General Introduction and Ordinary Microscope PDF

Al-Zahrawi University College Assist Lecturer: Burhan T.Saad Medical Laboratory techniques Department Laboratory instrumentation --------------------------------------------------------------------------...

Al-Zahrawi University College Assist Lecturer: Burhan T.Saad Medical Laboratory techniques Department Laboratory instrumentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- General Introduction and Ordinary Microscope General Introduction: Medical laboratory devices are critical for diagnosing diseases, monitoring treatments, and conducting research. Among these devices, microscopes play a vital role in medical laboratories, allowing professionals to examine samples that are invisible to the naked eye. The ordinary microscope also called the compound light microscope, is one of the most widely used tools in medical labs. It provides magnification using visible light, helping scientists and technicians observe microorganisms, cells, and tissue structures. Al-Zahrawi University College Assist Lecturer: Burhan T.Saad Medical Laboratory techniques Department Laboratory instrumentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Definition: An ordinary microscope is a type of optical instrument that uses lenses and visible light to magnify small objects, making them visible for observation. It is called a "compound" microscope because it uses two or more lenses for magnification. Components of the Ordinary Microscope: 1. Optical Components: Eyepiece Lens (Ocular Lens): The lens through which the user looks, typically providing 10× magnification. Objective Lenses: Mounted on a revolving nosepiece, these lenses have varying magnifications (e.g., 4×, 10×, 40×, and 100× for oil immersion). 2. Illumination System: Light Source: A bulb or LED that provides light for viewing the specimen.Condenser Lens: Focuses the light on the specimen for better illumination. Iris Diaphragm: Adjusts the amount of light passing through the specimen. Al-Zahrawi University College Assist Lecturer: Burhan T.Saad Medical Laboratory techniques Department Laboratory instrumentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3. Mechanical Components: Stage: A flat platform where the specimen slide is placed. Clips or holders secure the slide in place. Coarse Adjustment Knob: For large, rough adjustments to bring the specimen into focus. Fine Adjustment Knob: For precise focusing and sharper images. Arm and Base: Provide structural support and stability for the microscope. Principle of Operation: 1. Light from the source passes through the condenser lens and diaphragm, illuminating the specimen. 2. The specimen reflects or transmits light, which enters the objective lens to produce a magnified image. 3. The eyepiece lens further magnifies this image for the observer to see. Al-Zahrawi University College Assist Lecturer: Burhan T.Saad Medical Laboratory techniques Department Laboratory instrumentation ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Applications of the Ordinary Microscope in Medical Labs: Blood Analysis: Observing red and white blood cells, platelets, and detecting abnormalities like anemia or leukemia. Microbiology: Identifying bacteria, fungi, and protozoa in clinical samples. Parasitology: Detecting parasites and their eggs in stool or other samples. Histology: Examining tissue biopsies for pathological changes. Urine Analysis: Identifying crystals, cells, and microorganisms in urine samples. Advantages of the Ordinary Microscope: Affordable and widely available. Simple to use and suitable for most routine laboratory applications. Provides adequate magnification (up to 1000×) for general clinical purposes. Limitations: Cannot view very small structures like viruses. Limited depth of field compared to advanced microscopes. Care and Maintenance: 1. Proper Handling: Always carry the microscope by the arm and base. 2. Lens Cleaning: Use lens paper or special cleaning solutions to avoid scratches. 3. Storage: Keep the microscope covered and stored in a dust-free environment. 4. Regular Inspection: Check for loose screws, dirt, or malfunctions periodically. 5. Avoid Forced Adjustments: Do not overtighten adjustment knobs or force movements.