MIDTERM ADDITIONAL REVIEWER PDF

Lesson 8 PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SOCIAL ISSUE What Does Psychosocial Mean? It is comprised by two primary aspects: PSYCHOLOGY- pertains to anything associated with mental process and behavi...

Lesson 8 PSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A SOCIAL ISSUE What Does Psychosocial Mean? It is comprised by two primary aspects: PSYCHOLOGY- pertains to anything associated with mental process and behavior. SOCIAL- pertains to anything associated with human relationships, connection, and interaction. ERIKSON’S STAGES OF PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Crisis / Task Virtue Developed TRUST VS. MISTRUST HOPE AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT WILL INITIATIVE VS. GUILT PURPOSE INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY COMPETENCY IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION FIDELITY INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION LOVE GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION CARE INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR WISDOM 3 Primary Psychological Domains Affect- feelings we experience as part of our everyday lives Behavior- pertains to people's actions-both observable (overt) or not readily observable (covert) Cognition- people's thought processes such as memory, perception, and information-processing. DIMENSIONS OF WELL-BEING Social- to relate to and connect with other people in the world. Emotional- recognizes awareness and acceptance and healthy expression of one’s feelings Physical- recognizes the need for regular physical activity. Career/ Material- recognizes personal satisfaction and enrichment in life through work. Mental/ Intellectual- encourages creative, stimulating mental activities Environmental- the extent towhich one cares for the earth by protecting its resources. Spiritual- recognizes one's searchfor meaning and purpose in human existence Lesson 10 and Lesson 11 Rational Behavior- rational self interest means you make decisions to achieve the maximum fulfillment of your goals Affective Primacy Hypothesis This hypothesis is the process of reacting or feeling before evaluating the situation. This kind of reaction is normal with dealing an unexpected or a sudden stimulus. It’s the feeling without thinking. For example suddenly feeling fear after watching a snake. Cognitive Primacy Hypothesis, perceivers must know what they are looking at before they can make an affective judgment about it. Sensation and feeling are two words that are mainly used in psychology between which a key difference can be identified. Sensation refers to the process in which information is taken and  interpreted by the human brain with the assistance of sensory systems. Sensations are a physical feeling or perception that comes from something coming in contact with the body. Like a blanket touching your skin. What is Sensation? Sensation refers to the process in which information is taken and interpreted by the human brain. In order to take information the human body is equipped with five senses. These are known as sensory systems. They are vision, smell, hearing, touch, and taste. And these senses allow us to experience and enjoy the environment that surrounds us. What is Feeling? A feeling can simply be understood as an emotional state. This comes from the verb feel. Feelings can be of such diversity ranging from love, happiness, contentment to anger, bitterness and even rage. They alert us as to how we feel. If a person is feeling depressed, this feeling makes us aware of our situation. Feelings are connected to so many aspects such as our emotions, thoughts, moods and even sensations. Psychologists believe that feelings are often very subjective. They can be influenced by the memories, personal experiences, and beliefs that people have. Sexual Behavior These behavioral expressions contains both biological elements and cultural influences and involves sexual arousal (with its physiological changes, both pronounced and subtle, in the aroused person). Sexual behavior can also involve behavior that is aimed at arousing desire in potential partners (courtship displays or rituals) or behavior aimed at enhancing sexual experiences Sexual Dysfunction- disturbance in sexual desire and in the psychophysiological changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause distress and interpersonal difficulty Desire disorders These disorders affect sexual desire and interest in sex, are also known as libido disorders or low libido. Low estrogen and testosterone levels can cause decreased libido, as can hormonal changes, medical conditions (like diabetes and heart disease), relationship problems, sexual inhibitions, fatigue, fear, depression, and anxiety, among other things. Arousal disorders These disorders make it difficult or impossible to become physically aroused during sexual activity, can occur in both men and women. The most common type in men is erectile dysfunction. a person has arousal disorder, he or she may be interested in sexual activity, but be unable to get any physical satisfaction from it. Orgasmic disorders These involve the absence of orgasm or delayed orgasm, are a common problem with women, but they can also occur in men. Pain during sexual activity, stress, fatigue, hormonal changes and reduced libido can all lead to delayed or absent orgasm. Pain disorders These involve pain during intercourse, can affect both men and women. In women, pain may be caused by vaginal dryness, vaginismus (a condition that affects the vaginal muscles), urinary tract infections (UTIs), hormonal changes during menopause, and other conditions. In men, pain may be caused by Peyronie's disease (physical damage to the penis), infections like UTIs, prostatitis and yeast infections, genital herpes and skin conditions. PARAPHILIAS Paraphilia is any intense and persistent sexual interest other than sexual interest in genital stimulation or preparatory fondling with phenotypically normal, physically mature, consenting human partners. If a paraphilia causes distress or impairment to the individual or if its satisfaction entails personal harm, or risk of harm, to others, it is considered a paraphilic disorder. A paraphilia is thus a necessary but insufficient condition for having a paraphilic disorder. A paraphilia by itself, without distress, impairment, or potential or actual harm, does not necessarily require clinical intervention. Voyeurism is achievement of sexual arousal in an adult by observing people who are naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity. When observations are of unsuspecting people, this sexual behavior often leads to problems with the law and relationships. Exhibitionism is characterized by achievement of sexual excitement through genital exposure, usually to an unsuspecting stranger. It may also refer to a strong desire to be observed by other people during sexual activity. Exhibitionistic disorder involves acting on these urges with a nonconsenting person or experiencing significant distress or functional impairment because of such urges and impulses. Frotteurism is intense sexual arousal from touching or rubbing against a nonconsenting person. Sexual masochism is intentional participation in an activity that involves being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise abused to experience sexual excitement. Sexual sadism is infliction of physical or psychological suffering (eg, humiliation, terror) on another person to stimulate sexual excitement and orgasm. Pedophilic disorder is characterized by recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with prepubescent children Fetishism is use of an inanimate object (the fetish) or nongenital body parts as the preferred method of producing sexual excitement. Fetishistic disorder refers to recurrent, intense sexual arousal from use of an inanimate object or from a very specific focus on a nongenital body part (or parts) that causes clinically significant distress or functional impairment in one or more important areas of life. Transvestism involves recurrent and intense sexual arousal from cross-dressing, which may manifest as fantasies, urges, or behaviors.