** 1. **Man as Body-Soul Composite** - Man as \'a composite of body and soul - as \'plain unity of body and soul\' - Man as made up of two parts (dualistic): Body & soul - Corporeal - spiritual - Animality rationality - Matter spirit (material spirituality) - Phenomenologists and Existentialists criticize this idea as short-coming- and suffer from the dilemma of two different entities 2.. **Man a Rational Animal** - Man is not merely as corporeal and spiritual, but also rational. - Man thinks and reasons out. His rationality elevates him from the level of plants and brutes. 3. **Man as Embodied Subjectivity** - Human subjectivity refers to both rationality (the head) and the emotion (affective) - the heart - For the Phenomenologists and Existentialists, the human body is a subject-body- as a meaning- giving existence. - He undergoes a continuous change. 4. **Man is Being-in-This-World** - the view of the phenomenologists, is man\'s link to his physical world. So there exists an interconnection between the world and the human body. - Man gives meaning to the world, and the world gets its meaning from the subjectivity of man. - To speak of the world is to speak of man, as to speak of man is to speak of the world. - Man cannot exist without this world; he cannot be separated from it. Man is conscious of the world, thus, he is worldly. 5. **Man as Socius and Interhuman** - The world of man is not merely a world of things, but a world of other humans as well. - He cannot afford to live alone without the presence of other people. - Man has that social nature, he seeks the company of other men - Active interrelation is called dialogue (a person-to-person dynamic communication.) 6. **Man as a Person.** - Man has that drive to improve and develop himself/herself in the journey of life. He cannot remain to be stagnated. - He has to work out to move from manhood to personhood. - For a man to become person, he must accomplish himself, because "person is the task of becoming oneself". 7. **MAN AS AN ABSOLUTE VALUE** - Man is the center of the universe giving meaning to it, a being of human dignity created in the image and likeness of God, he cannot be valued in terms of quality (material, money,etc.), which are temporary and relative value. **HUMAN EXISTENCE** **I**t took a It took a French philosopher, Rene Descartes (1956-1650), in the 7th century to come out with the question on human existence. Descartes started studying the problem of existence with his "methodical doubt"., Rene Descartes (1956-1650), in the 7th century to come out with the question on human existence. Descartes started studying the problem of existence with his "methodical doubt". **COGITO ERGO SUM** - I think, therefore I exist. Human existence is nothing but the consciousness of: a. one\'s own being; b. the human other, hence man is a being with others; c. the world, thus man is a being with others in the world; d. in time, man is a being with others in the world in time. Man has past, present, and future time. **5 HUMAN EXISTENTIAL EXPERIENCES** **1. THE EXPERIENCE OF THE GOOD (JOY, HEALTHINESS, FULLNESS, LIFE)** - Man knows and feels the good. He tends to do the good. He is attracted to things that are good. 2\. **THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BEAUTIFUL** - Man\'s capacity to appreciate is directed toward the beautiful, whether it is a value or an act. It is part of man\'s nature to be attracted to it which is normally spontaneous 3\. **THE EXPERIENCE OF LOVE** - Man is a LOVER and a BELOVED. It is love that keeps ma alive. It is love that makes him happy. Without love man cannot exist even a single moment**.** **4. THE EXPERIENCE OF EXISTENCE** - Summing up all the experiences above is the experience of existence, the experience of living in the cosmos. - The experience of the good, the beautiful, love and happiness are the elements of life, including their respective opposites. - Human existence is the sum of all these experiences. **5. THE EXPERIENCE OF HAPPINESS** - Human living would be dry and lonely if the experience of joy and happiness is lacking. - Happiness is said to be the goal of human living and the crowning point of human existence. CHAPTER 3: Man and His Ends =========================== **END** - End is the very cause of human acting - End is the very reason why an act is performed, the very reason for its existence. - End is both a termination of an act and a goal thereof. - End is that which completes an act. - It is also that for which an act is performed. - It's what's motivates the agent to perform an act to attain it. **The End of Human Act is Good** - The end is that which is apprehended as desirable. Since it is desirable, it attracts the agent to do an act towards it. If the end is desirable and attractive to the agent (person), then it must be good. **3 modes of perceiving and using the good:** **1. GOOD AS TO UTILITY** - An object or act is perceived as good when it is useful for one's purpose and satisfaction. **2. GOOD AS TO BEAUTY** - People consider an object or act as a thing of beauty when it satisfies their aesthetic appetite. 3\. **GOOD AS TO NATURE OR REALITY** - Goodness by nature is real, not accidental. **Moral Good** - The moral good is applied specifically to beings of moral nature: human beings**.** - It is often associated with maximizing overall happiness or well-being. - When an action results in the greatest amount of happiness for the largest number of people, it is deemed ethically right. **4 CLASSIFICATION OF ENDS** \(1) the end of the act \(2) the end of the agent of the act \(3) temporal end \(4) ultimate end. **1. AS END OF THE ACT.** - The end of the act is that end toward which the act of its own nature is immediately directed. It is the direct object of the act. **2. AS END OF THE AGENT** - The end of the agent can be different or the same as the end of the act depending upon the agent. **3. TEMPORAL ENDS, INTERMEDIATE ENDS** - When an end is subject to time and place, it is classified as temporal. It is temporal in the sense that it does not last forever, but good only for a certain time. Or it is good only for a certain place or space. **4. THE UNLIMITED END** - The ultimate end is the last and final goal of human act and the human agent. - It is called the end-of-all-ends since this cannot be used to attain any higher end. - The ultimate end is permanent and absolute and can never be converted as means. **2 ASPECTS OF THE ULTIMATE END** **1. SUBJECTIVE ULTIMATE END** - The subjective possession of the objective ultimate end by the person. - The possession results to enjoyment or happiness. **2. OJECTIVE ULTIMATE END** - the aspect of the ultimate end is inseparable from the subjective ultimate end. - the objective ultimate end gives the agent happiness by possession thereof. - SUMMUM BONUM or SUPREME GOOD- The highest good of all goods. - Perfect happiness is man's last end or ultimate goal. And only when this ultimate end is attained that man's craving for happiness rests. **SOME ULTIMATE GOALS OF LIFE** 1\. MATERIALISTIC ETHICS. - This tendency holds that the supreme good of human life are human pleasures and satisfaction. This type is classified into Hedonism and Utilitarianism. - **Hedonism-** the highest end of human life is found in sensual pleasures and bodily satisfaction man can enjoy in this world. Hedonism teaches that the highest end of human life is found in sensual pleasures and bodily satisfaction man can enjoy in this world. **Aristippus** among the Greeks and **Helvetius** among the modern thinkers. - **Utilitarianism**- the ultimate end of man is the possession of political power through conquest of other nations. **Epicurus** and his followers followed by **Lueretius** and **Horace**. - **Social Utilitarianism --** The greatest value of man consists of the maximum welfare of the entire soc**i**ety. - **Bentham and Stuart-Mill**- Social Utilitarianism same as Russia's communism or collectivism of Karl MarX (1818-1883) **2. ULTRA-SPIRITUALISM** - This type of ethics takes spiritual matters and virtues in this life as the ultimate and of man. There are two forms of this kind: **A. Greco-Roman Stoicism** - This ethics takes virtue and abstinence from sensual pleasures as the highest end of man. - Proponents of this ethics were **Zeno of Citius, Chrysippus and Seneca.** **b. Humanistic Personalism** 1. **Christian Wolff (1679-1754) and others** hold that the ultimate end consists of human perfection through knowledge, virtue, honor which must be acquired. **3. PROGRESSIVE ETHICS** The ethics of progress takes indefinite progress, material or spiritual, as the ultimate end of man. - Temporal happiness and temporal progress as ultimate end of man is egoistic, limited to temporal values, and lacking foundation for moral imperative. - Self-perfection and well-being, taken as the ultimate goal of life, have received these similar criticisms: they are individualistic, hence, egotist; lacking superior values like love and concern for others; limited in the naturalist sense, denying religious and divine values (Ibid.). **CHRISTIAN ETHICS** - The moral precepts, standards, and guidelines that come from scripture, Christian teachings, and beliefs. - It is an area of ethics that aims to comprehend and implement moral precepts in the framework of Christianity. - Jesus Christ born in BETHLEHEM in the Holy Land, now ISRAEL. - Born in Dec. 25. - In 30 yrs old, end his hidden life. Revealing he is the Messiah or Redeemer of Mankind. **The ethical ultimate goal of Christianity** - GOD'S GLORY - SALVATION OF MANKIND. **TWO POINTS OF CHRISTIAN ETHICS** 1. God promise salvation to man 2. Man freely accepts the condition for his salvation : to do or not to do God's will. **There are two basic points in Christian Ethics:** 1\. God promises salvation to man, and 2\. Man freely accepts the condition for his salvation: to do or not to do God's will (the commandments). CHAPTER 4: HUMAN ACTS ===================== **HUMAN ACTS** - The human activity of man as a man by which he attains and end he wants to obtain. - Those acts of rationality of man. - Understanding and Free will - Free and Conscious acts of a human being **PAUL J. GLENN** - Define human act as "an act which proceeds from the deliberate free will of man". **ACTS OF MAN** - Acts of man are not subjected to MORALITY, they are considered AMORAL acts. - Not deliberately done, nor voluntarily. - Performed without free will **ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF HUMAN ACTS** - Must be deliberate - Must be free - Must be voluntary **SIGNS OF ACTS OF MAN** - They are done indeliberately. - The acts are not done freely. - Acts that are involuntary. **CLASSIFICATION OF HUMAN ACTS** **ELICITED ACTS** - A will-acts begun and completed in the will without bodily movement **COMMANDED ACTS** - Acts are body-mind acts done to carry out the elicited act of the subject. **6 Elicited Acts:** - WISH - INTENTION - CONSENT - ELECTION - USE - FRUITION WISH- It is a natural inclination of the will towards an object. The will's tendency towards something at attainable but not obligatory. The acceptance of the will to implement the agent's intention. Agents chooses from among a variety of means what he believes to be the most effective to carry out an intention. The will's command to make use of the selected means in carrying out the intention. The enjoyment of the will as a result of the attainment of the object desired earlier. **3 Classification of Act** **Internal acts** - done by the mind through the command of the will **External acts** - done by the body through the command of the will. **Mixed acts** - acts done by both the body and the mind **THE EXISTENCE OF HUMAN ACT** - Human act cannot be caused to be performed without an object in view. For every act that is done, there is always a corresponding end, or a goal. **HUMAN ACT AND RESPONSIBILITY** - **Responsibility** is the ability of a person to respond to a need or problem in a given situation. **FREE WILL And FREEDOM** **HUMAN FREE WILL** - is free when it acts without any pressure outside. - it is free when it is attracted to or repulses anything on a natural tendency. **WILL** - a man\'s natural tendency of being attracted to what is good and beautiful and to be repulsed from what is evil and ugly, after they have been presented by the intellect**.** **Freedom** - negatively defined, freedom is the absence of contriction. - positively defined, it is the power to be and to act under free will and choice. - our freedom is "situated" or limited by the rights of others, things, or persons. **Modifiers of Human Act** - Factors that affects the commission or omission of human act. - these can affect human acts in their essential qualities of knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness. **5 MODIFIER OF MAN** 1. Ignorance 2. Concupiscence 3. Fear 4. Violence 5. Habit **Ignorance** - is the lack of knowledge in man of a certain thing expected to have been known by him, it is a negation of knowledge. **Intellectual Ignorance** - is more than just a negation, it means the presence of what is falsely supposed to be knowledge. **3 aspects of ignorance:** 1. Ignorance in its object 2. Ignorance in its subject 3. Ignorance in its result **1. IGNORANCE IN ITS OBJECT** \- refers to to the subject\'s ignorance of the law, fact, or corresponding penalty. - **IGNORANCE OF THE LAW-** is the absence of knowledge a person ought to possess. - **IGNORANCE OF FACTS** - ignorance of the nature or circumstances of an act that generally forbidden in the community. - **IGNORANCE OF PENALTY** - lack of knowledge of the sanction imposed by the law to violators. **2. IGNORANCE IN ITS SUBJECT** -this aspect of ignorance lies in the agent who has no knowledge of the law fact or penalty - **VINCIBLE IGNORANCE** - one that can easily be overcome through diligence and exertion of efforts of the subject. - **AFFECTED IGNORANCE**- refuse to acquire knowledge of a certain thing they are expected to know. - **INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE** - one which the subject concerned cannot possibly overcome due to lack of means, among other factors **3. IGNORANCE IN ITS RESULT** -refers to the relation of ignorance to the act done out of ignorance. - **ANTECEDENT IGNORANCE** - precedes the consent of the will. - **CONCOMINANT IGNORANCE**- accompanies an act that would be performed even if there was no ignorance. - **CONSEQUENT IGNORANCE**- a vincible ignorance but the subject deliberately refuses to conquer it. **MORAL PRINCIPLES** **P1: INVINCIBLE IGNORANCE MAKES AN ACT INVOLUNTARY**. - For an act to be voluntary, knowledge and freedom must be present, upon which voluntariness depends, But they were lacking thus the act is involuntary. **P2: VINCIBLE IGNORANCE DOES NOT RENDER THE ACT INVOLUNTARY, BUT REDUCES THE VOLUNTARINESS AND THE CORRESPONDING ACCOUNTABILITY OVER THE ACT.** - Vincible ignorance is within the ability of the person to overcome it. If only he exercises an effort and diligence, he can acquire the knowledge. But he does not do it despite the fact that he is aware of his ignorance and the capacity to subdue it. **P3: AFFECTED IGNORANCE IN A WAY REDUCES AND IN ANOTHER WAY INTENSIFIES VOLUNTARINESS.** - CONCUPISCENCE - As a modifier of human acts, refers to bodily tendencies (appetite) of man sometimes called the passions. - ANTECENDENT- The passions or concupiscence are called antecedent. When suddenly spring up into action without the sanction of the will. - CONSEQUENT- When the will acts on them favorably. - ANTECEDENT CONCUPISCENE- is an ACT OF MAN and not human act and is not a voluntary act." (Glenn:36) **P4: ANTECEDENT CONCUPISCENCE DIMINISHES THE VOLUNTARINESS OF THE ACT.** - The passions are not totally rational acts of the intellect when they act without the approval and accompaniment of the will-act. **P5: ANTECEDENT CONCUPISCENCE DOES NOT ELIMINATE VOLUNTARINESS OF AN ACT** - DIMINISH- Simply means reduction of its quantity or intensity, implying that voluntariness is still present. - FEAR- Refers to a person's perturbed state of mind due to an impending danger or evil that might befall him anytime. - **TWO KINDS OF FEAR** : 1\. OUT-OF-FEAR- Is simply voluntary, although it is also conditionally voluntary. 2\. ACT-IN-FEAR- An agent performing an act with fear is in full control of his act. The act emanates from himself; he does it willfully. **P6: ACTS DONE IN FEAR ARE VOLUNTARY.** - An agent performing an act with fear is in full control of his act. The act emanates from himself; he does it wilfully. **P7: AN ACT DONE OUT OF FEAR, HOWEVER GREAT, IS SIMPLY VOLUNTARY, ALTHOUGH IT IS ALSO REGULARLY CONDITIONALLY INVOLUNTARY.** - While the act is done out of fear, the agent remain in control of his mind commanding the act to be done. - He freely chooses to proceed with the act instead of giving in to the demand of fear. - VIOLENCE -Refers to a physical external force inflicted on a person by a free agent for the purpose of compelling said person to do an act against his will. **P8: EXTERNAL ACT WHICH ARE COMMANDED, PERFORMED BY A PERSON UNDER PENDING VIOLENCE WHICH COULD BE REASONABLY RESISTED, ARE INVOLUNTARY AND THEREFORE, NOT IMPUTABLE.** - HABIT - Refers to repeatable acts of a person done with facility and ease. - THE INDIRECT VOLUNTARY ACT- There are acts done for certain specific purposes. **P9: AN AGENT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR THE EVIL EFFECT HIS INDIRECT VOLUNTARY ACT.** - The policeman intended the killing of the enemy without any intension for the killing of the innocent salesgirl. This is most likely to happen in a crowd. The act done was a human act. Hence, the agent is responsible and, therefore, accountable for the evil side effect of the act. **P10: THE PRINCIPLE OF DOUBLE EFFECT.** - It is essentially possible that an act may be ethical or morally right even if it produces both good and evil effects. 1\. The act must be good in itself or at least morally. 2\. The good effect must be greater than the evil one, or equally important at least. 3\. The act is the only means to attain the good effect. 4\. The evil effect must be the last to happen. 5\. The agent must be honest in his intention. CHAPTER 5: THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACT ==================================== **MORALITY** - THE QUALITY IN WHICH WE CLASSIFY A HUMAN ACT AS MORALLY GOOD OR MORALLY EVIL BAD, SUCH QUALITY EMANATING ITSELF **2 BASIC FACTORS OF MORALITY:** - Determinants - Norms **Morally Good/ Morally Right** - If it is done in accordance with God's law and human reason. **Morally Evil/ Morally Bad** - If the act is performed in violation of God's law and human reason. **3 DETERMINANTS OF MORALITY** - The act itself and its object - The end of the agent - Circumstances **1. THE ACT ITSELF AND ITS OBJECT** - The object of the act refers to the very nature of the act itself. - The act is the physical tendency towards a definite objective or result. **2. THE END OF THE AGENT** - The end of the agent in performing the act is that which the agent wishes to attain by means of the act. - The end is that which motivates the agent to make the act. **PRINCIPLES IN FORMULATING OUR ENDS OF ACTIONS** 1. An objectively good act done for a good end merits another goodness from such end. 2. An objectively evil act done for an evil purpose takes new evil from the evil end of the agent 3. An act which is objectively good but done for evil end, is entirely evil if the evil end is the whole motive of the act. 4. An objectively evil act can never become good by reason of good end. 5. An act which is indifferent objectively may become evil if its intended end is evil. **3. CIRCUMSTANCES** - Conditions prevailing within the environment in which the act was performed. These affect the performance of the act. **MORAL PRINCIPLES ARISING FROM THE DETERMINANT OF CIRCUMSTANCES ** - An indifferent act becomes morally good or morally evil depending on the circumstances. - An act is evil in itself can never be converted good by circumstances. - A circumstance which is not gravely evil  does not totally damage the goodness of an objectively good act. **THE NORMS OF MORALITY** - **Norms**- Ignacio defines it as a rule, standard, or measured. **2 NORMS OF MORALITY:** - **The Eternal Law of God**- - the ultimate norm of human acts. This ultimate norm is independent of any measure, hence called objective. - **Human reason of man**- the conscience of a person telling him internally what ought he to do. **LAW** - **Babor**- A rule of action, or a principle of conduct. - **St**. **Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274)-** An ordinance of reason promulgated for the common good by one who has charge of society. 1.LAW IS AN ORDINANCE- It is an order coming from a legitimate authority. 2\. A LAW IS AN ORDINANCE OF REASON- A law is not a product of the whims of the lawmakers, but the result of intellectual and rational study. 3\. A LAW MUST BE PROMULGATED -- Law must be publicized in order to be made known to the people who will be subjected to it. 4\. A LAW MUST BE FOR THE COMMON GOOD- A law which cover not a mere single individual but a group of people or society, must serve the public good. 5\. A LAW MUST BE PROMULGATED IN SOCIETY- A law is applicable only to a community or society, to social institution like the state and the church, among others. 6\. A LAW MUST BE PROMULGATED BY ONE WHO HAS CHARGE OF SOCIETY- President, the senate or the congress for the state. THE CLASSIFICATION OF LAWS 1\. THE ETERNAL LAW St. Augustine- The Devine reason and will commanding that the natural order of things be preserved and forbidding that it be disturbed. St. Thomas Aquinas- God's eternal plan and providence for all created things, directing them towards their ultimate end. Glenn- The eternal law extends to all acts and movement in the universe. 2.T THE NATURAL LAW Natural law is inherit in the nature of man and things. Innate in every human being, It is not acquired, Man's nature, it is a command, an order, demanding to be fulfilled. A green and white text Description automatically generated Kinds of Conscience - Correct or true Conscience- Discerns and dictates to the person what is good and what is evil as evil. - Erroneous or False Conscience- Mistakes what is good as evil and what is evil is good. - Scrupulous Conscience-One that is extremely cautious or fearful to the point that the person refuses to do or judge the act. - Lax Conscience- Opposite of scrupulous conscience. What is sinful act is judged as not sinful or even a good act. - Certain conscience- Sure and firm judgement on an act without a doubt. - Doubtful Conscience- Not sure on the goodness or badness. Chapter 6: RIGHS AND DUTIES =========================== **RIGHTS** - Right is defined as anything that is owned, or due to a person. - " A moral power residing in a person, a power which all others are bound to respect. (Glenn:136) **KINDS OF RIGHTS (GLENN)** 1. **NATURAL RIGHT** inherent rights of a person to pressure, protect, and promote his life. 2. **POSITIVE RIGHT-** right of a man that is provided by, or based on, enacted by the state or the church, or any legitimate social institution. 3. **DIVINE RIGHT** right of the church to teach. 4. **HUMAN RIGHT**- could be natural and positive 5. **CIVIL RIGHT-** right of a person as a citizen of a state. 6. **ECCLESIATICAL -** right of church established by Canon law 7. **RIGHT OF PROPERTY**- right to own and dispose of property **HUMAN RIGHTS-** BASED ON ST.THOMAS' NATURAL AND INALIENABLE RIGHTS Presented by **Emerita S. Quinto** 1. **RIGHT TO LIFE**- mans greatest value 2. **RIGHT TO PRIVATE PROPERTY -** right to own and utilize private property. 3. **RIGHT TO MARRIAGE-** God\'s way of letting the human species multiply and fill the earth. 4. **RIGHT TO FREE MOVEMENT-**man\'s moral power to move or travel freely. 5. **Right to belief and worship-** right to choose one's religion 6. **RIGHT TO WORK**- correlative to the right to live **FEATURES OF RIGHT** 1. **COACTION**- Man is not alone having rights.Is the person's moral power to protect and promote his rights. 2. **LIMITATION-** A person cannot exercise a right in excess of its boundary to the violation of other's right 3. **COLLISION-** Is the inevitable clashing of two or more rights. **THE BILL OF RIGHTS** 1. THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION PROVIDES A SET OF RIGHTS FOR THE CITIZENS. THESE RIGHTS ARE EXPLICITLY PRESENTED UNDER ARTICLE III OF THE 1987 CONSTITUTION**.** **ARTICLE III, SECTION 4** 2. NO LAW SHALL BE PASSED ABRIDGING THE FREEDOM OF SPEECH, OF EXPRESSION, OR OF THE PRESS, OR THE RIGHT OF THE PEOPLE PEACEFULLY TO ASSEMBLE AND PETITION THE GOVERNMENT FOR REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES**.** **ARTICLE III, SECTION 7** 3. The right of the people to information on matters of public concern shall be recognized. Access to official records, and to documents and papers pertaining to official acts, transactions, or decisions, as well as to government research data used as basis for policy development, shall be afforded the citizen, subject to such limitations as may be provided by law. **ARTICLE III, SECTION 12 (2)** 4. No torture, force, violence, threat, intimidation, or any other means which vitiate the free will shall be used against him. Secret detention places, solitary, incommunicado, or other similar forms of detention are prohibited. **CIVIL RIGHTS** 1. RIGHT TO PRIVACY 2. RIGHT TO TRAVEL OR CHANGE OF RESIDENCE 3. RIGHT TO PROPERTY 4. RIGHT TO WORSHIP 5. RIGHT TO FREE ACCESS TO A COURT OF JUSTICE **POLITICAL RIGHTS** 1. RIGHT TO FREE SPEECH & FREE PRESS 2. RIGHT TO FORM ASSOCIATIONS 3. RIGHT TO ASSEMBLE AND PETITION THE GOVERNMENT FOR REDRESS OF GRIEVANCES 4. RIGHT TO VOTE AND BE VOTED UPON TO PUBLIC OFFICE **THE COVENANT RIGHTS** 1. Right to work 2. Right to fair wages 3. Right to just and favorable work condition 4. Right to form and join unions 5. Right to social security 6. Right to adequate living standard 7. Right to education **DUTY** - A duty is a moral obligation demanded of a person to do or not to do a thing. - Duty is a moral obligation since it is so performed by a moral agent, a person - A duty, like right, is based on law. Duty and right are correlative. One cannot exist without the other. **KIND OF DUTIES** - **  Natural duties-** Duties based on natural law - **  Positive duties-** duties performed as required by enacted law - **  Affirmative duties-** obligations required by affirmative laws - **  Negative duties-** Duties requiring the agent to omit or refuse to do a certain act\> EXEMPTION FROM PERFORMANCE OF DUTIES UNDER STRICT CONDITON: 1. **Duties imposed by negative natural law do not permit exemption** - PROBITION ON COMMMITING INTRISICALLY EVIL ACTS. 2. **Duties imposed by affirmative precepts of natural law may permit exemption when their performance is hampered by obstacles or circumstances impossible to overcome.** - A POOR PERSON IS NOT OBLIATED TO GIVE ALMS TO THE BEGGAR OF THE STREETS. 3. **Duties confronted with ordinary obstacles surmountable by the agent a not subject to exemptions** - **OR** **PRIORITIZATION OF DUTIES** - **First priority**: Duties towards God - **Second priority**: Duties towards public/ common good - **Third priority**: Duties towards family and relatives - **Fourth priority**: Duties towards self and personal interest - **Fifth priority**: Duties towards friends and affinities - **Sixth priorities**: Duties towards the society in general