Microbiology Revision Notes PDF

MEGA REVISION MICROBIOLOGY INICET Stains Microscopes Bacterial anatomy Bacterial physiology Bacterial genetics Sterilization questions important repeats Dimorphic fungus Opportunistic fungi- aspergillus, mucormycosis, Beta 1,3 D glucan, candida, cryptococcus Paras...

MEGA REVISION MICROBIOLOGY INICET Stains Microscopes Bacterial anatomy Bacterial physiology Bacterial genetics Sterilization questions important repeats Dimorphic fungus Opportunistic fungi- aspergillus, mucormycosis, Beta 1,3 D glucan, candida, cryptococcus Parasitology- malaria diagnosis, Balantidium coli, free living amoeba, Cryptosporidium Helminthology - hosts, vectors, life cycles, eggs, adult worms, miscellaneous questions Antigen antibody reactions Cart therapy Crispr cas9 Q. Which staining sequence should be used to stain the smear of the sputum sample collected from a 32-year-old laborer with fever and hemoptysis, who works at a TB construction site? If A. Gentian violet – Iodine – alcohol saffranin B. Methylene blue- malachite green-acetic acid – water C. Methanol – methylene blue-acid – water 2N stain D. Carbol fuschin – acid alcohol- methylene blue C H A M Answer: D  SEE 0 RED LASS CARBOL FUSCHIN Organism BLUE background GREEN AS HEAT MORDANT 4 48 stain SKED ACID ALCOHOL 2504 COG Ye phenol MNEMONIC ETHYLENE BLUE Mgg hite  g My T20 25 Mycobacteria H2SO4 MTb 20 25 Nose Nocardia I M Lepra 5 FITE FORACC Legionella Nocardia , Legionella 11 051 Spores, head of sperm IS 025 Isospora sicci.in sy sperm head Cold cyclospora Cryptosporidium Hot Hooklet Hydatid Taenia saginata Eggs 2N stain  GRAMSTAIN TIE IN SPurp.ie A STAIN Red RYITAL LOINE ALCOHOL SAFRAN MORDANT VIOLET Detoloriser Q. Identify the condenser shown in the Q. In a light microscope what given image. function does a condenser serve? a. Increase light intensity b. Focuses light on a sample c. Focuses light on our eyes d. Reduced glare A. Above the stage B. Below the stage C. Near the eyepiece D. Above the objective lenses  SCANNER 4 LINE OIL IMMERSION 100 Total Magh Transmitted light obj Eno Max Max 1000 TB ie anodamine Malaria Fungus Flow cytometry ekafh.iq e PRINCIPLE 00 shorter wavelength to 8 2 M F M Dark Elm  4M E M b FIXATIVE w̅iaÉddehyd Pqad EMBEDDING Resin Glass SLIDE 1254 AIR MEDIUM VACUUMS A laboratory technician is performing a Gram stain on a bacterial sample obtained from a patient's wound infection. Upon microscopic examination, the technician observes that the bacterial cells have a 100-layer thick peptidoglycan layer and are stained purple. Additionally, no outer membrane or porins are seen surrounding the cells. The cells also lack lipopolysaccharides. What is the most likely classification of the bacterial cells based on these observations? Gram-positive bacteria Gram-negative bacteria Acid-fast bacteria Bacteria with atypical cell walls Q. A sputum sample was sent for testing in the microbiology laboratory. The Gram staining showed presence of Gram positive cocci which corelates with bacterial cell wall properties. Which of the following statement is false regarding the bacterial cell wall? Etiology a. Cell wall of Gram-positive bacteria is thicker than that Gram-negative bacteria P ff b. Teichoic acid is present in cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria c. Region II of LPS is core polysaccharide d. LPS is responsible for O antigen specificity of gram negative bacteria i IDENTIFY THE CELL WALL Pente t 00  Gram positive Features Gram negative POI Peptidoglycan predominance L Pentapeptide cross bridge Techoic acid TIKKNA attachment Outer membrane Porins Periplasmic space  LPS 00 0 Agwida Of 0 p Polysace A Lipid A POP T fuzzy spirochetes iiiiii Ef.pro Q. Match the following: Parasite Organ of locomotion 1. Neisseria 1. Flagella FIGELLA 2. Balantidium coli 2. Cilia 3. Trichomonas vaginalis 3. Type IV pili LEIFSON RYU stain 4. Toxoplasma gondi 4. No particular organ A. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4 B. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 C. A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3 El son D.A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 filgeller Answer: B Locomotion  Tumbling- Listeria F F Differential motility- motile at 25 degree, non motile at 37 degree- II.fi Listeria, Yersinia enterocolitica R E c SHOOTING Darting- Vibrio, Campylobacter 42 Corkscrew- Treponema pallidum fffw D O Lashing motility- Borrelia Borrelia file Twitching/ Jerky- Trichomonas Froter him.nu IeFiisyensta Swarming- Rotatory motility- Balantidium coli Red pigment Falling leaf- Giardia Lamblia PRODOSIOSIN G FRTA LEAF Q. ANTHRA A 65- year old blind man living in a rural area was admitted with a respiratory infection. There was no improvement despite treatment and the patient started f showing septicaemia symptoms. Radiographic images showed wide mediastinum. Bacillus anthracis along with some spores were isolated from blood culture. In which phase of bacterial growth spores are formed? mediastinitis a. Decline phase SPORES 2N CO b. Lag phase 2558455 c. Stationary phase MODIFIED d. Log phase ASHBY'Sstain SCHAEFFER fulstain  ST fisc IT ab Bionary production f I Fffamaxeffectofantibiotu J yts.se 0 49 no same cell size metabolites accumulation enzymes Bacterial Growth Curve LAG PHASE LOG PHASE STATIONARY PHASE Endotoxin 9 ve ○ Sporulation ○ Exo Toxin production ○ Antibiotic production ○ Bacteriocin production DEATH/ DECLINE PHASE ○ Cell death Q) A 32-year-old patient with a chronic skin infection is diagnosed with a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. The physician is concerned about the rapid spread of drug resistance in S. aureus and its potential consequences. Which of the following is the most common mode of drug resistance transfer observed in S. aureus? A) Transformation Conjugation B) Transduction Big Resist transduction C) Conjugation f ins.ms D) Replication 5 T f I EfQt _d FFFormatigIon.IE Edified Q) A microbiology student is conducting experiments on bacterial conjugation and plasmid transfer. She notices that some bacterial cells possess a fertility factor (F-plasmid), while others do not. Upon further investigation, she identifies cells that have incorporated the fertility factor into their chromosomal DNA. These cells show a higher frequency of genetic recombination during conjugation. What term is used to describe these bacterial cells that have acquired the F- plasmid and exhibit an increased frequency of genetic recombination during conjugation? A) F+ cells B) F- cells C) Hfr cells And HE of D) Fertility cells Q. The cell in which the F factor carries along with it some chromosomal genes are known as a. b. F+ cell F cell - e f c. F’ cell d. F’’ cell  F FERTILITY CONJUGATION F F F It s.my it iY Conj Tubel gfg fyggggggyyqg.gg DNA FIF F'f Copy paste It ftp F Q. An 86-year old male who is a known case of DM x 3 years presented to ER with a complaint of a non-healing foot ulcer. The patient also complained that he is been taking different antibiotics for a long time for his foot ulcer but the medications had no results. The doctor suspected drug resistance. Which of the following statements is false regarding drug resistance? a. In mutational drug resistance one drug resistance at a time is seen b. Virulence is decreased in transferable resistance c. Drug combination can prevent Mutational drug resistance d. High degree of resistance is seen in transferable drug resistance TRANSFERABLE MUTATIONAL DRUG DRUG RESISTANCE RESISTANCE Resistance = Resistance Due to single mutation Transfer Factor (RTF) + Easier to treat resistance determinants (r) Common in MTB More dangerous Difficult to treat R plasmid ETE R t Q. A 50-year-old male presents to the outpatient department with F hypotension, shortness of breath, swollen feet, and fatigue for the last day. He is a known case of ischemic heart disease. The patient also reports a history of snake bite six hours back. A clinicopathological conference is planned, and the same patient is discussed in the case study by a team of doctors, including a physician and a microbiologist. The microbiologist is 000 asked about sterilizing heat-sensitive liquids like serum, vaccines, antisera, enzymes, and antibiotic solutions used in this patient. Which of the IT following best fixes heat labile liquids in this case? a. Dry heat HOTAIROVENTNCINER.ATION b. Autoclave eg Human Body c. Membrane filtration pataste d. Pasteurization  Temperature and Duration o 160 degree x 2 hours I6oEX2HRS Uses If o Glassware Bs ÉfÉ o Cotton swabs o Dusting powder 9K o Greasy material powders o Liquid paraffin LIQUIDY Liq paraffin PTO DUSTY powders Sterilization Methods - Moist Heat steam 1 0400 Below 100 oC 0 At 100oC Above 100oC Pasteurisation MILK Boiling Autoclave HOLDER 63 30min 15min 122s FLASH 72 20 seconds fed ftp.j Inspissation 32 Tyndallization 1 IEf OXIELA soso.si EE i Q. The incorrect combination of temperature is mentioned for? Tyndallization-100 degree : 20 mins a. IPL BAI II b. Inspissation-80 degree : 30 mins c. Holder method of pasteurization: 72 degree 63030 d. Autoclave-121 degree : 15 mins Q) A 40-year-old male patient presents to the clinic after an acute episode of hemoptysis and bouts of coughing over the last 6 hours. He has been a known case of bronchogenic cancer for the last 2 years. He is planning for a bronchoscopy. The pulmonologist is performing the bronchoscopy in the procedure room of the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital. To make the instrument safe for the next patient waiting outside, what is the most appropriate method to disinfect the bronchoscope after using by this patient? A) 70% alcohol for 5 min B) 2% glutaraldehyde for 20 min C) 2% formaldehyde for 10 min D) 1% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min SCOPES CIDEX glutaraldehyde ARTHROSCOPES PTasma sterilisation URETHROSCOPES Isopropyl alcohol Q. ALL are true about STERRAD EXCEPT? STERILIS T Or a. Produces less toxic products than Eto STERRAD b. Uses bacillus stearothermophilus as control c. Can be utilized for sterilization of products which are heat sensitive d. Chamber used for carrying out plasma sterilization uses o ambient air are medium GAS me sterilise igi.ie LOW TEMP HOT AIR OVEN B SUBTILIS B ATROPHEUS C TETANI GEi AUTOCLAVE B STAEROTHERMOPHILUS PLASMA STERILISATION geo 0RADIATION FILTRATION B B Dominic R DICTA ÑE22µ GAS STERILISATION Bacillus Globigi ETO B.si varglobigi BROWNE's green chemical tube Tube effective Q) Which organism is commonly used as a biological indicator to assess the effectiveness of ethylene oxide (ETO) gas sterilization for certain critical medical equipment and supplies in a hospital setting? A. Clostridium difficile B. Bacillus anthracis C. Bacillus cereus D. Bacillus globigii FEE What is the function of glycerol in the LPCB staining technique used for fungal specimen preparation in the microbiology laboratory? To preserve the morphology of the fungus To act as a disinfectant To prevent drying of the specimens fYI To enhance the uptake of the dye FEB sample The fungus SDA Gthology  Lactic acid - preserving morphology of the fungus Phenol - disinfectant Glycerol - prevent drying (hygroscopic) Cotton blue - dye Q) A 35-year-old immunocompromised male presents to the emergency department with symptoms of severe headache, photophobia, and altered mental status. Lumbar puncture is performed, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis reveals encapsulated yeast cells. A negative stain is performed to better visualize the capsule of the suspected pathogen.Which of the following best describes the appearance of the organism using the negative staining technique? AI FWCYTOSEIH YTUR.EE INItI'SHE A) The yeast cells will appear stained, and the background will appear colourless. B) The yeast cells and the background will both appear stained. towassay C) The yeast cells will appear colourless, and the background will appear stained. D) Both the yeast cells and the background will appear colourless. S 0 y VEGATJYE.IN Kk.MY Q. Which of the subsequent constituents of the fungal cellular wall is absent in cases of mucormycosis? A. Mannoproteins B. Beta 1,3, glucan C. Chitin IF D. Ergosterol Answer: B  ITS Gifs Bangalore lastomyces edical or Cryptococcus age Q) Galactomannan in serum is seen in : I A) Invasive aspergillosis B) Systemic candidiasis C) Mucormycosis D) CryptococcosisI Q) The second-year medical students are performing some tests in I the pathology laboratory. The demonstrator of pathology takes a few strands of human hair and places them in a petri dish. The hair is then treated with distilled water, yeast, and fungus and put in an incubator. After 2 to 3 weeks, the demonstrator takes out the hair and examines it microscopically in a blue-stained wet F preparation. The students are shown this preparation and observe a wedge-shaped perforation of the hair. Which of the following organism is responsible for this positive hair perforation test? A. Trichophyton B. Exophiala werneckii mentagraphytese C. Epidermophyton D. All of the above  HAIR PERF TEST HAIRIEST N UN phy Phaaddega te T.mu HAIR YEAST T.ME YIGROEIE T RUBRUM  08 I 0 F 1 DERMATOPHYTES Organism SKIN HAIR WAIT Macroconidia 0 Microconidia g Trichophyton Pencil shaped ++++ Microsporum Spindle shaped ++ Epidermophyton Club shaped +/- Q. What is the most likely diagnosis for a farmer from the E sub-Himalayan belt who had a thorn prick injury a year ago I and now has a warty, verrucous growth at the site? A skin biopsy sample was taken and sent for histopathological examination, revealing the characteristic microscopic body shown in the image. A. Blastomycosis B. Histoplasmosis C. Chromoblastomycosis D. Sporotrichosis  ÉICHROMOBLASTOMYCOSI B Ampho B USE VERRUCOUS COPPER PENNY Laser DERMATITIS Medlar Muliform Baf Sclerotic Organism? put o Fonsecaea pedrosi and F. compacta o Exophiala o Phialophora o Cladophialophora  O Q. Which of the following organisms exists as yeast form at 37ºC and hyphal o form at 25ºC ? A. Malassezia furfur Organism B. Cryptococcus neoformans Blastomyces C. Aspergillus BODY D. Histoplasma capsulatum Histoplasmosis HEAT Penicillium marneffi PROBABLY Paracoccidioidomycosis Coccidioidomycosis CHANGES Ic Sporothrix schenkii SHAPE MOLD HYPHAE COLD 25 C Q. After a traumatic event, a male patient presents with a lesion. Your task is to determine the organism responsible for causing this condition. A. Mycobacterium scrofulaceum B. Sporothrix schenckii C. Madurella mycetomatis D. Phialophora verrucosa cutaneous systemic Dimore tying hefphate SEEK Sorothrix  Organism Images Blastomyces Histoplasmosis Penicillium marneffi Paracoccidioid o-mycosis Coccidioidomy cosis Sporothrix schenkii  North American Blastomycosis/ Gilchrist disease/ Chicago disease FIGYRE 8 Histoplasmosis/ Ohio disease/ Darling disease/ Cave disease YEAST TUBERCULATE MACRO CONIDIA  Penicillium marneffi/ Talaromyces Marneffi BROOM BRUSH RESERVOIR PIGMENT Sporotrichosis/ Rose Gardener disease 00000 o ROSETTES YONIDIA LYMPHINEOUS 514 O DIODY  0 Rose SARCOIDOSIS gaunee SPOROTHRIX SCHENKIT hffontaneous te Paracoccidioidomycosis/ South american blastomycosis MICKEY MOUSE PILOT WHEEL MARKER WHEEL Coccidioidomycosis/ Dessert rheumatism/ Valley fever SPHERULES BARREL ARTHROSPORES Q. What is the organism that can be identified when a man who has received a kidney transplant and is on immunosuppressant medication shows budding cells with pseudohyphae on biopsy? 5 A) Invasive candidiasis B) Invasive aspergillosis C) Pneumocystis D) Histoplasmosis  8 SDA o f i 25 HYPHAE REMY PITY YEASI CHROM AGAR 0 sheesh kebab CANDIDA albicans f TERM TUBE intensis c REYNOLD BRAUDE PHENOMENON C Albicans CHLAMYDOSPORE C Dubleniences ON CORN MEAL AGAR  i oi Q. A 25 year old female complains of recurrent rhinitis, nasal discharge, and b/I nasal blockage for one year. She has a history of asthma and allergy. On examination, multiple ethmoidal polyps are noted with mucosal thickening and impacted secretions in both the nasal cavities. A biopsy is taken and the material is cultured which shows the growth of many hyphae with branching as shown below. Which of the following is the most likely responsible organism? a. Aspergillus fumigatus b. Rhizopus c. Mucor d. Candida  DICHOTOMOUS BRANCHING SERGIE AC TÉ ANGLE BRANCHING  A AVUS A smoEI.FI ETUSy LY Ef9rom BY nFaminant Gene CONIDIA UPPF.IT ON codon 2490 ER BLACK 5132 i LPCB RB µ ASPERGILLUS VORICONAZOLE  cotton wool BLACK LESION ASEPTATE LID LIFTERS I SALT PEPPER Moto Ribbon U copy  HIVT CD CYSTS T TE Q. Drug of choice for pneumocystis carinii? e 8 a. Pentamidine b.Cotrimoxazole 0 BY 00 c. Ciprofloxacin d.Zidovudine an Pneumocystis Carinic pneumonia BIG cough Plasma Cell Pneumonia Ping Crushed Pong Pneumocystis Cotrimox Pentamidule DOC severe  I A person from a rural area experiencing CNS symptoms and vision loss for the past 12 days, the electron microscopic examination reveals the presence of which organism? EIM 1 M A) Naegleria Floweri B) Acanthamoeba 7 C) Balmuthia D) None of the above 441K was Naale Nahama SAE Kemal spread Immffromised Keratitis I ME AUSES GAE KERATITIS corneal ulcers ACANTHAMOEBA a TROPHOZOITES CYSTS SPIKES G WRINKLED BALAMUTHIA MANDRILLARIS GAE Cysts and trophozoites Immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals Éaitis shaped smooth SHIITE 0 CYST Q. What is the identification of the organism after isolating a 25 μm kinyoun positive oocyst Blue from an HIV patient experiencing diarrhea? I I A. Cystoisospora B. Cyclospora I C. Cryptosporidium D. Microspora  Autoinfection 8 O O O Auto  000 5150 Feature Cryptosporidium 0088 Cyclospora Isospora Size round Shape C Round oval 5112504 HE Acid fast Autofluoresce nce Treatment Nitazoxanide Cotrimoxazole Cotrimoxazole Parasitiphorous c 0 0 vacuoles E G AIMS 0 along brush border Q) A man with FUO has a job that requires traveling around the world. The bone marrow picture is shown below. Which of the following investigations would be the most appropriate in this case? matey A. rk 39 antigen test, Leishmaniasis B. pLDH, plasmodium malaria C. Biopsy, Histoplasmosis D. ELISA, HIV Q. A 35-year-old male soldier presents with complaints of being plagued by a painful, erosive lesion near his earlobe since his return from his duty in the desert area. The patient is otherwise vitally stable, and other general physical examinations reveal no abnormalities. The punch biopsy of the leading edge of the erosion reveals macrophages distended with oval amastigotes. Which of the following is the causative organism? a. T. brucei b. T. cruzi c. Leishmania donovani d. Plasmodium vivax  VECTOR Sandfly skin p.gr e 4 Bodies oinfeffem NNN Nucleus media kinetoplast LD Bodies AMASTIGOTE Q. A patient recently returned from sub-Saharan Africa presents with 7 painless hematuria. This structure was found on microscopy of urine. It was measured at 125 micrometers in length. Which of the following statements mentioned about the organism is/are correct? 1. Infective form is cercaria 2. DOC is triclabendazole 3. Mode of infection is via ingestion 4. Most commonly can result in TCC a.1,2 b.1,2,3 c. 1,3,4 d.1 Trematode Disease I Hosts d Infective Trans- Adult Rx Def form mission worms Schistosoma S HEMATOBIUM sina.it i simii 1 SEAPONIUM fetal Paragonimus PULM FLUKE westermani N meta ingestingyñiti I Clonorchis sinensis cholangiocarcinoma Erin Opisthorchis Agris FIT I Fasciola hepatica Fasciolopsis EEauKe THABEE buski L Plants  life J 00 so Tous Es MULATEN RUDIMENTARY É era LITERAL SPINE T SPINE m A SPINE g Japonicum J exactly S Hematobium g Manson hatum S Intercalatym Q) Which statement about the image provided is accurate? cestode A. Albendazole is the drug of choice B. Majority of infections are asymptomatic in humans InosI C. Infection is acquired by ingestion of aquatic plants 1 D. No scolex and suckers Polar knobs DIINI f Yolk MIC CESTODHI Dyaffworm ONE HOST 488 LET row Cestode HOST CONOR SH H nana ha FAT TAPEWORM PARA LIFE H diminuta FISHO D latum Anemia ? Big my a An_ megaloblastic Taenia solium LARVA: AR EGG: Taenia saginata cattle LARVA: EGG: I Echinococcus PAIR granulosus Eep.aec Echinococcus mean Arc5 immunoelectrophoresis multilocularis that gets Casoni test – obsolete cyst FNAC- contraindicated derived PAINT BRUSH ECTL Q. Which microorganism is responsible for the development of multiple alveolar-like lesions in the liver? e A. A. Echinococcus multilocularis B. Echinococcus granulosus C. Entamoeba histolytica D. Cysticercus cellulosae Answer: A Testt ECHINOOLI Am modectrophoresis Q. Rearrange the following parasites according to their corresponding hosts: a. Diphylobothrium 1.Sheep EI b. Paragonimus 2.Crayfish c. Taenia 3.Cyclops d. Fasciola hepatica 4.Cattle A. a-3, b-2, c-4, d-1 An i so B. a-2, b-1, c-4, d-3 C. a-1, b-2, c-3, d-4 D. a-4, b-3, c-1, d-2 Answer: A Q. A 29-year-old male patient presented to the OPD with rectal bleeding, vague Is abdominal discomfort, nocturnal loose stools, stunted growth, fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and dizziness for 15 days. On general physical examination, there was pale and yellowish skin, cold hands and feet, and tachycardia. Sigmoidoscopy was performed, which showed "coconut cake rectum". On stool examination, the egg shown in the image below was seen. Identify the causative organism. a. Ascaris b. Trichuris trichiura I c. Hymenolepis nana d. Ancylostoma Duodenale Identify the organism shown in this image. A. Strongyloides sterocoralis B. Enterobius vermicularis C. Ancylostoma duodenale 0 D. Ascaris lumbricoides FUNDWORM  saris Rectumo 8 00 Barefaped coconut can Ic RECTUM Bum WHIGWORM 86 Trichuris TRICHURA f longer Post end coiled ROUNDWORM ASCARIS 2 eee PERIANA PRURITIS segmented ova 40 0 shaped state 1 II D eggs staf POST 4H D ENTEROBIUS VERMICULARIS Hwsi VERMIFORM APP D  CART THERAPY LIVEDRIL IMERIC Ag Ee Is FBI Taek TI