Phonetics and Phonology Presentation PDF

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 1a Introduction prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD. Course description to introduce the phonic system of the English language to improve English pronunciation SEMINARS: original books or copies required ASSESSMENT: – credit: active part...

PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 1a Introduction prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD. Course description to introduce the phonic system of the English language to improve English pronunciation SEMINARS: original books or copies required ASSESSMENT: – credit: active participation in seminars (80%) – exam: transcription test + theoretical test PHONETICS - branch of linguistics studying speech sounds - basic element: sound (phone) - sub-branches: articulatory phonetics production of speech acoustic phonetics transmission of speech auditory phonetics reception of speech - branch of linguistics classifying speech sounds - basic element: phoneme - sub-branches: segmental phonology phonemes suprasegmental phonology elements higher than phonemes Required material: P. Roach: English Phonetics and Phonology (3rd or 4th edition) Recommended materials: www.cambridge.org/elt/peterroach https:// www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com Headway Upper-Intermediate Pronunciation, 1991. R. Pavlik: Exercise Book to English Phonetics and Phonology, 2002. phonic units sound (phone) - real acoustic sound - produced by a speaker phoneme - abstract phonic unit - existing in a language (44 phonemes in English =20 vowels + 24 consonants) - by changing a phoneme we change the meaning of the word (DISTINCTIVE FUNCTION) e.g. pin – pen, pet – bet  Transcription - spelling and pronunciation do not correspond in English - transcription: coding speech sounds (1 symbol = 1 sound) e.g. enough /ɪˈnʌf/ – inept /ɪˈnept/ – stuff /ˈstʌf/ - types of transcription: phonetic (allophonic) transcription [ ] represents real speech sounds phonological (phonemic) transcription / / represents phonemes used in books and dictionaries - International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – system of transcription symbols established by International Phonetic Association in 1886 A. C. Gimson: Introduction to the Pronunciation of Symbols of English phonemes International Phonetic Alphabet Syllabus PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 4a Consonantal phonemes PLOSIVES prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD.  CONSONANT - acoustic characteristics – noises (voiced and voiceless) - articulatory characteristics – contact of articulators (partial/complete) 24 English consonants Classification criteria: 1. place of articulation 2. manner of articulation 3. acoustic impression 4. position of velum 5. voice  1. PLACE OF ARTICULATION bilabial –/p, b, m/ labio-dental –/f, v/ dental –/θ , ð/ alveolar –/t, d, s, z, l, n, r / palato-alveolar –/ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ palatal –/ j / velar – / k, g, ŋ / glottal – / h / labio-velar – /w/  2. MANNER OF ARTICULATION occlusives (closure) /p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j / –nasals / m, n, ŋ / –laterals / l / –approximants / r / –semi-vowels / w, j / constrictives (narrowing) / f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h / semi-occlusives (closure + narrowing) / tʃ , dʒ /  3. ACOUSTIC IMPRESSION plosives /p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n, ŋ, l, r, w, j / fricatives / f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h / affricates / tʃ, dʒ /  4. POSITION OF THE SOFT PALATE oral /p, t, k, b, d, g, l, r, w, j, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, tʃ, dʒ / nasal /m, n, ŋ/  5. VOICE (TENSE) voiceless (fortis) /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/, /θ/, /s/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /h/ voiced (lenis) /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/, /ð/, /z/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, /j/  PLOSIVES 6 plosive consonants / p, t, k, b, d, g / Characteristics: total stricture → air release → plosion Phases of articulation: 1. closing phase: articulators move to form a stricture 2. compression phase: compressed air is stopped 3. release phase: the articulators open and air escapes → PLOSION 4. post-release phase: immediately after  PLOSIVES 6 plosive consonants / p, t, k, b, d, g / + glottal plosive /ʔ/  PLOSIVES initial position:  p, t, k - aspiration (pen, cat, ten)  /p, t, k/ preceded by “s” are not aspirated (scat, spin)  b, d, g - little voicing  p, t, k + l, r, w, j – devoicing of l, r, w, j (play, tray, quick) final position:  vowels preceding p, t, k are shorter (pre-fortis clipping) (beat – bead)  b, d, g - very little voicing  PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 4c Consonantal phonemes NASALS AND OTHER CONSONANTS prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD.  NASALS  3 /m, n, ŋ/  voiced  - air escapes through the nose  - soft palate is lowered  place of articulation:  /m/ – bilabial  /n/ – alveolar  /ŋ/– velar  NASAL / ŋ / Distribution:  never in initial position, only in medial and final position  “nk” – “k” is always pronounced (thinking /θɪŋkɪŋ/)  “ng” – only /ŋ/ (without /g/) is pronounced at the end of a morpheme: singer /sɪŋə/, hanger /hæŋə/ (sing+er, hang+er)  “ng” – /ŋg/ is pronounced in the middle of a morpheme:  finger /fɪŋgə/, anger /æŋgə/ (finger+0, anger+0) Exception: comparative and superlative forms of adjectives “ng” are treated as a single morpheme – /ŋg/ is pronounced: longer /lɒŋgə/, longest /lɒŋgəst/   LATERALS  1 / l /alveolar, voiced – lateral approximant  the air escapes along the sides of the tongue  allophones (variants) – in complementary distribution: before vowels – clear “l” (lea, leak) before consonants and in final positions – dark “l” (eel, eels) after /p, t, k/ – devoiced “l“ (please, clear)  APPROXIMANT  1/r/ - articulators approach (approximate) each other - voiced, post–alveolar - the tongue slightly curled backwards with the tip raised – retroflex - when preceded by /p, t, k/ / r / is devoiced (cry, try) / r / in BBC pronounced only before vowels: red, arrive, hearing / r / in BBC not pronounced in final positions and before consonants = non-rhotic accent: car, ever, here, hard, verse, cares American, Scottish and West of England accents = rhotic accents  SEMI-VOWELS  2 / j, w / voiced  phonetically: vowels; phonologically: consonants  /j/ palatal (articulation similar to /ɪ/)  preceded by /p, t, k/ is devoiced (pure, tune, queue)  /w/ bilabial (articulation similar to /ʊ/)  preceded by /p, t, k/ is devoiced (twin, twist, quench) ! play, tray, quick, cue ≠ lay, ray, wick, you English consonantal phonemes PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 4b Consonantal phonemes FRICATIVES AND AFFRICATES prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD.  FRICATIVES  continuants  9 / f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h /  FRICATIVES  - pre-fortis clipping: ice /aIs/ ≠ eyes /aIz/  place of articulation:  /f/, /v/ - labiodental: fan, van, safer, saver, half, halve  /θ/, /ð/ - dental: thumb, thus, ether, father, breath, breathe  /s/, /z/ - alveolar: sip, zip, facing, phasing, rice, rise  /ʃ/, /ʒ/ - post-alveolar: Russia, measure, Irish, garage, usual  /h/ - glottal: head, ahead, playhouse (breathy voice) /  AFFRICATES  2 /tʃ, dʒ/  begin as plosives and end as fricatives  church / tʃ 3: tʃ / ≠ breakfast  /t/ and /ʃ/ - homorganic sounds tʃ  fortis consonants – pre-fortis clipping: belt /belt/, bump /bʌmp/, bent /bent/ – glottalisation: ʔ (glottal closure/stop) tʃ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sHaN4jHBGVk&ab_channel=EnglishPronunciationRoadmap PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 2 Production of speech prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD. speech – the result of muscles contracting and expelling the expiratory airstream from the lungs through the vocal tract I. physiological aspect – phases of articulation a) respiration b) phonation c) modification II. acoustic aspect – transmission of sound vibration of vocal cords: periodic → vowels = tones aperiodic → consonants = noises III. auditory aspect – perception of speech ear (outer, middle, inner) → brain a) respiration LUNGS ↓ BRONCHI ↓ TRACHEA ↓ LARYNX  b) phonation LARYNX Ak chcete pridať obrázok, kliknite na ikonu - making sound from breath (voicing) - LARYNX = cartillages - thyroid (Adam՚s Apple) - cricoid  b) phonation VOCAL FOLDS Ak chcete pridať obrázok, kliknite na ikonu - inside larynx - front: thyroid cartilage - back: arytenoid cartilages - glottis: space between vocal cords - vibration: the air passes through → vocal folds open/close  b) phonation VOCAL FOLDS 1. wide apart: breathing, voiceless consonants 2. narrow glottis: /h/ 3. vibration: vowels, voiced consonants 4. tightly closed: glottal stop /ʔ/  c) modification TONGUE - the most active articulator - parts of the tongue ARTICULATORS → PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 3b Vocalic phonemes prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD. MONOPHTHONGS ENGLISH MONOPHTHONGS  DIPHTHONGS - 8 English diphthongs - glides from one vowel to another - 1st element stronger Ak chcete pridať obrázok, kliknite na ikonu centring closing ɪə here eɪ pain eə square aɪ time ʊə tour Ɔɪ boy əʊ home aʊ house NOTE: (moor ≠ more, poor ≠ paw)  TRIPHTHONGS - glide from 1st to 2nd and 3rd vowel - triphthongs = closing diphthongs + /ə/ eɪə layer, player aɪə liar, fire Ɔɪə loyal, royal əʊə slower, lower aʊə power, hour PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 3a Vocalic phonemes prof. PaedDr. Zdena Kráľová, PhD.  VOWELS - acoustic characteristics – tones (voiced) - articulatory characteristics – no contact of articulators - phonological characteristics – centre of a syllable English vowels: 12 monophthongs (pure vowels) 8 diphthongs 5 triphthongs  VOWELS classification - vertically: distance btw. the tongue and the palate close, mid, open - horizontally: which part of the tongue is raised highest front, central, back - lip position: rounded, spread, neutral  cardinal vowels - standard reference system - extremes of vowel quality - International Phonetic Association (IPA) - primary and secondary cardinal vowels  MONOPHTHONGS schwa (central, mixed vowel)