MI4007Wk3_2.pdf

Business Information Management Dr. Michael P. O’Brien Module: MI4007 Week 3 (Lecture 2 of 2) 1 Evolution of IT infrastructure (Recap from Week 1) General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to present:...

Business Information Management Dr. Michael P. O’Brien Module: MI4007 Week 3 (Lecture 2 of 2) 1 Evolution of IT infrastructure (Recap from Week 1) General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to present: 1958: IBM first mainframes introduced 1965: less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced Personal computer era: 1981 to present: 1981: Introduction of IBM PC Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software Client/server era: 1983 to present: Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present: Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present: Cloud computing: computing power and software applications supplied over the Internet or other network Fastest growing form of computing 2  What is a Computer? A computer is an electronic device that can perform a variety of operations in accordance with a set of instructions. A computer system accepts data as input, processes it according to instructions, stores it in secondary memory and produces an output. 3 Computer Hardware Computer hardware is the physical parts or components of a computer, such as the monitor, keyboard, computer data storage, graphic card, sound card and motherboard. By contrast, software is instructions that can be stored and run by hardware. Hardware is directed by the software to execute any command or instruction. A combination of hardware and software forms a usable computing system. 4  Functional Components of a Computer System 5 Input Unit The input unit is formed by the input devices attached to the computer system. It is responsible for taking input and converting it into computer understandable form and passing it to CPU for further processing. Examples of input devices are keyboards, mice, microphones, etc. 6  Motherboard The motherboard is the main component of a computer system. It is a board with integrated circuitry that connects the other parts of the computer including the CPU, the RAM, the disk drives, as well as any peripherals connected via the ports or expansion slots. Let’s examine the components on or connected to the motherboard… 7 Central Processing Unit (CPU) The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the control centre of a computer. It guides, directs, and governs its performance. It is also called the ‘brain’ of a computer system. The CPU is comprised of the following parts: – Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) – Control Unit (CU) – Registers 8  Central Processing Unit (CPU) Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU) – The ALU is used to perform arithmetic and logic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, less than, greater than, etc. Control Unit (CU) – The CU is used to control overall operations of the computer system. It controls and guides the interpretation, flow and manipulation of all data and information. Registers – The registers are used to store intermediate results of the ALU during the calculation process. – Contains the instruction that is being executed. 9 Processor Speed Speed is measured in Hertz (number of operations per seconds) – 1 hertz = 1 per second – 100 hertz = 100 per second – 1 kilohertz = 1024 per second – 1 Megahertz = 1024 kilohertz – 1 Gigahertz = 1024 megahertz – 1 Terahertz = 1024 gigahertz The clock speed of CPUs governs how fast it executes instructions, typical values lie between 1 GHz and 5 GHz. Oct/Nov 2024 – Intel’s soon to be released 15th Generation processors set to crack 6GHz!! 10  Flow of Information Bus – A communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer or between computers; the medium (wires, optical fiber, etc.) and the protocols (rules for sharing the medium properly). – Connects the CPU, main memory, I/O devices, and possibly other components (e.g. hard disk drive). 11 Output Unit The output unit is formed by the output devices attached to the computer system. It is responsible for converting output into human readable format. Examples of output devices include monitors, printers, speakers, etc. 12  Memory The memory of a computer system is used to store data during processing time. There are two types of memory. – Primary memory (or main memory). – Secondary memory 13 Primary Memory Four main types – Registers – Random Access Memory (RAM) – Cache memory – Read Only Memory (ROM) 14  Secondary Memory Secondary memory is used to store data in a permanent manner. There are several devices used for secondary storage such as hard disks, CD-ROMs, DVDs, USB keys, etc. 15 Storage Information Object Required Capacity Text character 1 byte Typewritten page 2 Kilobytes (2K) Low resolution photograph 100 Kilobytes (100K) A short novel 1 Megabyte (1MB) Complete Shakespeare 5 Megabytes (5MB) A Pickup Truck full of books 1 Gigabyte (1 GB) Complete Beethoven 20 Gigabytes (20 GB) UL Library 2 Terabytes (2 TB) All printed material in world 200 Petabytes (200 PB) All words ever spoken 5 Exabytes (5 EB) 16  Storage Devices Storage Devices are used to store large amounts of non-volatile data. Three main types: Block Storage Devices – Hard Disks Optical Storage Devices – CD’s, DVD Flash Storage Devices – USB Sticks, Flash Cards, Solid-State Drives (SSD) 17 Block Storage Devices Hard Disk Long term, Read/Write Data storage. Typical capacity 1TB – 4TB 18  Optical Storage Devices Optical Storage Devices Do not store data via magnetism Slower than magnetic hard drives CD’s – store 640 or 700 MB of data DVD’s – store 4.7GB or 9GB (dual density) Can be Read Only (CD), Write Once (CD-R) or Read/Write (CD R/W) 19 Flash Storage Non-volatile, generally store 32MB up to 512 Gigabytes. Will eventually replace Hard Disks. 20  Peripherals 21 Expansion Cards An expansion card in computing is a printed circuit board (PCB) that can be inserted into an expansion slot of a computer motherboard or backplane to add functionality to a computer system via the expansion bus. Expansions cards can be used to obtain or expand on features not offered by the motherboard. – Graphics cards – Sound cards – Network Cards 22  Useful Videos Hardware Basics: What’s inside a computer? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m7Y8HoV-qUI How does computer hardware work? 3D Animated Breakdown… https://youtu.be/d86ws7mQYIg?si=0OKUxX4yWZj9QJbZ 23 Hardware Upgrade When using computer hardware, an upgrade means adding new hardware to a computer that improves its performance, adds capacity or new features. For example, a user could perform a hardware upgrade to replace the hard drive to get a boost in performance or increase the amount of files that may be stored. Also, the user could increase the RAM so the computer may run more smoothly. The user could add a USB 3.0 expansion card in order to fully use USB 3.0 devices Performing such hardware upgrades may be necessary for older computers to meet a program’s system requirements. 24  Embedded Systems An embedded system can be thought of as a computer hardware system having software embedded in it. An embedded system can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system which is designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is an embedded system; it will sense only smoke. 25 Mobile Hardware Mobile hardware can help you work efficiently on the move. Wireless devices include mobile phones, tablet computers, personal assistants and netbooks. Mobile devices have central processing units (CPUs), similar to those in computers, but optimised to operate in low power environments. 26  Mobile Devices Mobile devices come in many forms, but the most common categories are: – Smartphones: With internet connectivity, email and hundreds of thousands of apps to choose from, there’s little you can’t do on a smartphone. – Tablets: Think of a tablet as a smartphone, only with a larger screen. With excellent app support and compelling add-ons such as case/keyboard combinations, the line between laptop and tablet has finally blurred. – Laptops: With tablets and smartphones hot on their heels, today’s laptops have become inconceivably thin, lightweight and powerful. They benefit from the ability to run full desktop operating systems such as Windows and Mac OS X. – Smartwatches: These diminutive devices are essentially miniature, wrist- worn computers. They offer a paired-down experience and are generally considered to be companions for smartphones that offer convenient notifications and quick-glance data. 27 28