First Lecture General Chemistry Hemodialysis Department PDF

Samawah Technical Institute Hemodialysis Techniques Department Chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and reactivity. It is divided into many fields: Organic, Inorganic, Physical, Biochemical, Industrial and Analytical. Analytical chemis...

Samawah Technical Institute Hemodialysis Techniques Department Chemistry is the study of matter, including its composition, structure, physical properties, and reactivity. It is divided into many fields: Organic, Inorganic, Physical, Biochemical, Industrial and Analytical. Analytical chemistry: Analytical chemistry is often described as the area of chemistry responsible for characterizing the composition of matter, both qualitatively (what is present) and quantitatively (how much is present). It was dealing with the identification and determination of compound. , it is convenient for our purposes to treat it as a five-step  Analytical chemistry Quantitative analysis Qualitative analysis which deals with the identification is dealing with the determination of elements, ions, or compounds of how much of one or more present in a sample (tell us what constituents is present (tell us chemicals are present in a sample). how much amounts of chemicals are present in a sample). Atom: is the basic unit of matter, consisting of a nucleus at its center, which is made up of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons, as well as a cloud of negatively charged electrons that orbit the nucleus. Element: is a substance that consists of only one type of atom. Elements are the fundamental building blocks of matter, and they cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means. Chemical reaction: Hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation reactions Introduction: Chemical reactions are fundamental to understanding chemical and physical processes. Among these reactions, hydrolysis, reduction, and oxidation are the fundamental reactions that occur in biochemistry, organic chemistry, and inorganic chemistry. 1- Hydrolysis Reactions Definition: Hydrolysis reactions are chemical reactions in which water is used to break chemical bonds in a particular compound, resulting in the breakdown of large molecules into smaller molecules. - Hydrolysis occurs slowly when it is made only with water, but the reaction rate increases if the reaction is in the presence of acid or base. (Hydrolysis is carried out using an acid or base catalyser in aqueous medium.) The task of the catalysers is to facilitate electron transfer by activating the bond electrons (Acid-Base Reactions) Examples of reactions: 1. Decomposition of sugars: Sucrose + water → glucose + fructose The enzyme sucrose accelerates the process. 2. Lipid Hydrolysis: Fats + water → fatty acids + glycerol. Catalyzed by the enzyme lipase. 3. Acid-Base Reactions HCl (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) 2- Reduction Reactions Definition: Reduction is a chemical process in which electrons are gained or the oxidation number of a substance decreases. Examples of reactions: 1. Reduction of metal ions: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu 2. The role of hydrogen as a reducing agent: C + 2H₂ → CH₄ 3- Oxidation Reactions Definition: Oxidation is a chemical process in which electrons are lost or the oxidation number of a substance increases. Examples of reactions: 1. Iron oxidation (rust): 4Fe + 3O₂ + 6H₂O → 4Fe(OH)₃ 2. Combustion of hydrocarbons: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O + Energy The relationship between oxidation and reduction: Redox Reactions: Oxidation and reduction reactions always occur together, where electrons are lost from one substance (oxidation) and gained by another substance (reduction). Example: Zn + Cu²⁺ → Zn²⁺ + Cu Oxidation: Zn → Zn²⁺ + 2e⁻ Reduction: Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Cu Expressions of Concentration of Solutions: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more components, the composition of which may be changed. The substance which is present in smaller proportion is called the solute, while the substance present in large proportion is called the solvent. The concentration or strength of solution means the amount of solute present in a given amount of the solution. Methods expression: Molarity, Formality, Normality, Molality, Mole fraction, Percent composition c ,Parts per Million (PPM) Molarity (M): It is defined as the number of moles of the solute present in 1 litre (or 1000 mL) of the solution. Normality: Number of gram equivalent weight in a liter of solution. Q: Calculate the molar Q : Prepare 500 ml of concentration of KNO3 aqueous 0.1N Ca (OH)2 ? Ca = 40 solution that contains (2.02 g) of O =16 H =1 KNO3 (M.wt =101 g /mole) in (2.0 L) of solution.