Animal Nutrition: Nutrient Metabolism & Vitamins PDF

Animal Nutrition: Nutrient Metabolism and Vitamins Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) Pronouns: she/her What do I need to know as a general practitioner when it comes to nutrition? Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition)...

Animal Nutrition: Nutrient Metabolism and Vitamins Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) Pronouns: she/her What do I need to know as a general practitioner when it comes to nutrition? Dr. Jackie Parr, BScH, DVM, MSc, DACVIM (Nutrition) Pronouns: she/her  Contact Information Dr. Jackie Parr (she/her) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Nestlé Purina Petcare Clinical Assistant Professor of Nutrition Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 Email: [email protected] Service: [email protected] Mobile: +1-762-234-0074 Ideally, we will focus on answering questions during our scheduled laboratory sessions  Schedule (Room 3326) Friday 11/15/2024 11:00AM-12:00PM: Macronutrients interactive lecture Friday 11/15/2024 3:00PM-5:00PM: Macronutrients integration laboratory Monday 11/18/2024 11:00AM-12:00PM: Vitamins interactive lecture Monday 11/18/2024 3:00PM-5:00PM: Macronutrients integration laboratory To be determined 11/XX/2024: Vitamins integration laboratory Monday 12/2/2024 3:00PM-4:00PM: Minerals interactive lecture Tuesday 12/3/2024 3:00PM-5:00PM: Minerals integration laboratory 4 Nutrition Schedule  Learning Objectives: Introduction to Nutrition To recall the six (6) classes of nutrients and to identify the three (3) classes that provide energy to animals To explain the concept of energy balance including negative, neutral, and positive energy balance and how energy balance effects body weight To explain how gross energy (GE) in food is partitioned into digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) by recalling where energy is being lost once food has been consumed (e.g., feces, urine, and gas) To explain the nutritional concepts of deficiency vs. optimal intake vs. toxicity To describe what the terms “complete” and “balanced” mean with respect to the nutritional adequacy of pet foods for dogs and cats To identify the sources of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (including sugars, starches, and fibers) in both commercial and homemade pet foods To identify the main three (3) components of rations for large animals 5 Nutrition Learning Objectives  Additional Resources (under week 1) 6 Nutrition Learning Objectives  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which classes of nutrients provide energy to animals? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Select the correct energy balance for an animal that is gaining weight. Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Metabolizable energy (ME) accounts for energy lost from food in the following forms: SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Select the correct definition for a nutrient deficiency. Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Deficiency: When the minimum requirement for a nutrient has been established, clinical signs of deficiency may result if the minimum is not met (e.g., calcium deficiency) Minimum requirement Maximum tolerable level Toxicity: When the maximum tolerable level for a nutrient has been established, clinical signs of toxicity may result if the maximum is exceeded (e.g., hypervitaminosis A) Figure adapted from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 14 Deficiency vs. Toxicity  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What does "complete" mean in terms of pet foods for dogs and cats? SELECT ONE. Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Commercial product 7 Image and ingredient list from Wellness website (2024) 17 Commercial Product Examples  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Select the sources of fat. SELECT ALL THAT APPLY. Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Identify the three (3) main components of rations for large animals (e.g., cattle, sheep, goats, etc.). Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Large animal rations Forages: “Edible parts of plants, other than separated grain, that can provide feed for grazing animals, or that can be harvested for feeding” (Allen, 1991; Oregon State University Forage Information System website, 2024) Concentrates: “Low-fiber, high-energy feeds when compared to forages”; Variable protein content; Used to increase energy content of the ration (e.g., lactating dairy cattle); Used to Figure created by C Ryan (2023) complement the forages (PennState Extension website, 2024) 20 Large Animal Rations  Terms Definitions from Allen (1991) Forage Edible parts of plants, other than separated grain, that can provide feed for grazing animals, or that can be harvested for feeding. Forages Includes browse, herbage, and mast. Leaf and twig growth of shrubs, woody vines, trees, cacti, and other non-herbaceous vegetation available for animal consumption. Browse Herbage The biomass of herbaceous plants, other than separated grain, generally above ground but including edible roots and tubers. Forb Any herbaceous broadleaf plant that is not a grass and is not grass-like. Legume Members of the plant family Fabaceae. Grass Members of the plant family Poaceae. Grass-like Vegetation that is similar to grass in appearance and is usually a member of the plant family Cyperaceae (sedges) or Juncaceae (rushes). Mast Fruits and seeds of shrubs, woody vines, trees, cacti, and other non-herbaceous vegetation available for animal consumption. Forage crop A crop of cultivated plants or plant parts, other than separated grain, produced to be grazed or harvested for use as feed for animals. Aftermath Forage grown following a harvest. Residue Forage remaining on the land as a consequence of harvest. Silage Forage preserved in a succulent condition by partial anaerobic, acid fermentation. Hay Grass or other plants, such as clover or alfalfa, cut and dried for fodder. Haylage Product resulting from ensiling forage with around 45% moisture, in the absence of oxygen. Fodder Coarse grasses such as corn and sorghum harvested with the seed and leaves green or alive, then cured and fed in their entirety as forage. Green chop Fresh cut forages. 21  Figures from Fundamentals of Applied Animal Nutrition (2021) 22 Nutrient Requirements References  National Research Council National Research Council (NRC) publications: Horses: NRC (2007a) Beef cattle: NRC (2016) Dairy cattle: NRC (2001) Sheep and goats: NRC (2007b) Pigs: NRC (2012) Poultry: NRC (1994) National Research Council (NRC) 23 Nutrient Requirements References  Learning Objectives: Metabolism and Vitamins To identify key metabolic pathways and explain in one (1) sentence what each key metabolic pathway does (DO NOT MEMORIZE THE PATHWAYS) To identify the water-soluble vitamins (9), fat-soluble vitamins (4), and vitamin- like compounds (2) and their key differences To define vitamers (isomers) and provitamins To explain the nutritional concepts of deficiency vs. optimal intake vs. toxicity with respect to vitamins (DO NOT MEMORIZE VITAMIN DOSES) To explain the general functions of vitamins including what occurs with deficiency (if applicable) and toxicity (if applicable) To identify ingredients/foods supplying vitamins to support both health and prevention of disease 24 Nutrition Learning Objectives  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Please rate your current level of confidence with metabolic pathways? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Nutrient Metabolism Overview of the metabolic pathways including the role of vitamins IMPORTANT: Focus on the overall process Do not memorize these metabolic pathways  rotisserie Water-Soluble B Vitamins: Required as enzymatic cofactors for proper function of all metabolic pathways Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 27 Nutrient Metabolism  Nucleotide metabolism: Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries the jet genetic code (in nucleotides) for specific proteins Ribonucleic acid (RNA) consists of nucleotides codes that are translated into amino acid sequences Pentose phosphate pathway: Synthesis of ribose-5-P Figure from Small Animal to produce nucleotides Clinical Nutrition (2010) 28 Nutrient Metabolism  we do w what the energy writing Lipogenesis: Production of triglyceride (fat) from glucose wifi Beta ( )-oxidation: Break down of fatty Genesis: acids to produce Production energy (ATP) ATP = Adenosine Amino acid triphosphate metabolism: Production of non- P essential amino acids, cellular proteins, and Figure from Small Animal urea from ammonia Clinical Nutrition (2010) 29 Nutrient Metabolism  Glycolysis: Converts glucose to pyruvate and produces energy (ATP) Genesis: Gluconeogenesis: Production Formation of new glucose from glycerol, Lysis: lactate, amino acids Breakdown The Citric Acid Cycle ATP = (TCA)/Krebs Cycle: Adenosine Connects glucose, triphosphate amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism through acetyl-CoA I Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) Produces energy (ATP) 30 Nutrient Metabolism  Genesis: Production E.g., Glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis Lysis: Breakdown E.g., Glycogenolysis and glycolysis Iii Figure from Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010) 31 Nutrient Metabolism  Electron Transport Chain: Group of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of mitochondria Chain members transfer electrons in a series of oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions to form a proton gradient that drives energy (ATP) production Primary source of energy (ATP) production Figure from Science Facts website: https://www.sciencefacts.net/electron-transport-chain.html (2024) 32 Nutrient Metabolism  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What does "genesis" mean? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which metabolic pathway connects glucose, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use Which metabolic pathway is the primary source of energy (ATP) production? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Please download and install the Slido app on all computers you use What does "lysis" mean? Start presenting to display the poll results on this slide.  Vitamins Overview of water- and fat-soluble vitamins and vitamin-like compounds Do not memorize vitamin doses when provided  Sources of Vitamins Many must be provided through the diet (i.e., essential vitamins): Vitamin A: All species Vitamin D: Dogs, cats, and animals housed indoors without a UVB light source (e.g., swine, poultry) B Vitamins: Monogastrics (e.g., dogs, cats, swine, poultry) Ruminants (rumen microbes) and hindgut fermenters (hindgut microbes): Can synthesize B vitamins Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 38 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Forms of Vitamins Vitamers: Different forms (i.e., isomers) of the same vitamin Often have different effects (e.g., isomers of Vitamin E) -tocopherol (alpha) -tocopherol (gamma) Most biologically active form of Vitamin E Not biologically active in the body Not used as an antioxidant preservative FETE Used as an antioxidant preservative (e.g., mixed tocopherols) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 39 Vitamins  Forms of Vitamins Vitamers: Eight (8) isomers of Vitamin E Figure from Neophytou and Constantinou (2015) 40 Vitamins  WEIN Forms of Vitamins Provitamins: Vitamin requires and activation step Once activated, the vitamin becomes biologically active -carotene (beta) Retinol (Vitamin A) Provitamin for Vitamin A Biologically active form Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); Figure from Yeung et al. (2020) 41 Vitamins  Water-Soluble Vitamins Fat-Soluble Vitamins Digestion and absorption: Absorbed in Digestion and absorption: Requires the small intestine of monogastrics dietary fat, pancreatic lipase, and bile salts to form lipid micelles Storage: None (required daily) Storage: Liver and adipose tissue Deficiency: Occurs quickly in monogastrics and during XXX for hindgut/foregut fermenters Deficiency: Occurs slowly Toxicity: Not reported (excess is Toxicity: Especially Vitamins A and D excreted through urine) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 42 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamins = Organic molecules needed in minute quantities Deficiency: Water-Soluble Fat-Soluble Vitamin-Like Lack of vitamin(s) in Vitamins Vitamins Compounds amounts necessary to Thiamine (B1) Vitamin A support normal Choline physiologic function Riboflavin (B2) Vitamin D L-Carnitine Niacin (B3) Vitamin E Pantothenic acid Vitamin K Toxicity: (B5) Excess of vitamin(s) in Pyridoxine (B6) amounts necessary to Biotin (B7) support normal Folic acid (B9) physiologic function Cobalamin (B12) Vitamin C Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2020) 44 Vitamins  Vitamin A Provitamin A Biologically Active Form E.g., -carotene (alpha), -carotene E.g., Retinol as retinyl esters (beta), and -cryptoxanthin (beta) Function: Vision , -carotene Growth (bones/teeth) 15,15’-monooxygenase (exception: cats) Reproduction Immune function Maintenance of epithelium Gene expression/regulation Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); Figure from Yeung et al. (2020) ; A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 45 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin A Provitamin A Biologically Active Form E.g., Carotenoids such as -carotene E.g., Retinol as retinyl esters (alpha), -carotene (beta), and - (measured in International Units or IU) cryptoxanthin (beta) Dietary sources: Dietary sources: Fish oils (including cod liver oil) Plants: orange/yellow (e.g., carrots, Liver sweet potatoes, pumpkins, etc.) Eggs NOTE: Highly variable concentrations Dairy products based on geographic location, plant Supplements: Retinyl palmitate or maturity, storage conditions, exposure acetate or propionate concentrated to heat, sunlight, air, etc. Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 46 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin A Deficiency Vitamin A Toxicity Slow/impaired growth Slow/impaired growth Skeletal defects (e.g., periosteal Skeletal malformations (e.g., fractures) overgrowth) Skin lesions (loss of epithelial integrity) Skin thickening (scaly dermatitis) Poor quality haircoat Swelling/crusting of eyelids (conjunctivitis) Reproductive failure Congenital abnormalities (e.g., cleft palate) Weight loss and anorexia Increased susceptibility to infections Weight loss and anorexia Ataxia Retinal degeneration, night blindness Hypercalcemia (tissue calcification) death (nyctalopia), severe conjunctival Hepatotoxicity death dryness (xerophthalmia) Reduced renal function Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 47 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin D Dietary forms: Ergocalciferol/D2 (plants) Cholecalciferol/D3 (animals) Function: Hormonal regulation of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis Many species convert Vitamin D2 Vitamin D3 (exception: low efficiency in poultry and cats) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); Figure from A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 48 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin D De Novo Synthesis of Vitamin D3 Dietary Forms Cholesterol E.g., Ergocalciferol/D2 (plants) and Cholecalciferol/D3 (animals) Forms 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin (upon exposure to ultraviolet (UVB) irradiation from the sun) Hydroxylated in the liver to 25- hydroxycholecalciferol Hydroxylated (again) in the kidneys to 1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); Figure from A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 49 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin D Ergocalciferol/Vitamin D2 Cholecalciferol/Vitamin D3 Dietary sources: Dietary sources: Plants: Formed upon exposure to Fish oils (including cod liver oil) sunlight (UVB) after harvest (not Fish formed in living plants) Liver (organ meats) Supplements: Vitamin D2 Egg yolks Dairy (especially if fortified) Supplements: Vitamin D3 Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 50 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D Toxicity Growth: Rickets (crooked bones) and osteomalacia (soft bones) Adults: Osteomalacia and osteoporosis Growth: Remodeling/enlargement (weak/fragile bones) of growth plates in puppies Clinical signs: Lameness and spontaneous fractures of long bones Hypercalcemia: Tissue calcification Hypocalcemia: See Minerals section especially of aorta, kidneys, and lungs death Renal dysfunction: Inability to hydroxylate to 1,25-hydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) (e.g., chronic renal disease) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 51 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin E Function: Antioxidant for free radicals Vitamers: Eight (8) isomers of Vitamin E and lipid oxidation products Figure from Neophytou and Constantinou (2015) 52 Vitamins  Vitamin E Vitamers: Different forms (i.e., isomers) of the same vitamin Often have different effects (e.g., isomers of Vitamin E) -tocopherol (alpha) -tocopherol (gamma) Most biologically active form of Vitamin E Not biologically active in the body Not used as an antioxidant preservative Used as an antioxidant preservative to preserve other nutrients (e.g., Vitamin A) and prevent oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (e.g., mixed tocopherols) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 53 Vitamins  Vitamin E Cell membrane lipid bilayer with fatty acids Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021); Figure from John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (2010) 54 Vitamins  Vitamin E Vitamin E Requirements Dietary sources: Increased needs with: Only plants synthesize Vitamin E Increased polyunsaturated fatty acids: E.g., Cold water fish and fish oils Richest sources: Vegetable/seed oils (e.g., corn oil, canola oil, etc.) NOTE: Up to 60 mg of -tocopherol per g of PUFAs; however, there is no consensus Lesser sources: Seeds and cereal grains for dogs and cats (bran and germ fractions only) Supplements: -tocopherol and - tocopherol acetate Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 55 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Vitamin E Deficiency Nutritional muscular dystrophy/myopathy (white muscle disease): Degeneration of skeletal/heart muscle fibers: Progressive weakness inability to stand/walk (poultry, dogs) Heart failure rapid death (large animals) Avian encephalomalacia or hypovitaminosis E (crazy chick disease): Permanent brain damage (softening of the brain) Leaky capillaries in breast muscles exudative diathesis Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 56 Vitamins  Vitamin E Deficiency Hypovitaminosis E in cats: Steatitis (painful, inflamed fat) Focal interstitial myocarditis (heart inflammation) Focal myositis (inflammation) of skeletal muscle Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver) Rancidity of food: Reduction in PUFA content (due to oxidation) Reduction in palatability (due to lipid peroxidation) Exacerbated by poor storage conditions (heat/light exposure) Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 57 Vitamins  Vitamin K Dietary forms: Phylloquinone/K1 (plants) Green leafy vegetables Menaquinone/K2 (bacteria) Actinomycete bacteria found in normal intestinal microflora Menaquinone-4 and -7 Menadione/K3 (synthetic) Added to pet foods as: Menadione sodium bisulfate complex Menadione dimethylpyrimidinol bisulfate Small Animal Clinical Nutrition (2010); Figure from A Guide to the Principles of Animal Nutrition (2021) 58 Fat-Soluble Vitamins  Contact Information Dr. Jackie Parr (she/her) Board-Certified Veterinary Nutritionist® Nestlé Purina Petcare Clinical Assistant Professor of Nutrition Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30605 Email: [email protected] Service: [email protected] Mobile: +1-762-234-0074 Ideally, we will focus on answering questions during our scheduled laboratory sessions