Development of Thinking Part 2 PDF

Development of thinking part 2 By SHAIMAA SHAWKI MOHAMMED AMIN lecturer of pediatric physical therapy ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴ ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍ‬ Objectives of lecture 1- Development of thinking 2- Methods and strategies for developin...

Development of thinking part 2 By SHAIMAA SHAWKI MOHAMMED AMIN lecturer of pediatric physical therapy ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻴ ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻢ ﺍ‬ Objectives of lecture 1- Development of thinking 2- Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 3-Obstacles to thinking  Different age categories Infancy Developmental period from birth up to 24 Early months childhood (preschool age) 3-5 years Middle and late childhood (elementary school years 6 to 11 years.  1- Development of thinking Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development Swiss psychologist known for his work in developmental Psychology. Provides insight into how children develop thinking and understanding  1- Development of thinking Stages of Cognitive Development  1- Development of thinking Stages of Cognitive Development A- Sensorimotor Stage (0-2 years): -Learning through senses and actions. -( Object permanence). -Exploration -imitation (deal and understand with the world ______ establish basic cognitive skills). B- Preoperational Stage (2-7 years) Development of language and symbolic thinking. -Characteristics: Egocentrism and , animism. -magical thinking (develop creative thinking)encourage ___imagination  1- Development of thinking Stages of Cognitive Development 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-11 years) - Logical thinking about concrete events. - Concepts: Conservation and classification and seriation - Develop practical problem solving and understanding the world in more organized and logical ways. 4. Formal Operational Stage (12 years and up) Abstract and hypothetical thinking. Ability to reason logically and systematically. 2- Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 1- Brainstorming 2- Problem solving 3- Discussion style 4-Self-reflection 2- Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 1- Brainstorming An educational method that can be used with students, where students unleash their thinking completely freely on an issue or problem in search of the largest possible number of solutions, So ideas flow abundantly, quickly, and without inhibition. 2- Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 1- Brainstorming Keeping the idea in the mind prevents other ideas from appearing, then the best idea is searched from among the total ideas generated without the need to criticize or make mistakes in the rest of the ideas. 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 1- Brainstorming -Conditions for implementing brainstorming: 1- The brainstorming session consists of 6 to 12 students. 2- Avoid any kind of judgment or criticism of the ideas presented while generating ideas 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 1- Brainstorming -Conditions for implementing brainstorming: 3- The free generation of ideas should be encouraged and accepted as long as they are related to the problem so that the student can get rid of his reservations about his ideas. 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 2- Problem solving A method based on the student’s organized mental activity according to: a scientific method that begins with stimulating the student’s thinking about the existence of a problem that deserves to be thought about and searching for a solution according to scientific steps. 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 2- Problem solving - Steps of problem solving : A- Feeling the problem B- Identify the problem C- Generate potential solutions to the problem D- Testing and verifying the optimal solution, either through experimentation or observation 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 3-Discussion style The teacher participates with the learners in understanding, analyzing, interpreting and evaluating a specific idea, topic or problem, and explaining the differences and agreements between them to reach a decision. 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 3-Discussion style Advantages of the discussion method: A- Accustoming the learner to taking responsibility. B- Forming a relationship between the teacher and his students based on respect and belief in the learner’s ability to participate positively. 2-Methods and strategies for developing thinking skills 3-Discussion style Advantages of the discussion method: C- Developing values, attitudes, and higher cognitive levels, and acquiring communication skills, listening, speaking, and dialogue management skills  3-Obstacles to thinking 1- The teacher and lecturer have. the first and last word in the class and lecture ,the prescribed textbook is his only reference in most cases Sometimes 2- Some people believe that the teacher alone is the source of knowledge in the educational process and the role of the student is only to receive and remember this knowledge. 3- Not providing sufficient opportunity for discussion or encouragement  3-Obstacles to thinking 4- Some teachers avoid asking questions that stimulate real thinking such as (What do you think about what happened Do you agree with this opinion or with that opinion, and why 5- Some teachers resort to punishing students by deducting part of their marks for participation if they do not succeed in answering.  3-Obstacles to thinking 6- The teacher rarely relies on the diversity of recent experiences and relies on the method of delivery (one way) while presenting educational materials. 7- The general nature prevailing in the development of curricula is still influenced by the prevailing assumption hat the process of accumulating a huge amount of information and facts is necessary and sufficient for developing students’ thinking skills and prescribed textbooks.  3-Obstacles to thinking 8- The educational system often relies in evaluating students on cognitive tests consisting of questions that require low cognitive skills according to Bloom’s classification of the cognitive domain.