Microbiology Unit 3 Questions PDF

Chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of infections: ○ not all antibacterial drugs are antibiotics! antibiotic vs synthetic vs semi-synthetic Antibiotic - naturally occurring Synthetic - made in the lab Semi-...

Chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of infections: ○ not all antibacterial drugs are antibiotics! antibiotic vs synthetic vs semi-synthetic Antibiotic - naturally occurring Synthetic - made in the lab Semi-synthetic - naturally occurring, but tweaked in the lab ○ what is selective toxicity and why does it matter? - where a microorganism can kill the germ, but not the host "magic bullet" idea The magic bullet is the idea that they will find a microorganism that kills the germ, but not the host why aren't most antibiotics "magic bullets"? Some can be used topically but not orally (polymyxins) Plasma membrane isn't a magic bullet because it can harm us 70S ribosomes 😭 entering the "post-antibiotic era" & how did we get here in less than 100 years Patients not using antibiotics the way they’re supposed to use them (aka stop taking antibiotics before they are done) Used as preventative measures ○ broad vs narrow spectrum Broad - affects both gram positive and gram negative bacteria Narrow - affects either gram positive or gram negative ○ what are the five modes of activity for chemotherapeutic agents that treat bacterial infections targets vs modes of action for antibacterial chemotherapeutic agents create a GO to make sure you understand the differences for 13 antibacterial drugs Concepts from epidemiology and pathogenicity: - Epidemiology - the study of what’s “on the people” or any disease wherever; pathogenicity - begin ○ where did the study of epidemiology begin? Snow and cholera in London - Mid 1800’s, water that was pumped, and went and took the handle off of the street pub. He “fixed” the cholera outbreak because of this since they weren’t drinking the water. Nightingale and mortality among soldiers in Crimea - a nurse during the Crimean war, looked at injuries and communicable diseases. By charting this and looking at the trends, they had problems with infectious diseases. Eventually, they became immune to the disease ○ epidemiological terminology  types of epidemics types of studies ○ Koch's postulates ○ there are 7 challenges that EVERY pathogen has to overcome if it is to successfully cause a DISEASE in a host! Find a reservoir between hosts (what are they?) Use a mode of transmission to get to next host contact (2 subtypes) vs vector (2 subtypes) vs vehicle (can you compare/contrast all of these?) Must colonize the new host (how?) Then must invade the new host (how?) Also must evade host's defenses (how?) After all this, must actually cause a DISEASE! exotoxins vs endotoxins Finally, exit the host (2 routes) Concepts from Microbial Ecology: Types of symbiotic relationships ○ Evaluate text and Moodle resources for examples of each w/ macro/micro and micro/micro partners Mutualism, Amensalism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Neutralism What is an ecosystem? ○ Biotic/Trophic levels and abiotic parts Biotic - life levels Trophic - eating levels Abiotic - geography, topography, is there water available? ○ Energy flows THROUGH an ecosystem (does not stay) Hydrothermal vents - hot water Most energy starts on land through the sun Leaves as what???? - Heat Why?? to pay the "entropy bill" to the universe… Entropy - disorder, chaotic organism We’re paying heat to the entropy bill, and causing disorganization in the universe Life = a localized temporary drop in entropy ○ Nutrients cycle WITHIN an ecosystem - don’t come from the sun, but stay in an ecosystem. Why?? conservation of mass -- all the elements that have ever been made just get passed around among organisms Carbon used to be in plants, animals, etc Studying microbial ecosystems can be challenging  ○ Examples & difficulties Past: separate out each bacterial species and study in pure culture Advantages/disadvantages? ○ Now study "in situ" using metagenomics (aka "in their situation," in nature) What is the technique to do metagenomics? Why is metagenomics better than pure culture for studying at an ecosystems level? Pros/cons of each method Examples of how it is used Can also analyze at other levels: metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics, metabolomics ○ Bioremediation what is it? Harmful waste products, like chemicals from organic chemistry. Ways to break down the harmful chemicals Superfund sites where all of the harmful chemicals are stored how is it better than traditional methods of waste "clean-up"? Others let organisms loose where they originated, causing more harm than good how is it done? Make polymers that eat the toxins and make this gel Make fibers that contain bacteria to give back How to fix oil spills - ○ Drinking Water Purification what are the goals? Reservoir - slowing the water pollution down what steps are used to achieve those goals? how does " all natural spring water" compare? ○ Waste Water Treatment what are the goals? what steps are used to achieve those goals? what if you're in a rural setting? Our book is pretty thin on these topics, so be sure to consult the Moodle resources on these topics before class each day Nutrients cycle WITHIN an ecosystem ○ Why?? conservation of mass -- all the elements that have ever been made just get passed around among organisms  Assimilation vs Dissimilation we'll apply this to Carbon & Nitrogen cycles in class Assimilation - bringing together, inorganic → organic Dissimilation - taking things apart, organic → inorganic Phosphorous cycling is mentioned briefly in the text From nitrogen cycling Sulfur cycle is also discussed in your text