Fundamentals Of Meteorology PDF

FUNDAMENTALS OF METEOROLOGY CAMILLE RAFAL Instructor 1 College of Arts and Sciences Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Unit II. Warming and Cooling of E...

FUNDAMENTALS OF METEOROLOGY CAMILLE RAFAL Instructor 1 College of Arts and Sciences Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Unit II. Warming and Cooling of Earth Lesson 1: Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 2: Radiant Energy Lesson 3: The Greenhouse Effect Lesson 4: Earth’s Annual Energy Balance  Learning Objectives At the end of this topic, you should be able to: 1. illustrated and explained the different modes of heat transfer in the atmosphere; and 2. analyzed the current trends of greenhouse gases and assessed their impact to weather and climate. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Go with the Flow Air flows from high to low pressure. Go with the Flow The air blown between the cans created an area of low pressure between the cans and induced high pressure surrounding the cans. This caused the cans to move from high to low pressure. This is known as Bernoulli’s Principle.  Energy from the Sun Most of the Earth ’ s energy comes from the sun. 35% is reflected back into space. 15% is absorbed by the atmosphere. 50% is absorbed by the earth’s surface. Energy, Temperature, and Heat ENERGY capacity to do work takes and change in many form. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY Energy can neither be destroyed nor created COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Heat “HEAT ENERGY” energy that flows from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature Heat Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place. Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature. Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature. Energy, Temperature, and Heat TEMPERATURE ⮚ An object's temperature doesn't tell us how much heat energy it has. ⮚A thermometer measures how hot something is, not how much heat energy it contains. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Note: Typical Instrument found inside a thermometer shelter: A. Psychrometer B. Hygrothermograph C. Maximum & Minimum thermometers mounted on a townsend support D. Thermograph Maximum Thermometer Minimum Assmann Type Thermometer Psychrometer COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Temperature Units COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Energy, Temperature, and Heat ⮚ Heat is the energy stored inside something. ⮚ Temperature is a measurement of how hot or cold something is. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Energy, Temperature, and Heat HEAT ⮚ energy that is being transferred due to temperature difference. HEAT CAPACITY ⮚ amount of heat required to raise the temperature of an object by 1oC. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Energy, Temperature, and Heat Why do some things take longer to heat up than others? SPECIFIC HEAT ⮚ heat capacity of an object per unit mass. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Energy, Temperature, and Heat LATENT HEAT ⮚ Heat energy required to change a substance from one state to another ⮚ Important source of atmospheric energy. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Energy, Temperature, and Heat LATENT HEAT ⮚ The heat needed to change a solid into a liquid is called the latent heat of fusion. ⮚ The heat needed to change a liquid into a gas, and this is called the latent heat of vaporization. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Transfer of Heat Energy Radiation ⮚ through electromagnetic radiation Conduction ⮚ direct contact Convection ⮚ mass movement of fluid COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Radiation The transfer of heat energy by electromagnetic radiation. Earth is heated by this process. - various substances on earth (dirt, rocks, water, concrete, sand, etc.) absorb this energy and their heat level is raised. They transmit that heat through mainly convective heat transfer to the surrounding atmosphere, and eventually to us. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Conduction The transfer of heat energy from one substance to another or within a substance. Very effective in heating metals Air is a poor conductor. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Convection The transfer of heat energy in a fluid. Commonly seen in the kitchen when you see boiling water Air in the atmosphere acts a fluid COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  1. Radiation and Temperature 2. Radiation of the Sun and Earth Radiant Energy COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  RADIANT ENERGY ⮚ travels in the form of energy waves or energized particles ⮚ constant speed of nearly 300,000 km/s COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Comparison between sun’s and earth’s radiation COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Comparison between sun’s and earth’s radiation COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Sun’s electromagnetic spectrum Although the sun radiates at a maximum rate at a particular wavelength, it also emits some radiation at almost all other wavelength COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Earth-Atmosphere Energy Balance COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  The Effects of Clouds Nighttime: clouds keep the earth warmer Daytime: clouds keep the earth cooler COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences If there were no Atmosphere…. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect is the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy from the sun. Prevents heat loss mainly from convection (air movement carrying away the heat) COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Greenhouse Effect The effect of this is to warm the Earth’s surface and the lower atmosphere. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  Greenhouse Effect Without these gases: heat would escape back into space and Earth’s average temperature would be about 60ºF colder. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences How Does Earth Maintain an Energy Balance? The earth-atmosphere energy balance is achieved as the energy received from the Sun balances the energy lost by the Earth back into space. In this way, the Earth maintains a stable average temperature and therefore a stable climate.  The Water Cycle Hydrosphere - all the waters on Earth The constant cycling of water in the atmosphere and hydrosphere that plays an important role in determining weather patterns and climate types. Adding or subtracting heat keeps the cycle going. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Hydrologic Cycle The hydrologic cycle involves the continuous circulation of water in the Earth-Atmosphere system. Includes processes such as: Evaporation, Condensation, Why is it important? Precipitation, Maintains life on Earth, regulates Infiltration climate and shapes landscapes. Runoff, and Transpiration. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Evaporation -Water changes from liquid to vapor, primarily from oceans, rivers, and lakes. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Condensation- Water vapor cools and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Condensation- Water vapor cools and changes back into liquid, forming clouds. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Precipitation- Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, returning to the Earth's surface. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Precipitation- Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, returning to the Earth's surface. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Precipitation- Water falls from clouds as rain, snow, sleet, or hail, returning to the Earth's surface. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Runoff: Water flows over land into rivers, lakes, and oceans. Infiltration: which water on the ground surface enters the soil. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences Key Processes Transpiration: Plants release water vapor into the atmosphere through their leaves. COLLEGE OF ARTS & SCIENCES Department of Physical Sciences  CASE STUDY 1: ENHANCEMENT OF GREENHOUSE EFFECT Objective: To understand the causes, effects, and potential solutions for the enhancement of the greenhouse effect due to human activities. 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