Arabic Midterm Doc PDF

## Section 1: Vocab ### 1. A, B, C #### Chap. 3 ##### Professions | English | Arabic | |--------------------|-----------------| | Accountant | محاسبة | | Teacher | مدرسة | | Professor | أستاذة | ##### Adjectives | Engli...

## Section 1: Vocab ### 1. A, B, C #### Chap. 3 ##### Professions | English | Arabic | |--------------------|-----------------| | Accountant | محاسبة | | Teacher | مدرسة | | Professor | أستاذة | ##### Adjectives | English | Arabic | |---------|---------| | Fat | سمينة | | Handsome | وسيمة | ##### Nouns | English | Arabic | |---------------|---------| | Car | سيارة | | Tree | شجرة | | Young man/woman | شابة | | School | مدرسة | | Tea | شاي | | Year | سنة | | Family | اسرة | | Letter | رسالة | ##### Directions | English | Arabic | |---------|--------| | North | شمال | | South | جنوب | ##### Prepositions | English | Arabic | |---------|--------| | In | في | | Above | فوق | ##### Directions | English | Arabic | |---------|--------| | East | شرق | ##### Nouns | English | Arabic | |------------|----------| | Pen | قلم | | Hotel | فندق | | Dress | فستان | | Market | سوق | | Money | فلوس | | Flat/Apartment | شقة | | Autumn | خريف | #### Chap 4 ##### Family | English | Arabic | |-----------------|------------| | Paternal uncle | عم | | Paternal aunt | عمة | | Must + verb | من اللازم أن | ##### Adjectives | English | Arabic | |-------------|---------| | Arabic | عربي | | Dear | عزيزة | | Rich | غنية | | Expensive | غالية | ##### Profession | English | Arabic | |---------|---------| | Singer | مغني | ##### Numbers | English | Arabic | |---------|------------| | Ten | عشر / عشرة | | Eight | ثماني / ثمانية | ##### Nouns | English | Arabic | |-------------|------------| | Room | غرفة / غرف | | Street | شارع / شوارع | | University | جامعة | | Family | عائلة | | Language | لغة | | Age | عمر | ##### Meals | English | Arabic | |---------|----------| | Lunch | غداء | | Dinner | عشاء | ##### Verbs | English | Arabic | |-----------|------------| | I Watch | أشاهد | | I Write | أكتب | | I Live | أَسْكُنُ | | I Understand | أَفْهَمُ | | I Talk | أَتَكَلَّمُ | ##### Demonstartive Pronouns | English | Arabic | |-----------|--------| | There is | هناك | | Here | هنا | ##### Adjectives | English | Arabic | | --------|--------| | Big | كبيرة | | Famous | مشهورة | ##### Question Words | English | Arabic | |--------------|---------| | How | كيف | | How are you? |كيف حالك؟ | ##### Negation Word | English | Arabic | |---------|--------| | Is not | ليس | ##### Personal Pronouns | English | Arabic | |---------|--------| | I | أنا | | you (m.) | أنت | | you (f.) | أنتِ | | you (pl.) | أنتُم | | he | هو | | she | هي | | they | هم | | we | نحن | ##### Professions | English | Arabic | |----------|--------------| | Engineer | مُهَنْدِسة | | Actor/Actress | مُمَثَّلة | ##### Verbs | English | Arabic | |-----------|---------| **Note**: I didn't include the I hear, I meet, I listener to, I work, and I see sentences because the Arabic verbs for them are incomplete and I don't have the rest of the sentence. ##### Prepositions | English | Arabic | |---------|--------| | After | بعد | | With | مع | ##### Verbs | English | Arabic | |-----------|----------| | I Live | أعيش | | I Eat | اكل | | I Return | أرجع | | He Works | يعمل | | I Go | أذهب | ##### Verbs | English | Arabic | |-------------|---------| | I Sing | أُغَنِّي | | I Play | أَلْعَبُ | | I Love to | أُحِبُّ أَنْ | | There exists | يُوجَدُ | ## Section 2: Grammar ### 2. A, B, C #### هي / نحن / هو #### ك/ ك / ه / ي Adjectives come after nouns they describe. To say "a new house" in Arabic, we say بَيْت جديد. There is no indefinite article (a/an). To say "a good neighbor" in Arabic, we say جار جيد, but there is a definite article "the" الـ 'al-, which I will talk about in a later lesson. In Arabic, there is no present tense verb form for the English verb, "to be" (am, is, are). To say "I am fine" in Arabic, we say أنــا بخــير 'anā bi-khayr. That verbless sentence is called a nominal sentence. Arabic is a gendered language. That is, nouns and adjectives can be classified as masculine or feminine. A reliable indicator that enables you to identify feminine nouns and adjectives is the tā' marbūta (ة), which is always found at the very end of words (e.g. تلميذة ممتازة). Another indicator is biological sex of the noun. For example, بنت, أخت, and أم are feminine nouns, whereas والد, ابن, and رجل are masculine nouns. Please remember that adjectives agree with the noun they modify, among other things, in gender (e.g تلميذة مُمتازة / تلميذ ممتاز). Question words, such as لماذا, ماذا, مَنْ, and مـــا are used to ask open questions. To form a question, you place the question word in front of the statement (e.g. مَنْ يُحِبّ الدَّجاج "Who loves (the) chickens?"); or a single word (e.g مَنْ أنتَ / أنْتِ "Who are you?" ) Even though ما and ماذا have the same meaning, "what,” they are used differently. The former is used in questions that do not have verbs (e.g. ما اِسْمُكَ؟ ma ismuka?), while the latter is used in questions that do have verbs (e.g. ماذا يُحِبّ جَدّي mādhā yuhibbu jaddī(. To say "my father" in Arabic, we add ي as a suffix to the word والد and the result will be والدي. The ي we added as a suffix is is one of what we call the possessive pronouns (my, your, his, her, our, their). They are used to indicate ownership of something and are attached to the noun that is owned. Consequently, the noun is considered definite. To express possession of a feminine noun that ends with tā' marbūța (ـــــــة), you should change the tā' marbūta (ــــــة) into a proper ت and then add the suffix. See the example below: والدت والدي والدة To express possession of a feminine word which indicates sex of the person, such as أخت you simply add the suffix to the end of the noun, just like you do with masculine nouns. To say "a car of a teacher" (=“a teacher's car”), you simply string the two nouns together, assuming that there is an invisible "of" or "’s" between the two words. The result would be سيارة مُدَرِّس. That construction, which expresses a possessive relationship, is called in Arabic 'idāfa'. Literally, 'idāfat means “adding.” Please note that if the definite article الـ )al-) does not appear in the 'idāfa construction, it is considered indefinite. If you want to add an adjective to refer to either of the nouns in the 'idāfa construction, then you should insert it after the two nouns, not between them. To say “a beautiful dress of a girl" (=“a girl's beautiful dress"), you would say ثوب بنت جميل. Note that the adjective should agree with the noun it refers to in gender. We know that جميل in the previous example refers to ثَوْب because both of them are masculine. Had the adjective referred to بنت then it would have been جميلة because بنت is a feminine noun. You learned about the 'idāfa', which expresses a possessive relationship, and consists of two nouns or more placed one after the other (e.g.,سيارة مدرس). When the first noun in that construction is a feminine noun that ends in tā' marbūța, the tā' marbūțat is pronounced as a proper tā'. To pronounce the example above you would pronounce it as sayyārat mudarris. However, it remains written as tā' marbuta سَيَّارَة مُدَرِّس. Should the feminine noun that ends in tā' marbūțat appear at the end of the construction, you will not hear the tā' sound. For example, to say a door of a car, it would be pronounced bāb sayyara باب سيارة. So far you have been exposed to indefinite 'idāfa (eg. سيارة مدرس), but it can also be made definite by adding the definite article “the" الــ )al-) to the last noun (e.g.,سيارة المدرس "the teacher's car") or attaching a possessive pronoun to the last noun (eg. سيارة مدرسي "my teacher's car"(. The verbs in the table above (eg أجْلِسُ أَشْرَب أَدْرُسُ) are present tense verbs and have, as their prefix, a hamza with an 'alif as a seat (I) and a damma (亠) as suffix to indicate that the doer of the action is first-person singular masculine or feminine (ie. أنا(. To indicate the doer of those verbs in second-person masculine (i.e. أنْتَ "you") or third-person feminine (i.e., hiya هِيَ “she”), we alter the prefix from 1 to. To give an example, if you want to say "you (m.) drink tea" or "she drinks tea," it will be أنْتَهِي تَشْرَبُ شاي. You learned in chapter 2 unit 1 that Arabic does not have the verb “to have” and for it to express this notion, it employs the preposition لـ. To say “I have,” you would suffix the proposition with the possessive pronoun ي. The resultant prepositional phrase would be لي. In the same vein, to say “he has,” you would suffix the preposition with the possessive pronoun and “she has" ها. . To the right is a paradigm of the preposition لـ suffixed with a number of possessive pronouns to indicate possessor (i.e., “to have"). | **English Translation** | **Arabic** | |--------------------------|------------| | I have | لي | | you (m.) have | لك | | you (f.) have | لكِ | | you (pl.) have | لكم | | he has | له | | she has | لها | | they have | لهم | | we have | لنا | Please note that when the preposition لـ is attached to a pronominal suffix, other than لي “I have,” the kas-rat (‿) converts to a fathaº (¯). In a previous chapter, you learned how to conjugate present tense verbs with )أنا هُوَهِيَ / أنْتَ(. In this part, we will go over the conjugations with other personal pronouns( )أنْتِ هُم / أنْتم / نَحْنُ(. The present tense for أنْتِ takes the prefix and the suffix . For هم, the verb takes the prefix and suffix ون. For أنتم, the verb takes the same prefix (ie, as أنت and أنْتِ but it also has a suffix ونَ. For نَحْنُ the verb takes the prefix and a damma⁺ (亠) as a suffix. Here is a complete paradigm where the verb يَكْتُبُ is conjugated for the eight personal pronouns. | **Affixes** | **Verb** | **Pronoun** | |-------------|----------|-------------| | | يَكْتُبُ | هُوَ | | و | تَكْتُبُ | هي | | يون | يَكْتُبُونَ | هم | | و | تَكْتُبُ | أنت | | تين | تَكْتُبِينَ | أنتِ | | تون | تَكْتُبُونَ | أنتُم | | أ | أَكْتُبُ | أنا | | و نَ | نَكْتُبُ | نَحْنُ | You learned in chapter 3, unit 4, that Arabic includes irregular plurals (broken plural جمع تكسير). To transform a noun or adjective from singular to irregular plural, you change the internal vowels or add or drop letters. Another way of pluralizing nouns and adjectives is to add plural suffixes. That kind of plural is called a "sound" plural. In this part we will focus only on how to change singular feminine nouns and adjectives that end in tā' marbūțat ὃ to the plural. Most feminine nouns and adjectives nouns are made plural by simply dropping tā' marbūțat ö and adding the suffix ات. Thus, لغات is the plural form of لُغَة and جميلات is the plural form of جميلة Sound feminine plurals can be used for humans and for things (non-human). If an adjective follows a human sound feminine plural, it will also be plural. For example, to transform مُدَرِّسَة فَرَنْسِيّة “a French (fem.) teacher" into a plural, we write مُدَرِّسات فَرَنْسِيَّات "French (fem.) teachers.” However, if an adjective follows a non-human sound feminine plural, it will remain in the feminine singular. For example, to transform سَيّارة فَرَنْسِيّة "a French car"into the plural, it will become سيارات فَرَنْسِيّة The verb يوجد, which means “there exists,” is used to describe things that exist in a particular place. It is always found at the beginning of a clause; therefore it appears only in the masculine (يوجَدُ third-person masculine) and feminine (توجد third-person feminine) singular forms. The feminine form of the verb appears when it is used with feminine singular and non-human plural nouns; for example, . توجد سيارة سيارات كبيرة في الشارع The past tense الفعل الماضي indicates that an action has taken place in the past and is completed. The conjugation of that tense involves adding suffixes to the stem of the verb. In the table above, the suffix is added to the stem of the two verbs زُرْتُ "I visited" and سافَرْتُ "I travelled” to indicate that the doer of the action is first-person singular أنا. مَتَى is a question word meaning "When?” and is used to ask the time during which an action takes/took place. For example, if you want to ask your classmate “When do you (m.) go to sleep?" you would say مَتَى تَنام؟ You learned in chapters 2 and 3 that Arabic does not have a verb meaning “to have.” To express that idea, it resorts to the preposition لـ. Moreover, a possessive pronoun is added as a suffix to indicate the possessor )e.g., لي = "I have," لَهُ “he has, etc.(. Another preposition (ie, عِنْد is used for the same purpose; however, its usage is different. To explain, is used to express a possession of kinship (e.g. لَهُ أخ وأخ he has a brother and a sister"), whereas عِنْدَ is used to express the ownership of objects (eg. عِنْدِي سيارة "I have a car"), abstracts (eg. عندها فكرة جميلة “She has a nice idea"), and something that is not present at the time of speaking (e.g عِنْدَه مليون دولاراً في البنك "He has a million dollars in the bank”(. Below is a paradigm of the preposition عِنْدَ suffixed with a number of possessive pronouns to indicate the possessor (i.e. أنا عندي "I have"(. | **English Translation** | **Arabic** | |--------------------------|------------| | I have | عندي | | you (m.) have | عِنْدَكَ | | you (f.) have | عِنْدَكِ | | you (pl.) have | عِنْدَكُم | | he has | عِنْدَهُ | | she has | عندها | | they have | عِنْدَهُم | | we have | عِنْدَنا | You learned at the beginning of this chapter that the past tense indicates that something happened in the past. Moreover, the conjugation of that tense involves adding suffixes to the stem of the verb to mark the doer of the verb. In the table above, there are three past tense verbs (i.e. وُلِدَ, عاش, and تَزَوَّجَ). The fathat, which is added to stem, indicates that the doer of the action is "he" هُوَ. The doer of the past tense verbs below is أنا. Change the suffix to indicate that the doer is | **Arabic** | **English Translation** | |------------|--------------------------| | وَجَدْتُ | I found | | وَصَلْتُ | I arrived | مَنْ is a question word and means “who.” It is used to ask which person(s) performs or performed an action (eg. مَنْ سافر إلى فرنسا ؟ "who travelled to France?"(. You have learned how to conjugate the Arabic past tense verbs with the pronouns أنا and هُوَ. The following table highlights the suffixes added to the stem of the verb (e.g"كتب he wrote”) to indicate that the doer of the action is هِ أنْتَand أنت | **Suffix** |**Pronoun** | |------------|-------------| | مَتْ | هِيَ | | نت | أنت | | نتِ | أنتِ | ## ClassNotes The past tense is indicated by the suffix ات in Arabic. | **English** | **Arabic** | |------------|------------| | I went | ذهبت | | He went | ذهب | | She went | ذهبت | | You (m.) went | ذهبت | | You (f.) went | ذهبت | | I wrote | كتبت | | He wrote | كتب | | I studied | درشت | | He studied | درس | | I went out | خرجت | | He went out | خرج | | I ate | كلت | | He ate | أكل | | I traveled | سافرت | | He traveled | سافر | | I married | تزوجت | | He married | تزوج | **Days of the Week** | **Arabic** | **English** | |------------|------------| | الإثنين | Monday | | الثلاثاء | Tuesday | | الأَرْبعاء | Wednesday | | الخميس | Thursday | | الجمعة | Friday | | الشبت | Saturday | | الأحد | Sunday | **Directions** | **English** | **Arabic** | |------------|------------| | North East | شمال شرق | | North | شمال | | North West | شمال غرب | | East | شرق | | West | غرب | | South East | جنوب شرق | | South | جنوب | | South West | جنوب غرب | **Weather** | **Arabic** | **English** | |------------|------------| | باره / حار | Cold / Hot | | ممطر / جاف | Rainy / Dry | | معتدل / مشمش | Mild / Sunny | | دافئ / رطب | Warm / Humid | **How many people are there in your family?** كم شخصاً في عائلتك؟ **Do you have ... an uncle?** هل لك ... عم؟ **Feminine Plural:** أستاذة - أستاذات عمة - عمات سنة - سنوات **Exception:** سنوات To have = (also for abstract relationships-country, city, etc) (non human plural = considered feminine singular) | **English** | **Arabic** | |--------------|-------------| | I don't have | لَيْسَ لِي | | You(m) don't have | لَيْسَ لَكَ | | You (F) don't have | لَيْسَ لَكِ | | You (pl) don't have | لَيْسَ لَكُم | | He don't have | لَيْسَ لَهُ | | She don't have | لَيْسَ لها | | They don't have | لَيْسَ لَهُم | | We don't have | لَيْسَ لنا | **The definite article الـ makes whole sentence definite, even if many nouns is idafah** |**Arabic**|**English** | |---------|-------------| | سيارة ولد vs سيارة الولد | A car (of) a boy vs The boy's car | **Idafah** | **Add other adj.** | **Arabic** | |--------------------|-------------| | Handsome, pretty, boy, car | ما سيارة ولد جملة وسيم | **т = ة marbouta but not pronounced** **Ex.** | **Feminin (DB2 only)** | **Feminin (have masculin form)** | **Masculine** | |-----------------------|------------------------------------|-----------------| | خليفة | مدينة | ابن | | | بلد | بيت | | | مديرة | بلد | | | دحاجة | دجاج | **There are exceptions... ex:** | **Feminin** | **Masculine** | |-------------|-------------| | ولد | بنت | | أنت | أنت | **To me/ for me (I have): [person] لِي (for people only)** **(Hadhā (this is) or hādhī (f.)) **(ma hadha? (what's this)) **FOR NOUNS (NOT VERBS)** **(ma takol/madha iohib) **FOR VERBS** | **Arabic** | **English** | |------------|-------------| | ماذا تاكل؟ | What do you eat? | | ماذا يحب ؟ | What does he like? | **My country is beautiful vs. a beautiful country** | **Arabic** | **English** | |------------|-------------| | بلدي جميل | My country is beautiful | | بلد جميل | A beautiful country |