Mid-Term[1] ملخص.pdf

Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ‫ادعولي‬ Module 1 (‫)اضغط هنا لمشاهدة الشرح على اليوتيوب‬ What is a computer? A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, proce...

Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ‫ادعولي‬ Module 1 (‫)اضغط هنا لمشاهدة الشرح على اليوتيوب‬ What is a computer? A computer is an electronic device that can receive, store, process, and output data. It works through programs and combines hardware (physical components) and software to solve different problems. The computer follows four main steps in processing information: 1. Input: Data and instructions are entered using devices like keyboards, mice, and microphones. 2. Processing: The CPU processes the data, performing calculations or logical operations. 3. Storage: Data is saved either during or after processing. Primary storage: Temporary (RAM) for fast access for the CPU to data and instructions while the computer is running. Secondary storage: Long-term (hard drives, SSDs). 4. Output: The results are shown on devices like monitors, printers, or speakers. Data vs Information: Data: Raw facts with no meaning (e.g., "19930315"). Information: Data that has been processed to give it meaning (e.g., "March 15, 1993"). Transistors act as switches in a computer: Off: Represents 0 (no current flows). On: Represents 1 (current flows). Measurement Units: Bit (b): Smallest unit of data (0 or 1). Byte (B): 8 bits (usually represents a character). Kilobyte (KB): 1024 Bytes. Megabyte (MB): 1024 KB. Gigabyte (GB): 1024 MB. System Numbering: Decimal: Base-10 system we use (numbers 0-9), is used because it's easier for people, while computers work with binary Hexadecimal (Hex): Base-16 system using digits 0-9 and letters A-F, is used in computing for its concise binary representation and easy conversion to and from binary. Colors in websites are often represented using Hexadecimal & Decimal codes: colors are defined by three components: Red(R), Green(G), Blue(B) Each of these components can have a value ranging from 0 to 255 in decimal. Name Color Hexadecimal Decimal Black #000000 (0, 0, 0) White #FFFFFF (255, 255, 255) Red #FF0000 (255, 0, 0) Green #00FF00 (0, 255, 0) Blue #0000FF (0, 0, 255) Encoding Systems: ASCII (7-bit encoding): Represents 128 characters including English letters, numbers, and control characters. Unicode (UTF-16): Uses 1 or 2 16-bit units to support more characters, including symbols and emojis. Types of Computers: Supercomputers: For complex calculations (e.g., weather forecasting). Mainframe Computers: Handle large data for many users (e.g., banks). Servers: Serve data to Client on a network. Workstations: More powerful computers used for tasks like video editing or 3D design. Microcomputers (Personal Computer): Desktop Computer: General-purpose computer for individual users. Laptop Computer: Portable versions of desktops. Netbooks: Smaller, lightweight laptops, mainly used for internet browsing. Tablets: Touchscreen-based devices, like Apple's iPad or Samsung's Galaxy Tab.  Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ‫ادعولي‬ Module 2 (‫)اضغط هنا لمشاهدة الشرح على اليوتيوب‬ Computer: A computer is made up of hardware (physical parts) and software (programs). Both are essential for its operation. Hardware: The "body" that runs the system. Software: The "soul" that provides instructions to make the hardware functional and interactive. Major Computer Hardware Components: Motherboard Power Supply Unit (PSU) Central Processing Unit (CPU) Random Access Memory (RAM) Storage Devices (HDD, SSD) Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Input and Output Devices Motherboard: Motherboard: The main circuit board that connects all computer parts, letting them communicate. Bus: Transfers data between computer components. CPU Socket: Where the CPU is placed. RAM Slots: Where memory modules are inserted. BIOS/UEFI Chip: Firmware that starts up the system. Expansion Slots: For adding extra cards like graphics or sound cards. I/O Panel: Ports for connecting external devices (USB, audio, etc.). Serial Port: Used for connecting older devices like modems and printers. Parallel Port: Also used for connecting older devices, especially printers. CMOS: Stores BIOS settings like system time, date. Powered by a small battery to retain these settings when the computer is off. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU converts alternating current (AC) from the wall into direct current (DC). Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU executes instructions and performs basic arithmetic, logic, and input/output operations. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Handles arithmetic and logic operations. Control Unit (CU): Directs all operations of the processor. Registers: Small, fast storage areas in the CPU that hold data currently being processed or about to be processed. Cache Memory: High-speed memory that helps the CPU access frequently used data faster It’s divided into L1, L2, L3 caches. Clock Speed: How fast the CPU runs, measured in GHz. Multi-Core: CPU with multiple cores two (dual-core), four (quad-core), six (hexa-core) for better performance. Cache Size: Small memory inside the CPU for quick access to frequently used data. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is volatile memory, which means data in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. RAM Speed: Measured in MHz. The faster the RAM, the quicker the computer can access data. RAM Capacity: Measured in GB. More RAM allows the computer to run more programs at once. Types of RAM: DRAM: The most common type of RAM. SRAM: Faster but more expensive, usually used in CPU caches. Storage Devices: Storage Devices is non-volatile, which means Store data even when the computer is turned off. HDD: Uses spinning disks to store data. SSD: Uses flash memory, faster than HDD. Hybrid Drives (SSHD): Combine SSD and HDD technologies. Graphics Processing Unit (GPU): The GPU accelerates image and video processing using parallel processing units and VRAM for data storage. It has its own CPU and memory, reducing the load on the system's CPU and RAM, but it can't fully replace them.  Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ‫ادعولي‬ Module 3 (‫)اضغط هنا لمشاهدة الشرح على اليوتيوب‬ Input and Output Devices: Input Devices: Devices that let you send data to a computer, like keyboards and mice. Output Devices: Devices that show you the computer's results, like monitors and printers. Input Devices: 1. Keyboard: Lets you type letters, numbers, and symbols. There are different types: Standard Keyboard: Common for desktops. Wireless Keyboard: Connects without cables. Virtual Keyboard: On-screen keyboard used on touchscreens. Components and Layout: Alphanumeric Keys: Include letters (A-Z) and numbers (0-9). Function Keys: Located at the top of the keyboard (F1-F12). Special Keys: Include Shift, Ctrl, Alt, and Windows key. Navigation Keys: Include arrow keys, Home, End, Page Up, and Down. Modifier Keys: Include Shift, Ctrl, Alt, which modify the function of other keys when pressed simultaneously. 2. Mouse: Moves the cursor on the screen. Types include: Wired Mouse: Uses a cable. Wireless Mouse: Connects without wires. Ergonomic Mouse: Designed for comfort. 3. Scanner: Converts physical documents into digital format. Types include: Flatbed: Resembles a photocopy machine with a flat glass surface for documents. Sheet-fed: Similar to a flatbed but feeds papers one at a time. Handheld: A manual device that is moved over the document. 4. Microphone: converts analog sound waves into digital signals, allowing computers to process or record. 5. Digital Camera/Webcam: Webcams are mostly for online video calls, while digital cameras are for high-quality photography. 6. Touchscreen: Lets you interact with the computer by touching the screen. Output Devices: 1. Monitor: Displays images and videos. Key features include: Resolution: Refers to the number of pixels on the screen. Refresh Rate: How often the screen updates. Response Time: Speed of color changes (important for gaming). Aspect Ratio: Width-to-height ratio of the screen. Monitor/Display Screen Types: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube): Older tech using electron guns to light phosphors. LCD (Liquid Crystal Display): Thin, low-power, uses liquid crystals with backlights. LED (Light Emitting Diode): Enhanced LCD with LED backlights, offering brighter, sharper images. 2. Printer: Produces physical copies of documents. Types include: Dot Matrix: Prints through layers of paper. Inkjet: Sprays ink for color prints. Laser: Uses a laser for fast, high-quality prints. Key Features: Resolution (DPI): Higher DPI means better print quality. Speed (PPM): Indicates how many pages a printer can print per minute. Connectivity: Can connect via USB, Ethernet, Wi-Fi, or Bluetooth. 3. Speakers: Converts digital audio from the computer into an analog signal using a DAC. Combined Input/Output Devices: Modem: Allows computers to send and receive data over networks by converting signals. Network Card: Connects your computer to a network, both sending and receiving data. Touchscreen Monitor: Works as both an input (when you touch it) and output (displaying visuals).  Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ‫ادعولي‬ Module 4 (‫)اضغط هنا لمشاهدة الشرح على اليوتيوب‬ Computer Software: Software: A program that tells the computer what tasks to do and how to do them. It connects the user with the computer's hardware. System Software: System Software: Includes the operating system (OS) and utility programs. It provides a platform for other software to run. Operating System (OS): The most important system software. It manages hardware and provides services for other programs. Main Functions: Process Management: The OS handles creating, scheduling, and ending processes. Memory Management: Manages RAM and cache memory. File System Management: Organizes files on storage devices. Device Management: Manages communication between devices. Security: Protects the system from unauthorized access and malware. User Interface: Allows users to interact with the computer, either through a graphical interface (GUI) or a text-based one (CLI). Types of Operating Systems: Multitasking OS: Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU. Real-time OS: Responds to input immediately (e.g., in cars). Distributed OS: Manages a group of connected computers. Embedded OS: Found in devices like ATMs and washing machines. Examples of Operating Systems: Desktop OS: Windows, macOS, Linux. Mobile OS: Android, iOS. Server OS: Windows Server, Linux server versions. Embedded Systems: RTLinux, VxWorks, and Windows lot. Operating System Components: Kernel: The core part that manages computer and hardware. Shell: Interface between the user and the kernel, where commands are given. Utilities: Tools for maintaining and improving system performance. Utility Software: Helps maintain and optimize the computer. Optimized Performance: Fixes issues and cleans unnecessary files. Enhanced Security: Protects against viruses and malware. Prevention of Data Loss: Prevents data loss by saving copies of files. Better organization: Organizes and helps you find files easily. Common Utility Software: Tools to maintain and improve computer performance, like: Disk Defragmenter: Organizes data on the hard drive to improve performance. System Utilities: Help maintain system performance (e.g., System Restore). Virus Scanners & Antimalware: Detect and remove harmful software (e.g., Norton, Windows Defender). Backup & Recovery Tools: Create copies of data for recovery in case of crashes. File Compression Tools: Reduce file sizes (e.g., WinZip). Network Utilities: Help monitor and diagnose network problems (e.g., Wireshark). Disk Cleaners: Remove unnecessary files to free up space (e.g., Disk Cleanup).  Made by: Ibrahim Alharbi ‫ادعولي‬ Module 5 (‫)اضغط هنا لمشاهدة الشرح على اليوتيوب‬ Application Software: Definition: Programs designed for specific tasks like writing, playing games, or managing finances. Examples: Spreadsheet Software: Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets. Word Processing Software: Microsoft Word, Google Docs. Presentation Software: Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides. Types of Application Software: 5. Freeware: Free to download and use (e.g., VLC Media Player). 6. Shareware: Free for a trial period, then you must pay (e.g., WinZip). 7. Open Source: Free to modify and share the source code (e.g., Linux, LibreOffice). 8. Commercial (Proprietary): Paid software, where users can’t modify the code (e.g., Microsoft Office). Vertical vs Horizontal Software: Vertical: Made for specific industries or businesses (e.g., medical billing software). Horizontal: General-purpose software used by many people and businesses (e.g., Microsoft Office). System Requirements for Applications: Before installing software, check: Compatibility: Does it work with your operating system? Hardware Needs: Does it need special hardware like a high-end graphics card? Storage: Do you have enough space on your hard drive? Software Documentation: Built-in Help: Accessed via the "Help" menu in the software. Official Websites: Often have user manuals or tutorials. Physical Copies: Manuals included with CD/DVD copies. Application Licenses: Single License: For one user/device. Volume Licensing: Discounted licenses for multiple users. Site License: Unlimited users in a specific location (e.g., an office or school). Web Applications: Definition: Software that runs through a web browser, no need to install (e.g., Google Docs, Gmail). Advantages: Accessible from any device, often cheaper, auto-updates. Disadvantages: Requires internet connection, potential security risks, limited offline use. User Interface (UI): The space where users interact with software, ensuring ease and user-friendliness. Main Window: Primary screen of the application. Dialog Box: Secondary window for input or notifications. Main Menu: Provides access to key functions. Dropdown Menu: Selects options from a list. Fields: Input text. Labels: Descriptive text for UI elements. Checkboxes: Select multiple options. Radio Buttons: Select one option. The Ribbon (in Microsoft Office): Goal: Simplifies finding commands and enhances interface intuitiveness. Contextual Tabs: Appear only when relevant, reducing clutter. Tabs: Organize activities like "Home," "Insert," and "Design." Groups: Tools within tabs are grouped by function (e.g., font options). Commands: Individual tools within groups (e.g., bold text, alignment). Beta Versions: Purpose: Released before final versions to test features and find bugs. Helps developers improve the software before public release.