Microbiology Chapters 4, 7, 8 PDF

CHAPTER Y U 1 Archea are diverse but. share some common features ArmaOvervie Bacteria: sharegestormetabol...

CHAPTER Y U 1 Archea are diverse but. share some common features ArmaOvervie Bacteria: sharegestormetabol circular DNA chromosomes (like bacterial UniqueteatersofArmaa structure 2 Methanogenesis only archia. can produce : methane. 3 Unique all structures moncus usedfor : buildingtheirsturesa in wheredoArimnenvironmenta Myersaline (very salty PHextremesvery adicbasT Archeal share , and size Arrangement : , Shapes : cocilsphericalandrods are the most common sha is -Branchedor fatfor forms observed yet 1 2 Archeal (11 envelopes are structurally diverse. Archeal CEnvelopescudes the plasma membrane and any layers outsidt i Differences from Bacterial Envelopes : poroproteins capsules and slime layers : rare but in some distinct present species Pseudomusein: contumDamnciactulmutamic · acid Archeal Mumbrams : 1 Hydrocarbonchain. eve units (branched hydrocarbons) instead of fatty a acid attached to glyarol via ether linkages (stronger than ester linkages found in bacterial. 2. Types of lipids : · gitycarboncanmor is a. 3 Adaptations : cyclopentame found in membranes of rings thermophils : : · increase to withstand ↑ temps. rigidity Archal GWa : most common all wall is the S-layer (protein-based layer). ↳. Variationminpomopothere or below the 3-layer Archeal Extracellular Vesichs and Nanotubes : Extracepaiusthatbutfrom tplasma membrane or -a likely involved in gene transfer , especially in thermophiles to protect DNA from 4 temps. Nanotubes : array-like structures formed by the plasma membrane may help in communication materials between alls or exchange of  similar to Bacterial 7. 5 Archeal Cytoplasm is Cytoplasm Archeal vs. Bacterial Cytoplasm : Similarities : that both bacteria and archea have cytoplasm : -lacks membrane enclosed organelis - -contains inclusion bodies leg gas resides. for broyancy control) includes - ribosomes , nucloid and Cyteshletal proteins Differences : regions , plasmids , archa have unique versions of some structures : :arched have tubulinand cyer sheletal - proteins atinnomoogsbutlach a poin Ribosomotprotein synthesis are Los ribosomes (made of sos and 30s. subunits How do archal ribosomes differ?: nam 3 bacterial roses Similariaremoresimilar. to eukaryotic proteins than bacterial ones on a The Nucleoid : the where the chromosome is region located itis irregularlyshaa Features : 1 chromosome :. usually single circular , and made of double-stranded DNA. , ↳ Anachmosome histones DNA organize into nuchosomes , like eokaryotic chromosomes. 4 4 Archea have external structures attachment and. Many used for motility ArnealDi air-like structures made of pilin proteins that extend from the archal all surface. anchored to a protein complex in the plasma numbrane Specialized Arneal Pill : 1 Cannulae:. howbo : division , dense network ofa a may help stabilize communities in extreme environments forming 2 Hami. : structures that resemble grapplinghooks attachastoSuttascommunities where alls stick together for survival Arhealflaye from bacterial flagel.. 1. Structure : · thinner than bacterial flagella the filament is not hollow 2.MM pins filament (unlike bacteria. Attachment 3 : 4 Enhaareanchoredto. the plasma membra and S-layer using specialized protisa s archilla are more similar to type IV bacterial pili than to bacterial How do archella move?: flagella movement is caused by archaeller rotation powered by ATP hydrolysis (not proton motive force , as in bacteria archella enable extremely fast swimmingspeeds CHAPTER 7 7 1 most. bacteria and archea reproduce by binary fission Binary Fission : bacterial a simple process where a single or archual all divides into 2 identical alls daughter Steps : 1 the chromosome replicates (makes a copy of itself).. 1 Each chromosome. copy moves to opposite ends of the all. The all divides at 3 the unter by a septum , forming (segregation). creating two new alls. Eutoplasmic - contents like ribosomes plasmids and are also divided between the calls. - all alls - enzymes must replicate their gnome and distribute other contents before division. Alternative Reproduction Methods : some bacteria · reproduce diff , such as : u mareradasdaught a for newa 7 2 Bacterial all cycus can be divided into 3 phases. BacteSeries Three Phases : of event from the formation of a new all to i t divinas 1. Growth : the cell in size after. 2 grows being formed Chromosome Replication and Partitioning : the DNA (chromosome) is replicated and two copies are moved to sides of the all 3. , opp Cytolimsis : the all divides into new daughter alls , with each inheriting one chromosome Cell cycle of E Coli:.. 1 Rapid growth and Overlapping DNA replication : In fast-growing cultures , E Coli star ts 2nd and 3rd. rounds of DNA replication before the first division is. completed this means daughter alls man inherit partially replicated 2 Steps of the all ANA. cycle :. Growth - : the all in mass and grows DnaA protein accumulates to DNA replication. trigger , upon usmovto - ANA CANAntesis machinent replication happens in both directions and , the chromosomes move to opposite sides of the all. - create se the septum forms splitting the all into two daughter , , all each wa chromosomeo n Cytokinesis and Septation : Cytohimsis : the process where the all divides to form two daughter alls Septation : the formation of a cross-wall (septum) between t h e daughter alls Howdes septationwork chine that division assembles at the site. It regulatesHetimingofcytokinesip controlsReplidoglycan remodellinga  consist of 5 7 4. Growth curves phases Growth : refers to an increase in allular constituents Growth can mean : 1 Increase in cell. 2. # (population growth) Increase in all (individual size growth) In microbio,growthusually refers to population goa Microbial Growth Corve : the observed in a batch growth curve is culture (closed systemw single a batch of. medium) growth the curve has 5 distinct phases : 1 Lagphase. 2 Log(Exponential)Phase.. 3 StationaryPhase. 4 Death phase 5 Long-Term Stationary Phase. Laympoutyempromin ↳ to at A the length of this phase varies; can be short absent long or , depending on the situation 2 Log (Exponential). Phase : alls divide and grow at a constant and maximal rate Population isruturmin humicphysicalpotisa available · -nutrient concentrations may be limiting growth a t first nutrient as levels ↑ the alls have more , grow can and divide faster bee resources to fuel their metabolism and they however , there is a limit Even if reproduction. (proteins that you keep adding notrients. the bring nutrients into the all) , transport systems become saturated. ·whybetsport mechanismwoobingnutrientinto th a growth Startnative 3. masons for stationary phase : im s reached 4. Death Phase : · viable als. 5 declineexponent deprivation + toxic waste build a Long-Term Stationary Phase : some papationsremainsconstantfor longa a Mathematics of Growth : 1 Generation time (g). : time for to required a pop double in size variesbuspiesandnuromete w hile sou eukaryotes take days Formula : g t = time g generation = = growth rate constant. Growth Rate Constant (h) 2 : number of generations per unit of time Formula · : logNtYO n = N += population size at time + chivo We. 3 Population Size (Nil in Binary Fission : Formula : N + = Nox zn NADU. Number of 1 (n) generations : Formula : logN--logN n = 7 5 Environmental factors affect microbial growth. The Influence of Environmental factors on Growth : mostorganismsgrowinmodeoutious howeversomorganism knowns , s ms Solutsafet OsmosisandWateractivitross a numbrane due to concentration distres see hypotonic solution lower solute concentration outside the all causing water to enter , andthe all : , may swell or burst. hypertonic solution : higher solute concentration outside the all , causing water to leave , and the all membrane may shrink away from the all wall. Mechanosensative (MS)channels in the plasma membrane help microbes in hypotonic environments to release solutes + prevent swelling. compatible solutes : in hypertonic environments microbes accumulate solutes (like acids) to maintain internal osmotic pressure sugars amino , or Microbes adapted to extreme hypertonic environments : Osmophiles : thrive in high solute concentrations like , brive/sugar · Mphiusique -Got Lame Adaptktt a te a water "Sultiarchaeophilstake · largeamountsofsalpotassiumor chloridisa SowtDewavaiabl for microbial i ta growth most microbes (around 0 activity 98 for need a high water. growth. mon a Most microbes die if internal pH falls below. 5 pH tolerance Mechanisms of microbes : Microbialresponse top potassium ins for protont a 2 Extreme. acidophiles actively pump out I t to : maintain a neutral internal pH and protect proteins. 3. Alkaliphiles : exchange internal sodium ious (Nat) for externalto a lowe manymicroorganismschange · the ph of their habitat by producing acidica re Temperature cant regulate internal temperature. They rely on the temp of their environment enzymes work best at a specific temp High temps can inhibit · enzyme activity and be lethal. CarmichgrocSet rat for Microbial Growth Temperature Ranges : optimum of ° Psychrophiles grow : at 8 C to an 15 ·m · Hyperthermophiles grow : from 83 C to 1 1 5 ° Adaptations of Psychrophiles (cold-loving organisms) : Plasma numbrane lipids highunsof unsaturatedatty keepingaa · : aids, Cytoplasm acumusi s freeproteinsoprevent sectetesau freeing and · : Adaptationmphingonimon-cvaltbotostaliz membrane stabilization : more saturated , branched lipids orktraether monolayers (in arena ta help the membrane withstand1. temps OxygenandBaooxygen species (e) that damage allular componsa Aerobe needs Oe to · grow (28) : Obligate · acrone : requires On · minutes · strict androve killed by O : protectionersmoderadicatooxgen Peroxidase : converts hydrogen peroxide into water and NAD+. and undrogen processes Pressure : Microbes that live on land and water sur face live at 1. atmosphere Catm) BartontogabyptoFatty acids. Radiation Damage IonizingRadiation - : ionizing radiation (X-rays gamma rays) cause atoms to lose elections. disrupting DNA , and causing mutations that can lead to death. endosports and Deinococcus · radiodurans are extremely resistant to radiation damage. Radiation UU radiation Damage-UV + Visabl light : absorbed by DNA : The most effective wavelength is 260nm. Causes mutations and DNA it can be repaired. damage ,but highinfusescanproducsingtoxygenO, whis harmulCurotero Visible light i : 7 6. Microbial Growth in Natural Environments CompanyinumumMicros varying levels of nutrients and environmental factors arconstantt Oligothicenvironment environments these environments nutrients are w low urtrient levels Coligotropic o , sparse , so microbes must adapt to survive ·Andawaygravy so e a arrested states growth fo nutrients , environmental (eg conditions lack of.. changes) Responses to Stress : · wMad Biofilms are common in nature : floating freely biofilms are clusters of microbes attached to surfaces rather than. in the environment , these attacked microbes surrounded by slimy called extracellular polymeric coating are a substance (EPS) , which includes polysaccharides , proteins , and DNA. water medical devices and natural surfaces like commonly found systems , in on on are they , ·utmisuradutt contaminate water sorrus. BiofilmformationandHerognie and begin producing EPS to form the biofilm. migpmgbm Cell to cell communication within the microbial populations : Quorumsusigria communicate within autoindours (small signalingmouerus) biofilm. They produce a that increase in concentration as more bacteria. are present highall density these molecules at coordinate behaviours (like , enter the bacteria and trigger gene expression , allowing them to producing toxins releasing bactriocius) or. symbiosis Quorum and Sensing : vibrioischewhichliventh · squidslightoryanvequorum triggerlightproductiona sensingto surrounding water and avoid predators. this is an example of symbiosis (mutually beneficial relationship) between the squid and the bacteria. 7 7 Culture of Microbes. laboratory Overviet CultureMedia and store microorganisms in the lab canep valnumentforMozagoo.. · Classification : - physical nature (solid semisolia) , liquid , or fruction (purpose of the medium like microbes) supportinggrowth identifying. , or Types of Culture Media: media: 1 : Defined/synthetic components are chmically defined with a specific chemical formula for all , each ingredient 2 Complexdin ingredients. unknown chemical w compositiona 3. Galation · Function: supportive/ general purpose media broad of microbes - grows range : a. - enriched media: adds nutrients for specific microbes -activemedicalowarthmicrobestogrowwilinhibitingothersaties Media components : Dep tonesa 1.. from hydrolyzed proteins (broken down into smaller fragments) serve as for microbes.. 2 Extrac ts : nitrogen source ·aqueous extracts furtrombertowate 3 Agatsolidifyinggenderedfromwe. organisms cannot agradea e Functional types of Media : media: 1. Supportive/General purpose microorganisms wide of · these media support the growth of a range ex. TSB or TSA 2. Enriched Media : additional notit one supplemented w Tastirapurposemedia · media Senctive and differential : 1 snctives of specific inhibiting others he growth whil the microorganisms. ex. MacConkey agar selects for gram-we preventing gram , the from growing Disentimicrogambard. 2 their on biological characterista s between lactose fermenters and now macconkey agai : Stric t Anaerobic Microbes : these microorganisms cannot tourate they lack have very low levels of the oxygen bet or enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase (which detoxify harmful oxygen. derivatives) they must be in oxygen-free grown environments Isolation of Pure cultures : potavaring tomasing of a specific microorganism in a mixed culture Spread plate: Spreadingas across thegarsurea colonies Pour plate mixing alls liquid agar : in and dish pouring into a Thestakausprahovangar sure usinganinouating hopoa a for further study. each colony arises from a single all , enabling isolation of a pure culture Sumpcontaining I o ua isRadonthe aga importa into strinle a New approaches to microbes culturing : 1 Culturomics. : incubated under various conditions to identify involves miniture critures the best using environment growth. Techniques : bringnatural - environment into the lab (seawaters diffusion - chambers : these allow nutrients to diffuse into the chamber but retain microbes , enabling growth. ↳ Cocoturicrobesinaboutother. tosa organisms or 7 8 be measured directly indirectly Microbial population can. size or measurement of microbial and direct measurement of all E s : growth Microbial growth n - a Directmeasurementofa dirt CountingChambers I r id i s used to manually count alls under a microscope · works for both prokaryotes and erkaryotes. 2 Mumbrane Filters :. filter that aquatic samples are passed through a traps microbes microbes are then stained and counted undere a microscope 3 Flow Momsdthrough aarbeamht.