Mental Health Merged PDF

Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH) Course Code and Name : HEY441ET - MENTAL HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING-T Course Week : Week 4rd Course D...

Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH) Course Code and Name : HEY441ET - MENTAL HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING-T Course Week : Week 4rd Course Day and Time : Wendesday-4 hour Course Credit/ACTS Information : Course Credit: 4 – ACTS :5 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm Exam: 50%, Final Exam: 50% Instructor’s Name & Surname : Assist.Prof. SUREYYA TURK OGUN E-mail & Phone: : [email protected] / 0212 422 70 70 Instructor’s Room : B block Ground floor, room 027 Office Hours : GBS Link : https://gbs.gelisim.edu.tr/ders-detay-17-319-17305-2 ALMS Link : https://lms.gelisim.edu.tr/Account/LoginBefore AVESIS Link : https://avesis.gelisim.edu.tr/suturk  | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | 1st WEEK - The Fundamentals of Mental Health And Disease 9th WEEK - Schizophrenia And Psychotic Disorders, And Nursing The Nursing Approach 2nd WEEK - General Symptoms Of Mental Illnesses 10th WEEK - Alcohol And Substance Addiction, And The Nursing Approach 3rd WEEK - Psychological Problems In Childhood And Adolescence 11th WEEK - Eating Disorders And The Nursing Approach 4th WEEK - Personality Disorders And The Nursing Approach 12th WEEK - Sexual Dysfunctions And The Nursing Approach 5th WEEK - Crisis, Stress, Anxiety, And The Nursing Approach 13th WEEK - Family And Community Mental Health 6th WEEK - Somatoform Disorders And The Nursing Approach Nursing 7th WEEK - Affective Disorders (Also Known As Mood 14th WEEK - Consultation Liaison Nursing in The Context Disorders) And The Nursing Approach Of Mental Health And Disease Nursing 8th WEEK – EXAM 15th WEEK - Forensic Nursing in The Context Of Mental Health And Disease Nursing 16th WEEK – FINAL EXAM  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | 1. Remembering Students will be able to describe the cognitive, emotional, and social milestones that define mental health in children and adolescents. 2. Understanding Students will be able to understand the role of family dynamics and community support systems in managing childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. 3. Applying Students will be able to develop strategies to apply nursing approaches for supporting children and adolescents with psychiatric disorders. This includes family education, cognitive-behavioral interventions, and coordination with community programs. 4. Analyzing Students will be able to identify and categorize common psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, including neurodevelopmental disorders, conduct disorders, and anxiety-related issues. 5. Evaluating o Students will be able to gain knowledge on conducting psychiatric evaluations, focusing on interviewing techniques, behavioral observations, psychological testing, and gathering additional information from schools and family members. 6. Creating o Students will be able to explore therapeutic interventions such as play therapy, family counseling, and behavioral interventions tailored to psychiatric conditions like ADHD, autism spectrum disorders, and eating disorders.  | DAILY FLOW | 09.00-09.50/ 1st Hour 10.00-10.50/ 2nd Hour 11.00-11.50/ 3rd Hour 12.00-12.50/ 4th Hour  | Psychological Problems In Childhood And Adolescence | Overview of Childhood and Adolescence Defining Mental Health in Children & Adolescents Developmental Milestones for Defining Mental Health Affective and Cognitive Characteristics of Children Positive-Negative Family Attitudes Psychiatric Evaluation of Children Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders in Children & Adolescents Common Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents (Based on DSM-V) Nursing Approaches  | Overview of Childhood and Adolescence| Childhood and adolescence are dynamic periods of development marked by continuous change, transition, and reorganization. Unlike adulthood, these stages are filled with rapid physical, emotional, and cognitive developments, which can make children and adolescents more vulnerable to mental health challenges. What are some key differences between childhood and adolescence in terms of emotional and cognitive development? How do you think rapid changes during adolescence impact mental health vulnerabilities? Key Differences Between Childhood and Adolescence: o Answer: In childhood, cognitive and emotional development is simpler, characterized by concrete thinking and more direct emotional expressions. Adolescents, however, face rapid physical changes, abstract thinking, identity formation, and increased emotional complexity, which heightens mental health vulnerabilities. Impact of Changes During Adolescence on Mental Health: o Answer: Rapid hormonal and physical changes, coupled with social pressures and identity struggles, can lead to increased anxiety, depression, or behavioral issues. Adolescents are navigating autonomy while still relying on family, creating tension and emotional volatility.  | Defining Mental Health in Children & Adolescents| 1. Secure Attachment: Children and adolescents should experience stable, nurturing relationships with caregivers, which form the foundation of mental well-being. 2. Positive Functionality: They should demonstrate the ability to function effectively in family, school, and social contexts. 3. Satisfaction: Emotional satisfaction from relationships and activities is a key indicator of good mental health. 4. Absence of Psychopathological Symptoms: Healthy development is characterized by the absence of severe symptoms of mental disorders such as anxiety, depression, or behavioral problems. How would you describe a child who demonstrates positive mental health? What role do secure attachments play in a child’s mental well-being? Description of Positive Mental Health: o Answer: A child with positive mental health will demonstrate secure attachments with caregivers, the ability to form and maintain relationships, effective coping mechanisms, emotional regulation, and participation in age-appropriate activities without signs of significant distress or dysfunction. Role of Secure Attachments: o Answer: Secure attachments foster a sense of safety and emotional support, helping children develop trust, resilience, and healthy coping mechanisms. This foundational relationship significantly influences how children respond to stress and form relationships later in life.  | Developmental Milestones for Defining Mental Health| Cognitive Development: Children’s ability to think, reason, and understand should progress according to age-appropriate milestones. Emotional Stability: Regulation of emotions in various social settings is crucial. Socially Acceptable Coping Skills: The ability to handle stress and frustration in a socially acceptable manner. Socialization Outside the Family: Peer relationships and social interactions outside the family environment play a critical role in developing a child’s social skills. Why is socialization outside the family important for mental health development in children? How do cognitive and emotional development influence each other in children? Importance of Socialization Outside the Family: o Answer: Socialization outside the family teaches children to navigate diverse relationships, cope with peer dynamics, and build social skills necessary for broader societal integration. Peer interactions provide opportunities for learning conflict resolution, empathy, and cooperation. Interplay Between Cognitive and Emotional Development: o Answer: Cognitive development influences how children understand and regulate emotions. For example, improved problem-solving skills (cognitive) allow for better emotional regulation. Conversely, emotional experiences can shape cognitive processes, such as memory and attention.  | Affective and Cognitive Characteristics of Children| Affective Characteristics: o Children's emotions are often intense, immediate, and openly expressed. o Emotions like joy, anger, jealousy, and sadness are displayed with little control, and these emotions tend to be directly linked to immediate needs or frustrations. o Children move quickly between emotional states.  | Affective and Cognitive Characteristics of Children| Cognitive Characteristics: o Concrete Thinking: Children primarily think in concrete, literal terms until around 6-7 years of age. o Animistic Thinking: They believe that inanimate objects have feelings or life (e.g., believing toys are alive). o Magical Thinking: Children believe their thoughts or wishes can directly influence reality (e.g., wishing harm on someone and believing it will happen). o Egocentrism: Children tend to interpret the world from their own perspective, struggling to understand others’ viewpoints. What might be some challenges in managing children’s intense emotional outbursts? How does magical thinking influence a child’s understanding of the world? Challenges in Managing Emotional Outbursts: o Answer: Children’s emotions are often intense and volatile, which can make it difficult for caregivers and professionals to help them regulate. Strategies like distraction, emotional validation, and teaching coping skills are essential, but children’s limited cognitive understanding of consequences can make this challenging. Magical Thinking’s Influence on Understanding the World: o Answer: Magical thinking leads children to believe that their thoughts or wishes can directly affect reality. This can cause confusion, guilt, or fear, especially when bad things happen. While this thinking fosters creativity, it can also lead to misconceptions that need gentle correction as the child matures.  | Positive Family Attitudes| Basic Needs: Parents should meet their child's basic needs (nutrition, safety, emotional warmth). Autonomy Support: Encouraging children to develop independence in a balanced manner. Love and Discipline: Effective parenting balances affection with consistent discipline, allowing children to understand boundaries while feeling supported.  | Negative Family Attitudes| Overprotective and Lenient: Overprotective parenting can hinder a child’s development of autonomy and coping skills. Neglectful and Uninvolved: A lack of attention and care can lead to emotional and behavioral problems in children. Inconsistent Discipline: Inconsistent rules and consequences can confuse children, leading to behavioral issues. Harsh and Punitive Approaches: Strict, punitive parenting can increase anxiety, depression, or defiant behaviors in children. How can inconsistent discipline affect a child’s behavior and mental health? What is an example of how overprotective parenting might hinder a child’s mental health development? Effects of Inconsistent Discipline: o Answer: Inconsistent discipline leads to confusion and insecurity in children. Without clear boundaries, children may struggle to understand what behaviors are acceptable, leading to behavioral problems and difficulty regulating their actions. Impact of Overprotective Parenting: o Answer: Overprotective parenting limits a child’s ability to develop autonomy and problem-solving skills. Such children may become dependent, anxious, or struggle with low self-esteem due to a lack of confidence in their abilities to handle challenges independently.  | Psychiatric Evaluation of Children| 1. Parental Interview: Parents provide crucial information about the child’s history, behavior, and family dynamics. 2. Child Interview and Observation: Direct interaction with the child helps assess behavior, communication, and emotional state. 3. Psychological Testing: Standardized tests are used to measure cognitive abilities, behavior, and emotional health. 4. Information from Other Sources: Teachers, caregivers, and other close individuals provide valuable insights. 5. Diagnosis and Treatment Planning: The collected information leads to a comprehensive diagnosis and the development of a tailored treatment plan.  | Psychiatric Evaluation of Children | Parental Interview Challenges Anxiety about Psychiatric Evaluation: Parents often feel anxious or ashamed about psychiatric evaluations and may fear being blamed for their child's issues. Cultural Stigma: In many cultures, seeking psychiatric help can be seen as a sign of failure, increasing the reluctance of families to pursue it. Why is it important to include multiple sources of information (parents, teachers) in psychiatric evaluations? What challenges might arise during the parental interview in a psychiatric evaluation? Importance of Multiple Information Sources: o Answer: Children behave differently in various settings, so gathering information from parents, teachers, and caregivers ensures a comprehensive understanding of the child's behavior. This multi-source approach reduces bias and helps identify consistent patterns that might indicate psychiatric issues. Challenges in Parental Interviews: o Answer: Parents may feel ashamed, anxious, or defensive, fearing judgment or blame for their child’s issues. This can lead to incomplete or biased information. It is important for the nurse or psychiatrist to create a supportive, non-judgmental atmosphere to encourage honest communication.  | Risk Factors for Psychiatric Disorders in Children & Adolescents| Biological Factors: Genetic predispositions, neurochemical imbalances, or developmental abnormalities can increase the risk of mental health disorders. Psychosocial Factors: Family conflict, parental mental illness, or traumatic events can contribute to mental health problems. Environmental Factors: Socioeconomic status, access to healthcare, and quality of education impact mental health development. How can environmental factors such as socioeconomic status influence a child’s mental health? What biological risk factors should nurses be aware of when assessing children? Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Mental Health: o Answer: Lower socioeconomic status often correlates with increased stressors such as financial instability, limited access to healthcare and education, and unsafe living environments. These factors can contribute to anxiety, depression, and other mental health challenges in children. Biological Risk Factors: o Answer: Biological risk factors include genetic predispositions (e.g., family history of mental illness), prenatal exposure to toxins or drugs, and neurological abnormalities. These factors can increase the likelihood of developing psychiatric disorders.  Common Psychiatric Disorders in Children and Adolescents 1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders o Intellectual Disabilities: Characterized by below-average intellectual functioning and challenges in adaptive behaviors. o Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD): Includes difficulties in social interactions, communication, and repetitive behaviors. o Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. o Specific Learning Disabilities: Difficulties in reading, writing, or math despite normal intelligence. 2. Feeding and Eating Disorders o Anorexia Nervosa: Restrictive eating and fear of gaining weight. o Bulimia Nervosa: Binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise. 3. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders o Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Persistent defiance, argumentative behavior, and anger towards authority figures. o Conduct Disorder: More severe behaviors like aggression, theft, destruction of property, and violations of social norms.  | Intellectual Disabilities (Mental Retardation)| Definition: Intellectual disability is defined by significantly below-average intellectual functioning and challenges in adaptive behavior. Assessment: IQ tests, alongside adaptive behavior assessments, help diagnose intellectual disabilities.  | Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)| Symptoms: Typically include deficits in social- emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors, and repetitive behaviors or restricted interests. Diagnosis: Symptoms are usually noticeable before the age of 3, and diagnosis involves comprehensive behavioral evaluations. Treatment: Behavioral interventions, communication therapies, and special education programs are crucial.  | Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)| Types: ADHD is classified into three types: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined. Symptoms: Inattention, difficulty staying focused, hyperactivity, and impulsive behaviors are common. Treatment: A combination of medication (e.g., stimulants like methylphenidate) and behavioral therapy is commonly used. What signs would you look for in a child with ADHD in a school setting? Why might a child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder struggle with social interactions? Signs of ADHD in a School Setting: o Answer: Children with ADHD may struggle to focus on tasks, be easily distracted, frequently forget assignments, exhibit fidgeting or excessive movement, and act impulsively, such as calling out answers without raising their hand. Challenges for Children with Autism in Social Interactions: o Answer: Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have difficulty interpreting social cues, understanding non-verbal communication, and engaging in reciprocal conversations. This can lead to social isolation, frustration, or anxiety in social settings.  | Feeding and Eating Disorders| 1. Pica: Persistent eating of non-nutritive substances such as dirt, paper, or soap. 2. Rumination Disorder: Repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of food, often seen in infants. 3. Anorexia Nervosa & Bulimia Nervosa: Characterized by extreme concerns about weight and eating behaviors. Anorexia involves severe food restriction, while bulimia includes cycles of binge-eating followed by purging. What psychological factors might lead to the development of eating disorders in adolescents? How can early intervention prevent the escalation of feeding and eating disorders? Psychological Factors Leading to Eating Disorders: o Answer: Body image dissatisfaction, low self-esteem, a need for control, and societal pressures to conform to unrealistic beauty standards are common psychological triggers for eating disorders. Trauma, family dynamics, and perfectionism can also contribute. Role of Early Intervention: o Answer: Early identification of disordered eating behaviors allows for prompt intervention, which can prevent the disorder from worsening. Early treatment improves outcomes by addressing underlying psychological issues before they lead to severe physical health problems.  | Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders| Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Frequent and persistent patterns of anger, irritability, arguing, and defiant behavior toward authority figures. Conduct Disorder: Involves more severe behaviors like aggression towards people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, and theft. What interventions can nurses use when working with children who have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)? How might conduct disorder in childhood predict future behavioral issues in adolescence? Nursing Interventions for ODD: o Answer: Nursing interventions include consistent behavioral management strategies, setting clear boundaries, using positive reinforcement, and working with families to improve communication and parenting skills. Nurses may also guide families toward therapy services, such as family counseling or behavioral therapy. Long-Term Impacts of Untreated Conduct Disorder: o Answer: Conduct disorder in childhood, if left untreated, can lead to more severe antisocial behaviors in adolescence and adulthood, including criminal activity, substance abuse, and difficulty maintaining employment or relationships. Early intervention is crucial to mitigating these risks.  | Enuresis (Bedwetting)| Primary Enuresis: Occurs when a child has never achieved nighttime dryness. Secondary Enuresis: Refers to the recurrence of bedwetting after a period of being dry, which could be due to stress or psychological issues. Treatment: Behavioral techniques, counseling, and sometimes medication may be used to manage enuresis.  | Nursing Approaches| Family-Centered Care: Nurses work closely with families to provide education and support for managing the child’s psychiatric conditions. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Used to modify negative thought patterns in children. Play Therapy: Helps children express their emotions and resolve conflicts through play. Family Counseling: Involves the whole family to address relational dynamics that may contribute to the child’s mental health issues. How does family-centered care improve outcomes for children with psychiatric disorders? Which therapeutic techniques do you think are most effective for managing anxiety in children? Improved Outcomes with Family-Centered Care: o Answer: Family-centered care improves outcomes by engaging the family in the child’s treatment process, ensuring consistency in care, and providing the family with tools to support their child’s emotional and behavioral health. It fosters a supportive home environment, which is critical for recovery. Most Effective Therapeutic Techniques for Anxiety: o Answer: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is often the most effective therapeutic technique for managing anxiety in children. CBT helps children identify and challenge irrational thoughts and teaches coping strategies for anxiety-provoking situations. Other effective techniques include mindfulness practices and relaxation exercises.  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | Understanding Childhood and Adolescent Mental Health: o Mental health in children and adolescents is shaped by various factors including secure attachments, emotional stability, and social interactions. o Recognizing normal developmental milestones helps in identifying early signs of psychiatric issues. Risk Factors and Early Diagnosis: o Identifying biological, psychosocial, and environmental risk factors is crucial for preventing the escalation of psychiatric disorders. o Early diagnosis through comprehensive evaluation is key for effective treatment.  | WHAT TO TAKE HOME? | Common Disorders and Their Management: o Common disorders such as ADHD, ASD, conduct disorders, and eating disorders require tailored intervention strategies. o Nursing approaches should be holistic, involving family-centered care, educational support, and therapeutic interventions like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Nursing's Role in Mental Health: o Nurses play a critical role in early intervention, education, and family counseling. o Collaboration with families and schools enhances treatment outcomes.  | RECOMMENDED WEEKLY STUDIES | o Role-play scenarios where you practice therapeutic interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), play therapy, and family counseling, focusing on communication skills and child-centered approaches. o Maintain a reflective journal on your experiences and observations during clinical placements or simulated exercises. Reflection is key to deepening their understanding of the challenges faced by this age group.  | REFERENCES | Townsend, M. C. (2015). Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice (8th ed.). F. A. Davis Company. Christman, E., & Ernstmeyer, K. (2022). Nursing: Mental health and community concepts. Chippewa Valley Technical College. Gorman, L. M., & Anwar, R. F. (2014). Neeb’s fundamentals of mental health nursing (4th ed.). F. A. Davis Company.  | ABOUT THE NEXT WEEK | Exploring Advanced Nursing Interventions for Personality Disorders 1. Focus Areas: 1. Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): Therapeutic strategies and crisis intervention. 2. Antisocial Personality Disorder: Understanding behavior patterns and establishing boundaries. 3. Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Communication techniques and managing conflicts. 2. Therapeutic Techniques: 1. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT): Application in clinical settings. 2. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): Adapting CBT for personality disorders.  HEY441ET – MENTAL HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698. Name of Department : NURSING (ENGLISH) Course Code and Name : HEY441E - MENTAL HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING Course Week : 1st Course Day and Time : Wendesday – 10:30 am Course Credit/ACTS Information : 4–5 Examination Type and Gradings : Midterm Exam: 50%, Final Exam: 25%, Clinical Skills Assessment: 25% Instructor’s Name & Surname : Assist.Prof. SUREYYA TURK OGUN E-mail & Phone: : Instructor’s Room : Office Hours : GBS Link : ALMS Link : AVESIS Link :  | 14 WEEKS’S COURSE CONTENTS | 1st WEEK - The Fundamentals of Mental Health And Disease 9th WEEK - Schizophrenia And Psychotic Disorders, And Nursing The Nursing Approach 2nd WEEK - General Symptoms Of Mental Illnesses 10th WEEK - Alcohol And Substance Addiction, And The Nursing Approach 3rd WEEK - Psychological Problems In Childhood And Adolescence 11th WEEK - Eating Disorders And The Nursing Approach 4th WEEK - Personality Disorders And The Nursing Approach 12th WEEK - Sexual Dysfunctions And The Nursing Approach 5th WEEK - Crisis, Stress, Anxiety, And The Nursing Approach 13th WEEK - Family And Community Mental Health 6th WEEK - Somatoform Disorders And The Nursing Approach Nursing 7th WEEK - Affective Disorders (Also Known As Mood 14th WEEK - Consultation Liaison Nursing in The Context Disorders) And The Nursing Approach Of Mental Health And Disease Nursing 8th WEEK – EXAM 15th WEEK - Forensic Nursing in The Context Of Mental Health And Disease Nursing 16th WEEK – FINAL EXAM  | WEEKLY LEARNING OUTCOMES | Understand the basic definitions and distinctions between mental health and mental illness. Explore the role of mental health nurses in providing care and support for patients with mental health conditions. Gain knowledge of common mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.  | DAILY FLOW | 10.30-12.00/ 1st - 2nd Hour 12.20-13.50/ 3rd - 4th Hour  | DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH | Mental Health: o A state of well-being. o Influences thoughts, feelings, and actions. o Ability to cope with stress and contribute to the community. Mental Illness: o A range of conditions affecting mood and behavior. o Includes disorders like depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. o Impacts daily functioning and quality of life. o Diagnosed based on specific criteria in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).  | DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH NURSING | Mental health nursing is a specialized area of nursing that focuses on promoting and maintaining optimal mental health and well-being for individuals across the lifespan. providing care, support treatment  Historical Overview Evolution of Mental Health Nursing Early 20th Century Mid-20th Century Focus on Therapeutic Relationships Advancements in Psychiatric Treatments Integration of Evidence-Based Practices Expansion of Roles and Specializations Focus on Recovery and Holistic Care Advocacy and Mental Health Promotion  The Role of a Mental Health Nurse Responsibilities Assessment and Diagnosis Care Planning Therapeutic Interventions Medication Management Advocacy Collaboration Education Crisis Management  The Role of a Mental Health Nurse Skills Required Communication Skills Empathy and Compassion Critical Thinking Cultural Competence Interpersonal Skills Organizational Skills Resilience Knowledge of Mental Health Disorders  Understanding Mental Health Disorders Common Mental Health Disorders Depression Anxiety Disorders Bipolar Disorder Schizophrenia Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Eating Disorders Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) Substance Use Disorders  Tools and Methods in Mental Health Assessments: Tool/Method Description Clinical Interviews Structured conversations to gather patient history. Standardized Questionnaires Self-report tools for quantifying mental health. Behavioral Observations Observing patient behavior and interactions. Cognitive Assessments Evaluating cognitive functions (e.g., MMSE, MoCA). Neuropsychological Testing Comprehensive evaluation of brain function. Diagnostic Classification Systems like DSM-5 and ICD for diagnosing disorders.  The Importance of Communication in Mental Health Nursing Builds trust and rapport Helps understand patient needs and symptoms Empowers patients in their treatment Reduces stigma and clarifies misconceptions Facilitates collaborative care De-escalates crises and difficult situations Enhances therapeutic outcomes  Ethical and Legal Considerations Key Ethical Principles in Mental Health Nursing Principle Definition Importance Confidentiality Obligation to protect patient Builds trust, encourages open information. communication, protects privacy. Informed Consent Process of providing adequate Empowers patients, ensures information for patient decision- understanding, upholds rights. making. Autonomy Respecting patients' rights to make Acknowledges individual capacity their own decisions. and encourages self-determination. Beneficence Acting in the best interest of the Prioritizes patient well-being in patient. care decisions. Nonmaleficence Obligation to do no harm. Requires consideration of risks and benefits. Justice Fairness in treatment and resource Ensures equitable care for all distribution. patients.  | REFERENCES | 1. World Health Organization. (2021). Mental health: strengthening our response. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news- room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-health- strengthening-our-response 2. National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Mental illness. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/ mental-illness 3. Çam O., Engin E. Mental Health and Disease Nursing Care. Istanbul Medical Bookstores.  HEY441E – MENTAL HEALTH AND DISEASES NURSING Since course presentations are private, using the texts and images contained herein on social media or else without permission from the course instructor is against the regulations Law No. 6698.