Essentials of Photography PDF

Essentials of photography Light Camera Lens Sensitized Materials Chemical Process Light is an electromagnetic energy that travels in the form of a wave with the speed of 186, 000 miles per second.  Theories of light 1. The Wave Theory (Huygens) - the motion of the water that we observe...

Essentials of photography Light Camera Lens Sensitized Materials Chemical Process Light is an electromagnetic energy that travels in the form of a wave with the speed of 186, 000 miles per second.  Theories of light 1. The Wave Theory (Huygens) - the motion of the water that we observe a piece of log floating in the ocean and with the force of air will make the log move up and down. 2. The Corpuscular Theory (Newton) - opposed the wave theory stating that light has its effect by the motion of very small particles known as corpuscles. 3. Modified Wave Theory (Maxwell and Hertz) - a theory based on electromagnetics light is a form of energy which is electromagnetic in form. 4. Quantum Theory (Albert Einstein)- that electrons attached to a metal can absorb a specific quantity of light thus have the energy to escape.  Light wavelength Light wavelength is the distance measured between two (2) successive crest or trough of wave and it is expressed in either Millimicron (nanometer) or Angstrom. Millimicron is the unit of light wavelength which is equivalent to one-millionth part of a millimeter. Angstrom is relatively smaller for it has an  Types of light Visible Lights - Is the type of light that produces different sensation when reach the human eye. It is the type of light, which is capable of exciting the retina of the human eye. Invisible Lights - Lights in which their wavelength are either too short or too long to excite the retina of the human eye RAT Reflected, Transmitted or Absorbed (RAT).  rEFLECTED, TRANSMITTED OR ABSORBED (RAT) Reflected once the light hits a mirror and it bounces back. Transmitted when the light hits a transparent glass which would allow the light to pass through its medium Absorbed when the light hits a dark colored object and prevents it from either bouncing or passing through.  PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS/ELECTROMAGNETIC X-ray - Light withSPECTRUM the wavelength between.01 to 30 millimicrons. It is produced by passing an electric current through a special type of vacuum tube. It was incidentally discovered by Conrad Welhelm Roentgen. This type of light works in the principle of shadow photography. ULTRA-VIOLET RAY (BEFORE THE VIOLET)- Radiation having a wavelength of 30 to 400 nanometers designed to photograph fingerprints in multi colored background, documents that are altered, decipherment of erase writing and developing invisible writing. It is commercially known as “black Light”.  PHOTOGRAPHIC RAYS/ELECTROMAGNETIC SPECTRUM Visible Light -It refers to the type of radiation having a wavelength of 400 to 700 millimicrons designed for ordinary photographing purposes Infra- red ( Beyond the Red) - Considered as the photographic rays with the longest wavelength ranging from 700 to 1000 millimicrons. It is designed to take photographs of over-written documents, obliterated writing, and charred documents or for black out photography. (Sometimes referred to as heat rays). ISAAC NEWTON IN 1666 proved that the light which men see as white light is actually a mixture of all colors of the spectrum. This is produced when we allow light to hit a glass prism (Sharp Edge of the Glass) Colors of light found in visible spectrum Primary Colors - Blue, Green Red Secondary Colors - Cyan, Yellow, Magenta Neutral Colors – Gray, White, Black Colors of light found in visible spectrum White - Presence of All Color Black – Absence of All Color Painted objects do not produce their own light, they reflect light, when objects look red, because it is reflecting only red light to our eyes. To do this, it absorbed the other primary colors in the white light it is reflecting. It absorbed green and blue and reflects red. Mediums of light  MEDIUMS OF LIGHT TRANSPARENT OBJECTS – mediums that merely slow down the speed of light but allow to pass freely in other respects, transmit 90% or more of the incident light. TRANSLUCENT OBJECTS – mediums that allow light to pass through it in such a way that the outline of the source of light is not clearly visible, transmit 50% or less of the incident light. OPAQUE OBJECTS – A medium that divert or absorb light, but does not allow lights to pass though, they absorb most of the light while reflecting some of it  Manner of bending of light Reflection– the rebounding or the deflection of light as it hits the surface Refraction– bending of light when passing from one medium to another Diffraction– bending of light when it strikes the edge of an opaque object  LIGHT SOURCE NATURAL LIGHT Are those light which come to existence without the intervention of man e.i. Sunlight, moonlight and starlight. TYPES: BRIGHT SUNLIGHT HAZY SUNLIGHT DULL SUNLIGHT  Light sources Dull Sunlight– Object in an open space cast no shadow due to thick clouds covering the sun. CLOUDY BRIGHT - objects in open space cast no shadow but objects at far distance are clearly visible. CLOUDY DULL - objects in open space cast not shadow and visibility of distant objects are already limited. Artificial light Otherwise known as man-made light e.g. fluorescent bulb, incandescent bulb and photoflood lamp.  Continuous radiation Photoflood Lamp– Is likewise known as Reflectorized light or Spot light. It is a light with a reflector at the back which focus the light to the object the common wattages of this lamp is Fluorescent Lamp- Are tube lamps in which the walls are coated with fluorescent powders with both ends is mounted with a holder that serves as the reflector. This is commonly used by everybody more than it is used in photographing.  Continuous radiation INCANDESCENT BULB– Are bulb with a wire filament connecting two wires which sustain the electrical charge that produces the light. Everybody likewise commonly uses this although it is more expensive in terms of electrical consumptions. Infra – Red Lamp Ultra- violet Lamp  Short duration type Flash Bulb– Are chemical lamps, as it generate lights by the rapid combination of metal in oxygen. The bulb can be used only once as the bulb is busted when fired electrically. There are thin filaments inside the bulb with two electrical contacts. When the current flows through the filament, it becomes incandescent and ignites the explosive primer that ignites the aluminum foil that burns, giving flash of tense light.  Short duration type Concurrent Light – Light is scattered. Coherent Light - Light that is aligned as LASER LIGHT. “Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation” Hologram - The formation of image through the use of laser light Dennis Gabor - who invented the hologram, explained his discovery in simple terms in this article published in 1948 Flash Photography Flash photography is a technique where a camera's flash is used to illuminate a subject or scene. The flash can be built-in or externally attached to the camera  Types of Flash Photography On – camera flash Off-camera flash photography photography This refers to the This involves using a flash flash that is physically that is separate from the camera, allowing for more attached to the camera. control over the direction and While convenient, it can quality of light. It requires often result in harsh additional equipment like shadows or red-eye stands and triggers but offers effect in portraits. greater creative possibilitie camera Is a light tight box with light gathering device and a means of blocking unwanted or unnecessary light from reaching the sensitized material  ESSENTIAL PARTS OF A CAMERA LIGHT TIGHT BOX - a box designed to keep light out and serve as a frame to hold other parts. LENS - designed to collect or to focus the reflected light from an object to form an image on the film. SHUTTER – designed to control the time during which the light reaches the film FILM HOLDER (HOLDER OF THE SENSITIZED MATERIAL) – located at the opposite side of the lens designed to hold firmly the sensitized material to prevent the formation of the multiple or blurred image VIEW FINDER – designed to determine the field of view of the camera or the extent of the coverage of the given lens  OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA Viewing System - Is that part of the camera which provides the means of showing to the photographer the entire scene coverage that can be recorded in the sensitized material. FILM ADVANCER (FILM ADVANCE LEVER OR KNOB) - Designed to transfer the exposed film to the other side or to the take up spool and the unexposed film will be the opposite side of the lens for another exposure.  OTHER PARTS OF A CAMERA Shutter Speed - Is that part of the camera which regulates the time exposure of the film thus, affecting the amount of light reaching the sensitized material. It is usually expressed in a fraction of a second. 1/1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/15 1/30 1/60 1/125 1/250 1/500 etc. The speed number in the left is always two times powerful in terms of light gathering than that of the right number Slow shutter speeds are basically used for low light while fast shutter speeds are used in bright lighting conditions. You have to control both shutter speed and lens opening to achieve correct exposure. SHUTTER SPEED Using a fast shutter speed the photographer can stop or “freeze” the action of a person provided that necessary adjustment on the lens opening be made in order to maintain normal exposure  Type of shutter BETWEEN THE LENS OR CENTRAL SHUTTER - A type of shutter that is usually located between the elements of the lens made of metal leaves and its action starts from the center toward the side, and then closes back to the center. FOCAL PLANE SHUTTER - Located near the focal plane or the sensitized material, this type of shutter is usually made of cloth curtain, its action starts on one side and closes to the opposite side. Camera shutters often include one or two other settings for making very long exposures : B (FOR BULB ) - keep the shutter open as long as the shutter release is held. T (FOR TIME) - keep the shutter open until the shutter release is pressed again.  Type of shutter LENS APERTURE - The ratio between the diameter of the whole lens in relation to the focal length of the lens. It is the light gathering power of the lens. Otherwise known as lens opening or relative aperture and it is expressed in F-number. f 2.8 f-4 f-5.6 f-8 f-11 f-16 Diaphragm - a device made of thin overlapping metal leaves within a lens or camera which can be adjusted to specific apertures of f-stops to control the amount of light that strikes the film. The lower the f-number, the bigger the lens opening and the bigger the lens opening the greater the volume of air that will passed through the lens and reach the sensitized material. If the objective of a photographer is obtain the widest possible coverage of the lens in which objects are all sharp, It will be advisable to used a smaller lens opening.  TYPES OF SHUTTER Depth of Field -It is the remoteness or distance measured from the nearest to the farthest object in apparent sharp focus when the lens set of focus is at a particular distance. Depth of Focus - – It is the distance toward and away from the film that the lens can be moved at a given f- value and the object still appears in focus Hyperfocal Distance -The nearest distance at which a lens is focused with a given diaphragm opening, which will give the maximum depth of field. FOCUSING Is that mechanism of a camera designed to control the degree of sharpness of the object to be photograph. It is usually obtained by estimating the distance from the camera and that of the object that will make a sharp or clear image.  TYPES OF FOCUSING DEVICE RANGE FINDER (e.g. viewfinder, instamatic camera and 35mm cameras) COINCIDENCE otherwise known as superimposed image focusing. In this type of focusing a single object will appeared double once the object is not in focus, but moving the focusing adjustment this double image will coincide or superimposed to form a single object. SPLIT IMAGE FOCUSING on the other hand will show an image in split or two parts once the object in not in focus once the two parts of the image has been united then the object is already focused  TYPES OF FOCUSING DEVICE GROUND GLASS (e.g. twin-lens reflex camera and digital camera) - This is observed from the viewing system of the camera, once the object is not in focused the object will be viewed to be blurred and will turn sharp and clear once adjusted. It is focused directly observing the image formed at the ground glass screen, placed behind the taking lens. SCALE BED/FOCUSING SCALE (e.g. press and view camera, and Polaroid Evidence Camera) - Estimating the distance of the object and adjusting the camera control based on his estimation do this.  CAMERA ACCESSORIES TRIPOD – a stand consisting three legs and mounting head for a camera; used to support and stabilize the camera CABLE-RELEASE – a cable with a button or plunger attached to a camera to prevent accidental movement and eliminate camera shake. FLASH UNIT – an artificial source synchronized with the opening and closing of the shutter to emit a brief but very bright burst illumination to a scene  CAMERA ACCESSORIES Light Meter – a device used in determining the intensity of light that strikes the subjects and affects the film EXTENSION TUBE – a tube inserted between the lens and camera body to provide increased magnification for macrophotography. Camera Grip – a device used to hold the camera firmly so as to prevent vibration or movement Lens Hood - a plastic, metal rubber device that attaches to the front of a lens to shield it from extraneous light and eliminate reflection that might destroy the image cast by objects especially when the light is coming from the top or side portion of the camera.  Similar of a camera to the human eye Eyeball – Camera body Eyelid – Shutter Lens – Camera lens Iris – Diaphragm Pupil – Aperture Retina – Film/film holder  Types of the camera View Finder Type – it is considered as the smallest and the simplest type of camera. Its view finder framed the objects that will be recorded on the film. SINGLE LENS REFLEX CAMERA – it is a type of camera best suited for police work due to its interchangeability of the lens. The best way to determine the entire coverage of the camera is to look directly behind lens of the camera. These types of camera will eliminate the parallax error.. TWIN LENS REFLEX CAMERA– A type of camera with dual lens, one for focusing and the other for forming the image. VIEW OR PRESS TYPE- is considered the biggest and expensive type of camera, used for movie making. A large format camera. Sometimes even called a “studio camera”  Types of the camera Pinhole Camera – Consist of a box with a small hole in one of its side. Fixed Focus Camera – he most basic of all camera, have a nonadjustable lens. Most model have a single diaphragm setting and only one or two shutter setting. Point and Shoot Camera– Have many automatic features that make them easy to use. Electronic devices inside the camera automatically adjust the focus, set the light exposure and advance and rewind the film.  Types of the camera Digital Camera – A camera that takes video or still photographs, or both, digitally by recording images on light sensitive sensor (not film). a type of camera that is electronic and does not require light sensitive materials (film) for recording images, it either uses a memory card, disc (hard disc, floppy or compact disc) as storage. 35mm Camera – Any class of cameras designed to use 35-mm film, the same film used in commercial motion picture production. Folding Camera– Lens and shutter mounted to camera body by means of accordion-pleated bellows, which can be folded into camera for ease of carrying.