Endocrine System Disorders PDF

 Disorders of thyroid Disorders of pituitary functions functions Hypothyroidism Hypopituitarism Hyperthyroidism Pituitary hyperfunction...

 Disorders of thyroid Disorders of pituitary functions functions Hypothyroidism Hypopituitarism Hyperthyroidism Pituitary hyperfunction Disorders of pancreatic Disorders of adrenal hormone secretion functions Diabetes mellitus Addison disease (hypo) Cushing syndrome (hyper)  Endocrine System ❑ Controls and regulates metabolism ❑ This system has three components (Cell , target cells or organs & environment) ❑ Hormones are complex chemical substance produced & secreted into body fluids by a cell or group of cells ❑ Effects may be local Or general  Endocrine System (Cont….) ❑ Most hormones are released by endocrine glands into bloodstream, and production is regulated by a feedback mechanism The master gland of the endocrine system is anterior pituitary  Disorders of Pituitary Function Pituitary gland is divided into two lobes 1) Anterior pituitary 2) Posterior pituitary ❑Cause of pituitary dysfunction may be organic or idiopathic ❑May involve one hormone or a combination of hormones ❑Clinical manifestations of pituitary dysfunction depend on hormones involved Panhypopituitarism Figure. Principal anterior and posterior pituitary hormones and their target organs  Growth Hormone Deficiency ❑ Known as hypopituitarism or dwarfism ❑ GH is released throughout the day, with most secreted during sleep ❑ GH deficiency is generally a result of failure of anterior pituitary OR hypothalamic stimulation on the pituitary to produce sufficient GH  Clinical Manifestations of GH Deficiency ❑ Children may start with a normal birth weight and length, but within a few years , child is less than 3rd percentile on the growth chart ❑ May appear overweight or obese ❑ Teeth may be crowded or malpositioned ❑ Diagnostic investigations Therapeutic Management of GH Deficiency ❑ Correction of underlying disease process (e.g., surgical removal or irradiation of tumor) ❑ Replacement of GH (S/C injection) GH is most effective when it is administered at bedtime ❑ Treatment continues until near final height is achieved  Pituitary Hyperfunction ❑ An extremely rare results from an excessive secretion of GH that leads to an increased growth rate greater than the 97th percentile ❑ Acromegaly and gigantism are both conditions that result from excess GH ❑ Cause is tumor of the anterior pituitary  Clinical Manifestations of Pituitary Hyperfunction i. Overgrowth of head, lips, nose, tongue, jaw, paranasal & mastoid sinuses ii. Separation and malocclusion of teeth in the enlarged jaw iii. Increased facial hair; thickened, deeply creased skin iv. Increased tendency toward hyperglycemia and diabetes mellitus  Therapeutic Management of Pituitary Hyperfunction ❑ If a lesion is present, surgery is performed ❑ Other therapies include external irradiation and radioactive implants ❑ Administration of somatostatin analogs (S/C injection)  Disorders of Thyroid Function ❑ Thyroid gland secretes two types of hormones i. Thyroid hormone (thyroxine [T4] & triiodothyronine [T3]) ii. Calcitonin Disorders of thyroid function Hypothyroidism 1- Congenital Hyperthyroidism 2-Acquired ❑ These disorders can be serious because thyroid hormones are important for growth and development; they regulate metabolism of nutrients and energy production  Hypothyroidism It may be congenital ro acquired ❑ Acquired Chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease) Most common cause of thyroid disease in children and adolescents Occur during the first 3 years of life, it occurs more frequently after 6 years old, with peak incidence occurring during adolescence Clinical Manifestation of Hypothyroidism ❑ Skin changes ??? ❑ Sparse hair ❑ Constipation ❑ Sleepiness ❑ Fatigue & weakness ❑ Weight gain ❑ Cold intolerance  Hypothyroidism (Cont….) ❑ Diagnostic evaluation ❑ Therapeutic management Therapy is TH replacement; Serum T3 & T4 Levothyroxine ▪ T4 decreases, followed by a decrease in T3 The importance of daily compliance and levels and an increase periodic monitoring of serum thyroid in TSH levels Thyroid levels should be evaluated at recommended intervals such as every 3 to 6 months