Mid-sem Exam Functional Anatomy PDF

Students well-being 9 2.. ) What is 'well-being' and how can we support our student's well-being ? Consider student diversity in your answer. Well-bei...

Students well-being 9 2.. ) What is 'well-being' and how can we support our student's well-being ? Consider student diversity in your answer. Well-being is : a positive state experienced by individuals and societies. Similar to health , it is a resource for daily life and is determined by social , economic and environmental conditions. - > encompasses quality of life and the of people and societies ability to contribute to the world with a sense of meaning and purpose. The complex between internal and external factors interplay , and how individuals respond to these. Wellbeing is relative to the individual and changes over time depending on their personal Circumstances (AITS) , 2022) The nests six wellbeing domains > - how we support the child (ARACY 2018) , Risk factors for poor wellbeing : · Individual factors (mental health Family factors · Life events situations · , Community and cultural school context · Ways teachers can help : Buddy bench · understand home life of student Fitness clubs  Functional Anatomy > word doo - notes > written notes - > - whiteboard mindmap  Week 1 · Orientations > - planes of motion > - Joint motion > - Description of motor skill Performance assessment and talent identification model · > - Development of modern sport > Assessment - modification model Joint motion : planes of motion : Anatomical directional Anatomical Planes · terms · Description of a motor skill :. 1 Primary purpose of the skill 2. Movement phases 3. Joint action and segment motions Which joint involved and what their movements in the skill ? · are , are exact components of performance analysis : Describing logical fashion Prescribing · corrections based appropriate · a skill in a on > Breaking it down into its elements identification of cause - > What are the movements - > How do they relate to the goals - Evaluating performance · > Determining whether and how related anatomical and mechanical principles have - been violated or exploited  Performance assessment and talent ID : > mechanics - , body morphology physical, capabilities , psychological constitution > - [Janat comparison of data to others and previous values , general evaluation before season ; for prep of training ; incorporating many facets, specific testing > - modifications/interventions ; goals & ability , individual strengths and weaknesses , sport or training phases specific modifications are possible Easy 3 Strength, power body mass , ↓ , flexibility body type composition , , , speed agility , posture , dynamic Difficult , balance , proportionality. Predictores of performances : Sociological family support socio-economic status training age education coach · culture : , , , , , Physical height/weight bone diameter muscle girth somatype maturity body fat · : , , , , , Psychological · : - > perceptual , cognitive , personality > attention , intelligence anticipation creativity - , , > self-confidence anxiety motivation , concentration - , , Physiological aerobic capacity · : , anaerobic threshold , Anaerobic power Talent ID - The imperfect model  Week 2 Function of bones : support 3 protection organs (skull protects brain) · > - framework that supports softtissues and protects movement- > rigid levers which muscles pull produce movement · on to hematopoiesis > production of red blood cells · - storage of minerals and fats > calcium and phosphate · - Different cells and structure and function : Osteoblasts > - bone-forming cells that synthesize bone matrix Osteocytes > - mature bone cells that maintain bone tissue > responsible for remodeling · osteoclasts bone-resorbing cells bone - ↳ Bone structure : compact bone /dense , for strength) , spongy bone (lighter , shock absorption Joint types : structure and function fibrous immorable dense. sutures in the skull (e g · jont > connected by connective tissue -. , cartilagous joint by Cartilage (e g. intervetebral disc · > joined slightly movable , -. synovial -> freely (e g shoulder) · joint movable , encapsulated by a synovial membrane.. knee , > - Joints : Range of motion (ROM) and degrees of freedom (DOF) : · ROM > - the extent of movement avaliable at a joint DOF -> number of planes classified · in which a joint can more , as : - > /1 DOF) : elbow Chinge joint) > - 12 DOF) : Wrist I condyloid joint > - 13 DOF) : Shoulder /ball-and-socket joint - Active client : moves a given body part through it possible motions independently - > Passive client rests while therapist its possible joints through : moves movements - > Resisted : clients meet resistance from practitioner in attempting to produce movement at a joint. Muscle force vs. Torque : muscle force- · > the tension generated by muscles torque - force that calculated force multiplied by distance from pivot Clever. · a causes rotation , as the the arm) Types of muscle contractions : · isometric -> muscle tension without movement concentric > - muscle shortens while contracting eccentric > muscle lengthens under tension · - Lever types and examples : · (1st) First-class lever > - fulcrum between effort and load (e g.. neck joint · (249) Second-class lever > - load between fulcrum and effort (e g.. calf raise · (3r9) Third-class lever -> effort between fulcrum and load (e g.. bicep curl Muscle structure : pennation angle and fibre length : pennation angle > the angle of muscle fibres relative to force-generating axis , · - the influencing force generation -> fibre length longer fibres generally allow greater movement · ranges. Muscle types based on fibre arrangement : · parallel > - fibers aligned with the muscle's lengthle g. satorius) pennate > fibers angle creating higher force but reduced ROM (e g detoid · at an -. , pectoralis major -> broad origin single tendon (e g · convergent that converges to a.  Roles of muscles : Agonist- > · primary mover of an action > Antagonist agonist · the - opposes Synergist - by stabilising · assists the agonist or modifying the movement Fixator > stabilises · the origin of the agonist - Tendon and Ligament structure and response to stretch : structure tendons connect muscle to bone while ligaments connect bone to bone. Both consist of collagen · : , fibers , with tendons containing more parallel fibers. Response to stretch tendons and ligament demonstrate viscoelastic properties stretching with force but returning · : , to shape once released.  week 3 Properties of muscle : excitability ability respond stimuli · : to to contractability capability to shorten and generate force. · : extensibility ability to be stretched without damage · : elasticity tendency its original length after stretching · : to return to conductability : ability to propagate electrical signals including , actin potentials · adaptability : will charge in response to how it is used , enlarge (hypertrophy) with 4 work Macroscopic and Microscopic muscle structure macroscopic structure muscles composed of bundles of muscle fibers called fascicles surrounded by connective · : are , tissue layers ; epimysium (outermost) > - > perimysium (around fascicles - > endomysium (around individual fibers - > - fibers : individual muscle cells > fascicles bundles grouped - : of muscle fibers > musculotendinous junction - : point where epimysium converges to form a tendon > muscle muscle belly - : portion of between tendons microscopic structures each muscle fiber contains myofibrils which made up of repeating units called · : , are sacromeres , the functional units of muscle contraction > sarcolemma chemical transport into cell membrane ; regulates - : and out of fiber > sarcoplasm gelatinous surrounding fiber ; cytoplasm of : a substance structures within cells - muscle > Nuclei - structures within fiber that contain functional information for cell and control its a operations : > Myofibrils specialised contractile proteins make skeletal - : that muscle tissue appear stricted ; two filaments : thin 3 thick > Sarcomere functional unit muscle fiber ; their shortening contraction - : of causes > Transverse tubules network of tubules that and at right angles saocomeres transmit nerve - : run to impulses from sarcolemma to cell interior > Sarcoplasmic reticulum network fluid-filled chambers myofibril : of that - covers each like a lacy Sleeve ; stores calcium ions Contractile elements of a sarcomere : The the basic contractile unit in stricted muscle includes · sarcomere , , : > - Actin (thin filaments) : anchored at the 2-line , interacts with myosin for contraction. > - Myosin (thick filaments) : contains heads that form cross-bridges with actin to produce force. > and troponin Tropomyosin regulatory proteins - : on actin that control access to binding sites. sliding filament theory :. Actin 1 potential travels to sarcoplasmic reticulum and releases calcium ions into sarcoplasm. Calcium 2 ions then bind with troponin aside strands , moving tropomyosin protein covering binding sites on actin filament. 3. Myosin heads are charged with energy from breakdown of ATP Cable to movel 4. Energy binds myosin heads to active receptor sites on actin filament , making connections called cross-bridges. 5 Ratcheting action (power stroke) occurs as myosin heads pull sarcomere together shortening the strand , 6. Myosin heads bind ATP more , providing energy needed to release hold on actin strand, process creates contractions Action potentials and factors affecting muscle activation : Action potentials electrical impulses generated by motor that propagate along muscle fiber membrane · : neurons the , initiating contraction. Factors influencing activation : - > number of motor units (neuron + skeletal muscle fibers) that are activated > principle - all or none - > frequency of stimulation > how does frequency affect contraction strength - Motor unit > - consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. Smaller motor units control precise movements (e g in the.. eye) , while larger units control powerful , less precise movements (e. g. in the guads Muscle fiber types : TypeI (slow twitch) : high endurance slow to fatigue , , adapted for aerobic metabolism · Type 11a (fast twitch , Oxidative) : moderate endurance and power , adapted for bothaerobic and anaerobic activities Type IIx /fast twitch, Glycolytic) : low endurance rapid fatigue high power output, primarily anaerobic · , , Order recruitment : refers to the process where motor units are activated based on the size principle : 1. smaller motor units /Type 11 are recruited first for low-intensity efforts. 2 larger motor units (Type 11) are recruited as force demand increases Sensory receptors and stimuli Muscle spindles detect in muscle and trigger reflexive muscle contraction prevent · : changes length to overstretching. Golgi tendon organs : detect tension within tendons and activate to inhibit excessive force , protecting the muscle from damage Joint detect joint position and movement contributing · receptors : , to proprio reception. Basic spinal reflexes : > SR are automatic stimuli that do : protective to not involve brain - , responses the : Stretch reflex initiated by spindles in quick reflexive muscle response stretch , causing · : to a a contraction (e knee-jerk reflex). g Withdrawal reflex response to painful stimuli, causing immediate retraction le g pulling : a. away from hot a object Golgi tendon reflex : inhibits muscle contraction in response to high tension , preventing muscle damage.  Week 4 Upper limb : > - bone morphology : clavicle : connects the arm to the torso at the sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joints , providing stability and mobility scapula : includes landmarks like the glenoid cavity , acromion , and spine of the scapula. It shape allows for extensive attachment points for muscles involved in shoulder movement. humerus : the upper arm bone , featuring the head /which articulates with the scapula) , greater and lesser tubercles , and the olecranon fossa (for elbow motion radius and ulna : the radius is involved in pronation and supination with the vlna , which remains more stationary. > - joints shoulder joint (Glenohumeral joint) : flexion , extension , adduction , abduction , internal and external rotation. 3 DOF-ball and socket joint · elbow joint : flex /ext , I DOF-hinge joint wrist joint : flex/ext/radial and ulnar deviation , 2 DOF-condyloid joint radioulnar joint pronation/supination I DOF- pivot joint : , > Muscle morphology - : Deltoid > - muscle covering the shoulder enabling powerful abduction flex , and rotation , , Bicep brachii -> a fusiform muscle involved in elbow flexion and supination of the forearm Tricep brachii - a large muscle with 3 heads , responsible for elbow extension Forearm muscles /flexors and extensors) orgainsed into superficial and deep layers for fine · > - , motor control and grip strength > Injuries : - · Rotator cuff > - tears or strains in the rotator cuff (supraspinatus , infraspinatus , teres minor , subscapularis) that stabilises the shoulder joint. · shoulder dislocation > - humeral head moves out of glenoid cavity Tennis elbow /lateral epicondylitis) -> overuse affecting the extensor tendons at the lateral · epicondyle of the humerus. > - Functional movements reaching and lifting and throwing push/pull grasping and manipulating objects  week 5 Vertebral anatomy gross and range of motion (Gross anatomy) : Cervical Spine (7 vetebrae) > high mobility especially for rotation and flex/ext - , > - C1/Atlas) and CC /Axis) are specialised to support the skull and allow rotation · Thoracic Spine (12 vetebrae) > limited attachments which in mobility due to rib restrict movement particularly in flex /ext - , , > designed to support the rib cage and protect thoracic organs - Lumbar Spine (5 vetebrae) > built for stability and weight-bearing - > - greatest ROM in flex/ext , but limited rotation due to orientation of facet joints · Sacrum and coccyx : > 5 consists fused vertebrae that articulate base - sacrum of with the pelvis , creating a strong for spinal stability. > Coccyx (tailbone) consists of 3-5 fused vetebrae with minimal functional mobility - (range of motion) Cervical spine : high ROM in all planes , particularly in rotation (C1 and (2) , allowing head movement Thoracic spine limited by rib attachments ; capable of and lateral flexion · : some rotation Lumbar spine major movements include flexion and extension ; rotation is restricted to · : prevent injury Trunk musculature : Rectus abdominus : runs vertically along the abdomen responsible for flexing the spine. · , Obliques (internal/external) located sides abdomen assist in flexion , · : on the of the , they lateral flexion , and rotation Erector Spinae group : a group of muscles along the spine that extends the trunk and helps maintain an upright posture. multifidus deep spine muscles critical for spinal stability. · : in the lumbar ; Quadratus lumborum located in the lower back ; assists with lateral flexion and · : stabilises the lumbar spine · Transverse abdominus : deep muscles in abdomen that provides stability by creating intra-abdominal pressure.  Trunk surface landmarks : (Anterior) : jugular notch -> superior aspect of the manubrium , found between medial ends of the · the clavides. Viphoid process + distal end of sternum · Rectus abdominus > "Six pack" muscles · - Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) > projection the anterior aspect of the iliac crest · on - (Lateral) : External Obliques > located laterally the abdomen · - on Internal obliques -> located deep external obliques · to the iliac crest : superior border of the ilium /Posterior) : spinous process > pony projections of each vetebrae · - publis symphysis > midline between left and right public bones - C7 - bony projection you feel back of when it tilts forward · that on the your neck · erector spinae group > - muscles running alongside both sides of the spine posterior isuperior iliac Spine(PSIS) > - posterior aspect of the iliac. · crest Breathing mechanisms : > muscles - involved : ↳ Diaphragm : primary muscle for respiration , which contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume during inhalation. ↳ Intercostal muscles (external) help ribs during inhalation elevate expanding : : the , the chest cavity (internal) : assist in forced exhalation by depressing the ribs 4) Accessory muscles - > used during forced breathing - > Sternocleidomastoid elevate ribs and : the Upper sternum during deep inhalation. - > abdominus rectus contract during forced exhalation pushing diaphragm : the , upward. Breathing mechanics : Inhalation : Diaphragm contracts and moves down , increasing thoracic cavity volume. This creates a negative pressure , drawing air into the lungs. Ribs more up and out motion , further expanding the thoracic cavity.  exhalation typically passive diaphragm relaxes and recoils to its dome shape. · : , as the During foreful exhalation , the abdominal muscles contract , pushing the diagraphm up to expel air more forcefully.  Week 6 Lower limb joint motion and DOF : ball and socket hip jonit - joint · - 3 DOF : allowing flex /ext , abdu/add , int. ext. rotation ↳ primary movements : allows stability and mobility crucial for activities like walking , running and jumping knee joint > hinge joint · - allowing flex /ext - > I DOF : ) ↳ primary movements : provides stability and shock absorption during weight-bearing activities ankle joint - hinge joint · ↳ 1 DOF : corsi/plantar flexion - primary movements : inversion and eversion which contribute to foot stability Lower limb surface anatomy : (Anterior) > - ASIS : front of peluis > - Patella : kneecap > Tibial - tuberosity : Dony projection just below the patella /Lateral) > - lateral and medial condyle of femure : bony projection on either side of kneecap > Greater trochanter lateral thigh region - : > iliac crest upper edge of the peluis - : /Posterior) > - PSIS : back of pelvis > - Ischial tuberosity : "sit bone" > - Calcaneus : heel bore. Hip and pelvis synergistic movement : · Peluis-hip interaction : work together to max the lower limb range of motion and stability. Movements like anterior/posterior pelvic tilt, lateral tilt and pelvic rotation all contribute to adjusting the position of the trunk and lower limbs. Role in movement : > walking the pelris rotates slightly to increase stride length. - , > ant pelvic filt assists with hip extension postile helps hip flexion - , > - lat tilt helps maintain balance during single leg stances. · synergistic muscles : the gluteus med , min stabilise the peluis in the Coronal plane , while the lumbar spine and abdominal muscles (e g rectus. abdominus , obliques) stabilise in the Sagittal plane. Muscle types in the lower limb Slow twitch (type 1 : high endurance , slow contraction high oxidative capacity , ↳ e. g) postural muscles , soleus , gluteus that maintain stability for long periods of time 11) Fast +witch (type : fast contraction , low endurance high glycolytic capacity · , ↳ e. g) gastronemius for jumping and quads for explosive movement. Pennation and cross-sectional area : muscles like the guads and glutes have high pennation angle and large cross · max a sectional area allowing for high force production. , fusiforms muscles like the hamstring provide greater ROM ideal for activities requiring · , both knee flex and hip. ext Injuries : Hamstring Strain usually occurs during high speed running : , risk factors include muscle fatigue previous injury poor flexibility , ,. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) tear : commonly from pivoting movements. Patellar tendonitis overuse from repetative stress · : Bone morphology : Femor > - large proximal head which articulates with the acetabulum in the pelvis. It supports weight and allows mobility. Tibia weight bearing bone in the with > main lower leg articulating the femor at the - , knee and talus at the ankle. Fibula - thinner lateral lower leg bone that stabilisesHe ankle and serves · , as a site for muscle attachment. Patella > - kneecap which improves the leverage of the guad muscles and protects the knee joint. Muscle morphology : Quads -> large muscle which provides strength for knee ext Hamstrings > - back of thigh, allows flexibility and ROM needed for hip ext and knee flex · Calf(gastrocnemius/soleus) + gas acts of knee and ankle , soleus bottom of foot involved in plantarflexion.  Week 7 Absolute body size in sport Absolute body size > refers to the overall physical dimensions of an athlete , including · - height weight , , and muscle mass. In sports , different body sizes provide distinct advantages depending on the demands of the activity. Morphological optimisation the process by which the ideal body size and shape for · : a particular sport are selected or modified. - > This is about tailoring or selecting body morphology to best meet the physical demands of a sport often influenced by genetics training and supplements tactical changes. , , , Genetics : play a crucial role in determining body size , limb length , muscle fiber composition , and metabolic rate , all of which can predispose an individual to excel in certain sports. For instance, taller individuals with longer limbs have a natural advantage in basketball or swimming. Training and supplements : while genetics set a foundation training , can optimise physical attributes , such as muscle size , strength and endurance ,. Supplements can aid recovery increase muscle , mass , and support metabolic functions contributing , to reaching the "ideal" size for specific sports. Tactical changes : some sports evolve in ways that favour particular body types over time. For · example : bball has shifted toward valuing height and reach , especially for players in positions like the center. Greater homogeneity > - as sport evolves , there has been a trend toward body types that are more similar within a sport , especially at elite levels. For instance , long-distance runners tend to be lean , and lightweight while weightlifters have I body mass and muscle density. Less homogeneity- > different sports favour different body types , so there's less uniformity between sports. For example , gymnasts are often short and compact for better control in aerial movements, while basketball players are typically taller with longer arms to maximise reach. Source population in sport : > - Population 'pool' avaliable to elite sport : the general population serves as the "pool" from which elite athletes emerge. The genetic diversity and physical characteristics of this population influence the range of athletes available for sports. > Average profile of the population on average taller and heavier , people growing - : , are with an approx ↑ of 1 cm in height and 1 kg in weight per decade throughout the 20th century. Thi