Tung Shin Academy Of Nursing Diploma In Nursing - Continuous Assessment PDF

TUNG SHIN ACADEMY OF NURSING DIPLOMA IN NURSING CONTINOUS ASSESESSMENT CODE TSDM 4132 MODULE MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY COURSE LEARNING...

TUNG SHIN ACADEMY OF NURSING DIPLOMA IN NURSING CONTINOUS ASSESESSMENT CODE TSDM 4132 MODULE MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND PARASITOLOGY COURSE LEARNING PREVENTION MEASURES OF INFECTION IN OUTCOME HEALTH CARE PRACTICE LECTURER NAME MS. USHAA DEVI SUBRAMONIAN STUDENT ID NO. 1. RENNYLICA ELSIE RONNEY (TSDN 0302) 2. NOOR ATIKA TUMIYAWAN BINTI IWAN HARYADI (TSDN 0298) 3. AZYAN ALILAH BINTI AZNIZAM (TSDN 0295) 4. AMSYAR MIFZAL BIN MOHD SYAHEDAN (TSDN 0293) 5. WAN SUHAILA BINTI WAN AZIZ (TSDN 0306) 6. JOVINEAR VELCE JOHANIS (TSDN 0307) INTAKE SEPTEMBER 2024  NURSING CASE STUDY Patient Name: Goh Yin Lee Age: 44 Y 9 M 19 D Gender: Male Ward: 9A Room: 903 D.O.B: 23/03/1980  What is Sputum Culture and Sensitivity ESBL? Sputum is the thick mucus or phlegm that is coughed up from the airways, particularly from the lungs. It contains mucus, debris, cells, and sometimes bacteria, viruses, or other pathogens. Sputum can be a helpful diagnostic tool in identifying respiratory conditions like pneumonia, bronchitis, tuberculosis, and other infections. A sputum culture and sensitivity test is a laboratory procedure used to identify bacteria or other microorganisms present in a sample of sputum (mucus coughed up from the lungs). The "culture" part of the test grows the microorganisms to identify what they are, while the "sensitivity" part checks which antibiotics or treatments will be most effective in killing or inhibiting the growth of those microorganisms. ESBL stands for Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase, which is an enzyme produced by certain types of bacteria. These bacteria are resistant to a broad range of antibiotics, particularly the beta-lactam class, which includes penicillin and cephalosporins. The presence of ESBL-producing bacteria makes infections harder to treat, requiring alternative antibiotics, such as carbapenems. During the 1980s, ESBL-producing bacteria began to spread in hospitals, especially in critically ill patients or those with weakened immune systems. The bacteria often caused serious infections like pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and sepsis. At the same time, ESBL-producing strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Klebsiella pneumoniae became more common. By the early 2000s, the global medical community started raising alarms about the spread of ESBL-producing organisms, which became a significant public health issue. These bacteria were often resistant to multiple classes of antibiotics, including the broad-spectrum cephalosporins, which had been widely used to treat a variety of infections. Infections caused by these bacteria were more difficult and sometimes impossible to treat with conventional antibiotics.  TYPES OF MICROORGANISM - BACTERIA Bacteria are single-celled microorganisms that are incredibly diverse and can be found in virtually every environment on Earth. They are prokaryotic organisms, meaning they lack a defined nucleus. Bacteria can be beneficial, neutral, or harmful to humans and other organisms. THE IDENTIFIED MICROORGANISM  Klebsiella pneumoniae subsp. Pneumoniae - a strain of bacteria that can cause infections like pneumonia and urinary tract infections (UTIs) SOURCE OF INFECTION  Hospital-Acquired Infections (Nosocomial Infections) - Long hospital stays, especially in intensive care units.   Aspiration of Contaminated Secretions - Poor oral hygiene leading to bacterial colonization.  Weakened Immune System - Diabetes, cancer, or HIV patients. MODE OF TRANSMISSION  Person-to-Person Contact - If proper hand hygiene is not followed, ESBL bacteria can spread from infected patients to others.  Droplet Transmission (Coughing & Sneezing) - When an infected person coughs or sneezes, respiratory droplets containing ESBL bacteria can land on surfaces or be inhaled by nearby individuals.  Aspiration of Contaminated Secretions - If a person inhales bacteria-laden sputum or saliva (common in ICU patients or those with swallowing difficulties), it can lead to pneumonia.  INVESTIGATION REPORTS TREATMENT ORDER TO TREAT INFECTION  Antibiotic (iv Gentamicin) - the prescribed dose of gentamicin may be diluted in 100-200 mL of sterile normal saline or 5% glucose in water. THE PREVENTIVE MEASURES FOR PREVENTIVE OF INFECTION FOR THE PATIENT Preventing the spread of ESBL-producing bacteria (Extended-Spectrum Beta- Lactamase) is crucial, especially in healthcare settings, to reduce the risk of infections and limit the development of resistance. ESBL-producing organisms are often resistant to many antibiotics, so preventing their transmission is key to controlling their impact.  Hand Hygiene - Frequent hand washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is the most effective way to prevent the spread of ESBL bacteria.  Isolation of infected or colonized patients - Patients with known ESBL-producing organisms should be placed in contact isolation to prevent the spread to other patient.  Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) - Healthcare workers should wear gloves and gowns when caring for patients with ESBL infections. Masks and eye protection may also be required if there is a risk of exposure to bodily fluids or respiratory droplets.  Proper Disposal of Medical Waste - Proper disposal of medical waste, including items contaminated with bodily fluids (such as used catheters, wound dressings, and syringes), prevents the spread of resistant organisms that are risky.