Medical Terminology, An Illustrated Guide PDF 9th Edition

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This is especially important in the case of drugs that are new or seldom used. 21683-7 Production Credits VP, Product Management: Amanda Martin Composition & Project Management: Aptara Inc. Director of Product Management: Cathy L. Esperti Cover Design: Kristin E. Parker Product Coordinator: Elena Sorrentino Senior Media Development Editor: Troy Liston Senior Project Specialist: Vanessa Richards Rights Specialist: Rebecca Damon Digital Project Specialist: Angela Dooley Cover Image (Title Page, Part Opener, Chapter Opener): © Anatomy Director of Marketing: Andrea DeFronzo Insider/Shutterstock and © kentoh/Shutterstock Marketing Manager: Suzy Balk Printing and Binding: LSC Communications VP, Manufacturing and Inventory Control: Therese Connell Cover Printing: LSC Communications Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data unavailable at time of printing. Library of Congress Control Number: 2019916641 6048 Printed in the United States of America 24 23 22 21 20 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1  For their ongoing, wholehearted love and support, I dedicate this ninth edition of Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide to my children, Jocelyn Hooven and Saul Janson. —Barbara Janson Cohen I dedicate this book to my parents Vivian and George Jones, to my sister Virginia E. Kelleher, and to Francis, who are all heroes in my life. —Shirley A. Jones 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 3 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Brief Contents Preface x Acknowledgments xi 14 Urinary System 460 Reviewers xii User’s Guide xiii 15 Male Reproductive System 488 16 Female Reproductive System; PART I Introduction to Medical Pregnancy and Birth 510 Terminology 1 Appendices: 1 Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 2 1 Commonly Used Symbols 554 2 Body Structure 38 2 Abbreviations and Their Meanings 555 3 Disease and Treatment 74 3 Word Parts and Their Meanings 564 PART II Body Systems 123 4 Meanings and Their Corresponding Word Parts 571 4 Integumentary System 124 5 Word Roots 579 5 Skeletal System 150 6 Suffixes 584 6 Muscular System 188 7 Prefixes 586 7 Nervous System and Mental Health 216 8 Metric Measurements 588 8 Special Senses: Ear and Eye 258 9 Stedman’s Medical Dictionary at a Glance 589 9 Endocrine System 292 10 Drugs 590 10 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems 314 11 Answer Key 595 11 Blood and Immunity 356 Glossary 622 Figure Credits 648 12 Respiratory System 390 Index of Boxes 654 Index 655 13 Digestive System 424 iv 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 4 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Contents Preface x Word Parts Pertaining to Cells, Tissues, and Acknowledgments xi Organs 47 Reviewers xii The Body as a Whole 51 User’s Guide xiii Directional Terms 52 Body Cavities 54 Abdominal Regions 54 Positions 55 PART I Introduction to Medical Terminology 1 Word Parts Pertaining to Body Structure 57 1 Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes 3 Disease and Treatment 74 of Medical Terminology 2 Introduction 76 Introduction 4 Types of Diseases 76 Concepts of Medical Terminology 4 Infectious Diseases 76 Bacteria 78 Word Parts 4 Combining Forms 5 Responses to Disease 79 Inflammation 79 Word Derivations 6 Phagocytosis 79 Words Ending in x 6 Immunity 79 Suffixes Beginning With rh 6 Neoplasia 80 Pronunciation 6 Soft and Hard c and g 7 Word Parts Pertaining to Disease 82 Silent Letters and Unusual Pronunciations 7 Diagnosis 89 Abbreviations 8 Imaging Techniques 91 Phrase Abbreviations 8 Symbols 8 Treatment 93 Surgery 93 Medical Dictionaries 8 Alternative and Complementary Suffixes 9 Medicine 95 Noun Suffixes 9 Adjective Suffixes 12 Cancer 95 Forming Plurals 15 Word Parts Pertaining to Diagnosis and Some Exceptions to the Rules 18 Treatment 98 Prefixes 18 Drugs 106 Adverse Drug Effects 106 Drug Names 106 2 Body Structure 38 Drug Information 106 Introduction 40 Herbal Medicines 106 The Cell 40 Drug Administration 107 Tissues 43 Word Parts Pertaining to Drugs 112 Membranes 45 Organs and Organ Systems 45 v 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 5 12/11/19 8:07 PM  vi Contents PART II Body Systems 123 7 Nervous System and Mental Health 216 4 Integumentary System 124 Introduction 218 Introduction 126 Organization of the Nervous System 218 Anatomy of the Skin 126 The Neuron 218 Nerves 219 Associated Skin Structures 126 The Brain 219 Roots Pertaining to the Integumentary Protecting the Brain 220 System 129 The Spinal Cord 222 Clinical Aspects of the Skin 130 The Spinal Nerves 222 Wounds 131 Reflexes 222 Dermatitis 133 Psoriasis 133 The Autonomic Nervous System 224 Autoimmune Disorders 134 Word Parts Pertaining to the Nervous Skin Cancer 134 System 227 Clinical Aspects of the Nervous System 231 5 Skeletal System 150 Vascular Disorders 231 Introduction 152 Head Injury 231 Confusion and Coma 232 Divisions of the Skeleton 152 Infection 232 Neoplasms 233 Bone Formation 155 Degenerative Diseases 233 Structure of a Long Bone 155 Epilepsy 234 Sleep Disturbances 234 Joints 156 Others 235 Roots Pertaining to the Skeletal System 158 Behavioral Disorders 235 Anxiety Disorders 235 Clinical Aspects of the Skeleton 160 Mood Disorders 236 Infection 162 Psychosis 236 Fractures 162 Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 236 Metabolic Bone Diseases 162 Autism Spectrum Disorder 237 Neoplasms 164 Drugs Used in Treatment 237 Joint Disorders 164 Disorders of the Spine 166 8 Special Senses: Ear and Eye 258 Introduction 260 6 Muscular System 188 The Senses 260 Introduction 190 The Ear 262 Types of Muscles 190 Clinical Aspects of Hearing 266 Skeletal Muscle 190 Hearing Loss 266 Muscle Structure 190 Otitis 266 Muscle Action 190 Otosclerosis 266 Naming of Muscles 194 Ménière Disease 266 Roots Pertaining to Muscles 197 Acoustic Neuroma 266 Clinical Aspects of the Muscular System 198 The Eye and Vision 269 Muscular Dystrophy 198 Word Parts Pertaining to the Eye and Multiple-System Disorders Involving Vision 273 Muscles 198 Stress Injuries 199 Clinical Aspects of Vision 276 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 6 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Contents vii Errors of Refraction 276 Infection 276 11 Blood and Immunity 356 Disorders of the Retina 276 Introduction 358 Cataract 278 Glaucoma 278 Blood 358 Blood Plasma 358 Blood Cells 358 9 Endocrine System 292 Blood Types 362 Introduction 294 Immunity 364 Hormones 294 Innate Immunity 364 Adaptive Immunity 364 The Endocrine Glands 294 Types of Adaptive Immunity 365 Pituitary 296 Thyroid and Parathyroids 296 Word Parts Pertaining to Blood and Adrenals 297 Immunity 367 Pancreas 297 Clinical Aspects of Blood 370 Other Endocrine Tissues 297 Anemia 370 Coagulation Disorders 373 Roots Pertaining to the Endocrine System 299 Neoplasms 373 Clinical Aspects of the Endocrine System 300 Clinical Aspects of Immunity 374 Pituitary 300 Hypersensitivity 374 Thyroid 301 Immunodeficiency 374 Parathyroids 301 Autoimmune Diseases 375 Adrenals 301 The Pancreas and Diabetes 302 12 Respiratory System 390 10 Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Introduction 392 Systems 314 Upper Respiratory Passageways 392 Introduction 316 The Nose 392 The Pharynx 393 The Heart 317 Blood Flow Through the Heart 317 Lower Respiratory Passageways and Lungs 394 Blood Supply to the Myocardium 318 The Larynx 394 The Heartbeat 318 The Trachea 394 Electrocardiography 319 The Bronchial System 395 The Lungs 395 The Vascular System 321 Blood Pressure 321 Breathing 395 Inspiration 396 Roots Pertaining to the Cardiovascular Expiration 396 System 326 Gas Transport 396 Clinical Aspects of the Cardiovascular System 328 Word Parts Pertaining to the Respiratory Atherosclerosis 328 System 398 Thrombosis and Embolism 328 Clinical Aspects of the Respiratory System 401 Aneurysm 329 Infections 401 Hypertension 329 Emphysema 404 Heart Disease 330 Asthma 405 Disorders of the Veins 333 Pneumoconiosis 405 The Lymphatic System 337 Lung Cancer 405 Respiratory Distress Syndrome 405 Roots Pertaining to the Lymphatic System 340 Cystic Fibrosis 405 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 405 Clinical Aspects of the Lymphatic System 341 Pleural Disorders 405 Diagnosis of Respiratory Disorders 406 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 7 12/11/19 8:07 PM  viii Contents Cancer 497 13 Digestive System 424 Cryptorchidism 498 Introduction 426 Infertility 498 Digestion 426 Erectile Dysfunction 498 Inguinal Hernia 498 The Digestive Tract 426 The Mouth to the Stomach 427 The Small Intestine 428 16 Female Reproductive System; The Large Intestine 429 Pregnancy and Birth 510 The Accessory Organs 429 Introduction 512 Roots Pertaining to the Digestive System 432 The Female Reproductive System 512 The Ovaries 512 Clinical Aspects of the The Uterine Tubes, Uterus, and Vagina 512 Digestive System 436 The External Genital Organs 512 Digestive Tract 436 Accessory Organs 440 The Mammary Glands 512 The Menstrual Cycle 514 14 Urinary System 460 Menopause 515 Introduction 462 Contraception 515 The Kidneys 462 Roots Pertaining to the Female Reproductive Kidney Location and Structure 462 System 518 The Nephrons 463 Clinical Aspects of Female Reproduction 521 Blood Supply to the Kidney 463 Infection 521 Urine Formation 463 Fibroids 522 Transport and Removal of Urine 464 Endometriosis 522 Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding 523 Roots Pertaining to the Urinary System 466 Premenstrual Syndrome 523 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome 523 Clinical Aspects of the Urinary System 469 Cancer of the Female Reproductive Tract 523 Infections 469 Breast Cancer 523 Glomerulonephritis 469 Nephrotic Syndrome 470 Pregnancy and Birth 528 Renal Failure 470 Fertilization and Early Development 528 Urinary Stones 472 The Placenta 528 Cancer 472 Fetal Circulation 530 Urinalysis 473 Childbirth 531 Lactation 532 15 Male Reproductive System 488 Roots Pertaining to Pregnancy and Birth 534 Introduction 490 Clinical Aspects of Pregnancy and Birth 535 Infertility 535 The Testes 490 Ectopic Pregnancy 535 Transport of Spermatozoa 492 Preeclampsia 536 Abortion 536 The Penis 492 Rh Incompatibility 536 Formation of Semen 492 Placental Abnormalities 536 Mastitis 536 Word Parts Pertaining to the Male Reproductive System 494 Congenital Disorders 537 Diagnosis of Congenital Disorders 539 Clinical Aspects of the Male Reproductive System 496 Infection 496 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia 497 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 8 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Contents ix Appendices: 7 Prefixes 586 1 Commonly Used Symbols 554 8 Metric Measurements 588 2 Abbreviations and Their 9 Stedman’s Medical Dictionary at a Meanings 555 Glance 589 3 Word Parts and Their Meanings 564 10 Drugs 590 4 Meanings and Their Corresponding 11 Answer Key 595 Word Parts 571 5 Word Roots 579 Glossary 622 Figure Credits 648 6 Suffixes 584 Index of Boxes 654 Index 655 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 9 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Preface Knowledge of medical terminology is fundamental to a if time allows or if someone is particularly interested in wide variety of healthcare fields. This text is designed to that specialty. The sequence of the systems chapters follows satisfy the basic learning requirements needed to practice the same order as that found in traditional anatomy and in any health career setting. In the course of your training physiology books. Thus this text easily can be used simul­ and future careers, you will need to learn thousands of new taneously with study of A & P. We have tried to make this terms. The job might be overwhelming if not for learning text easy to use and full of reinforcing drills. We have also the skills of dividing the words into their component parts. included many phonetic pronunciations so you can recog­ These roots, suffixes, and prefixes appear over and over nize technical terms when they are spoken and can com­ in different terms but retain the same meanings. Knowing fortably use them yourself. Each chapter is enlivened with a these meanings will help you define and remember a host of short opening case study. These may have some words and words. This process is like using a set of building blocks to abbreviations that are unfamiliar to you, especially at the assemble different structures. Using a more scientific exam­ start of the text. They are included to spark your interest in ple, it is like using the four bases in DNA to code for all the the chapter material, and give you a sense of medical situa­ amino acids needed to make proteins. tions and language. Don’t be concerned if you don’t under­ The text opens with a general introduction to word stand them completely. Return to them after you study the parts and the human body as a whole, followed by an over­ chapter, or even later chapters, and see if they are more view of diseases and treatments. Each subsequent chapter understandable. on the individual body systems begins with an illustrated You are probably at the beginning of a long journey to overview of the system with definitions of key terms rel­ gain accomplishment in your chosen field. We hope that this evant to that system. Tables of word parts and exercises text will aid you in that endeavor and provide a basis on on using them follow. Turning to the abnormal, a section which to build your career. on diseases and treatments is included, followed by defi­ nitions of related key terms. The section of enrichment —Barbara Janson Cohen terms includes words and phrases that are “good to know” and Shirley A. Jones x 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 10 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Acknowledgments In our constant quest to improve the quality of Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, we rely on the advice and talents of many people. First, we want to acknowledge the observant instructors and students who take the time to suggest improvements in the text. Also we thank the reviewers, who make many valuable suggestions for revisions. As always, we are grateful to the dedicated publishing staff; especially for this edition, Jonathan Joyce, Michael Kerns, Julie Vitale, Jeremiah Kiely, Cody Adams, Leo Gray, and Jennifer Clements. —Barbara Janson Cohen and Shirley A. Jones xi 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 11 12/11/19 8:07 PM  Reviewers Cynthia Bowers, MS Timothy Jones Adjunct Instructor University of Oklahoma Department of Allied Health Center for Distance Learning City College of Montana State University-Billings Norman, Oklahoma Billings, Montana Karma Peters, PT, DPT, GCS Gerard Cronin, MS Clinical Assistant Professor of Physical Therapy Associate Professor Carroll University Department of Health Sciences Waukesha, Wisconsin Salem Community College Salem County, New Jersey Melissa C. Poua, BSCLS, MT (ASCP) Instructor Dr. Abbey Dondanville, EdD, LAT Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Associate Dean Andrews University Department of Health Sciences Berrien Springs, Michigan Piedmont College Demorest, Georgia Melissa Reed, PhD Associate Professor Robin Gardenhire, MSEd Assistant Chair Clinical Instructor Exercise Science Division Department of Respiratory Therapy West Chester University Georgia State University West Chester, Pennsylvania Atlanta, Georgia Tasha Simpson Dr. David Good, PhD Assistant Professor School of Allied Health Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences Australian Catholic University Andrews University Sydney, Australia Berrien Springs, Michigan Carolyn Hart, PhD, RN, CNE Dr. Chanadra Young Whiting, EdD, MPH/HSA Chair Clinical Assistant Professor Department of Nursing Health Services Administration Barry University Florida International University Miami, Florida Miami, Florida Chris Haynes, BS, MS Department of Natural Sciences Shelton State College Tuscaloosa, Alabama xii 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 12 12/11/19 8:07 PM  User’s Guide Medical Terminology: An Illustrated Guide, Ninth Edition was created and developed to help you master the language of medicine. The tools and features in the text will help you work through the material presented. Please take a few moments to look through this User’s Guide, which will introduce you to the features that will enhance your learning experience. Learning Objectives After careful study of this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Compare the location and function of smooth, cardiac, and 6 List some of the criteria for naming muscles, and give skeletal muscles. P190 examples of each. P192 2 Describe the typical structure of a skeletal muscle. P190 7 Identify and use the roots pertaining to the muscular system. P197 3 Briefly describe the mechanism of muscle contraction. P190 4 Explain how muscles work together to produce movement. P191 8 Describe at least seven disorders that affect muscles. P198 9 Interpret abbreviations pertaining to muscles. P204 Chapter Contents, Objectives, and Pretests 5 Describe the main types of movements produced by muscles. P192 10 Analyze several case studies involving muscles. PP189, 212 Chapter Opening Case Studies and Objectives help you identify learning goals and familiarize yourself with the Case Study: Thomas s Brachial Plexus Injury materials covered in the chapter. Chapter Pretests quiz Chief Complaint Thomas, a 16 y/o high school student, Clinical Course Thomas and his parents had previous discussions with the students on previous knowledge at the beginning of each had a severe lacrosse accident that resulted in a flail arm. He had sus- surgeon and were aware of the prognosis and treatment plan. With middle trunk brachial plexus injury, damage chapter. Students should take each Chapter Pretest before starting the chapter and again after completing the chapter tained right brachial plexus injury to the subscapular nerve will interrupt conduction to the and had no recovery. He has continued to take medication subscapularis and teres major muscles. Damage to the for neurologic pain. He was scheduled to see his orthopedic long thoracic nerve prevents conduction to the serratus surgeon for a possible brachial plexus exploration. anterior muscles. Injury to the pectoral nerves affects the pectoralis major and minor muscles. in order to measure progress. Examination Thomas was scheduled for an EMG, nerve conduction The orthopedic surgeon examined Thomas and noted that studies, and somatosensory evoked potentials (SSEPs). His there had not been any change in his condition since the diaphragm was examined under fluo oscopy to R/O phrenic previous visit. Thomas still had no feeling or motion in his nerve injury. The results of the diagnostic studies indicated right shoulder or arm. He had atrophy over the supraspi- that Thomas had most likely sustained a middle trunk brachi- natus and infraspinatus muscles and also subluxation of al plexus injury. Thomas was scheduled for a brachial plexus his shoulder and deltoid atrophy. He had no active motion exploration with possible bilateral sural (calf ) nerve graft, of the right upper extremity and no sensation. The rest of nerve transfer, or gracilis muscle graft from his right thigh. his orthopedic exam showed full ROM of his hips, knees, and ankles with intact sensation and palpable distal pulses Case Study Revisited: Once you complete this as well as normal motor function. He was diagnosed with chapter, please review the case follow-up on p. 205. a possible middle trunk brachial plexus injury from C7. Ancillaries At-A-Glance Visit the web resource to access the following resources. Learning Resources eBook TestPrep A&P Module with Heart & Lung Sounds Animations Image bank Audio Pronunciation Glossary Chapter 6 Muscular System 189 9781284216837_CH06_Cohen.indd 189 05/11/19 7:37 PM xiii 9781284216837_FM_Cohen.indd 13 12/11/19 8:07 PM  xiv User’s Guide Chapter 4 Integumentary System 127 Detailed Illustrations Detailed, full-color drawings Nerve endings and photographs illuminate Pore (opening of sweat gland) the chapters. These include clinical photographs and tissue Hair Stratum corneum micrographs. The many figures Touch receptor amplify and clarify the text Epidermis (Meissner corpuscle) and are particularly helpful for Stratum basale ems Skin visual learners. (stem cell layer) Dermal papilla and Female Pelves Web Chart: Joints Animation: Bone Growth Dermis 4 Sebaceous Formations Audio Pronunciation Glossary (oil) gland Interactive Learning Activities Pressure receptor (Pacinian corpuscle) The skull, made up of 8 cranial bones and 14 bones of the Sweat gland face (FIG. 5-2). The skull bones are joined by immovable rk of the body, protects vital joints (sutures), except for the joint between the lower ular system to produce move- Subcutaneous jaw (mandible) and the temporal bone of the cranium, dult skeleton is composed of layer the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). for study into two divisions. The spinal column (FIG. 5-3) consisting of 26 vertebrae. Artery Between the vertebrae are disks of cartilage that add eleton strength and flexibility to the spine. The five groups of ver- Nerve entral core or “axis” of the tebrae, listed from superior to inferior with the number of Vein ). It consists of: bones in each group are: Adipose Hair follicle Arrector pili tissue muscle Coronal suture Squamous suture Chapter 1 Concepts, Suffixes, and Prefixes of Medical Terminology 9 192 FIGURE 4-1 Cross-section of the skin. The skin layers Part II Body Systems and associated structures are shown. Clavicle Hair is widely distributed over the body. Each hair Nails develop from a growing region at the proximal end fields. These include not only complete, unabridged ver- of the bone marrow. Adding another root, gen, which develops within a sheath or hair follicle and grows from (FIG. 4-2). The cuticle, technically named the eponychium Scapula sions, but alsowithin easy-to-carry Lacrimal its base the skin’s short versions deep layers. A smalland muscle dictio- represents genesisis or Agonists: (ep-o-NIK-e-um), an origin, extension andof the adjective onto the epidermis ending the -ous brachialis must re Humerus naries of medical (arrector pili)acronyms attached toand the abbreviations. follicle raises theManyhair toof forms the ofword the surface the plate. A lightermeaning myelogenous, nail “originating region distal to the in these dictionaries are also available onisthe internet,orand Biceps brachii cle that assists the pr produce “goosebumps” when one frightened coldas bone cuticlemarrow.” is called the lunula because it looks like a half applications for4-1 (see FIG. smartphones ). In animals andthis tablets. Dictionaries is a warning sign andgive a moon. (synergist) TheHere suffixes given in this the underlying skinchapter are and is thicker, general produce bloodones that an action is c Origins Ribs means of information oninsulation. meanings, synonyms, derivations, and doesused are not throughout showBrachialis as muchmedical throughterminology. the nail. They includegist. end- For example, the related terms. Those dictionaries intended for nursing and ings that form: (prime mover) Radius allied healthFree edge professions Nail plate more include Lunula Cuticleclinical complete Nail bed Lunula (most visible on the an Carpals Lambdoid information, with notes on patient care. Cuticle Nouns: a person, place, or thing Nail plate Nail root when the arm is flexed Ulna suture Dictionaries vary in organization; in some, almost all Brachioradialis Adjectives: words that modify nouns 1chioradialis assist the terms are entered as nouns, such as disease, syndrome, pro- (synergist) Mastoid Plurals: endings that convert single nouns to multiples flex the arm. cedure, or test. Those with a more clinical approach enter Meta- carpals process some terms according to their first word, which may be an In a given movem Additional suffixes will be presented in later chapters as adjective or proper name, for example, biomedical engi- they pertain to disease states, medical treatments, or specific where the muscle is att Phalanges Femur neering, Cushing disease, and wind chill factor. This format body systems. ble part of the skeleto Hyoid Ligament Styloid process makes it easier to look up some terms. All dictionaries have the point where a mus directions on how to use the book and interpret the entries, NOUN SUFFIXES Patella as shownTriceps brachii9, taken from Stedman’s Medical in Appendix Distal bone Growth region to a moving part of t of finger The following general suffixes (nailconvert matrix) roots into nouns. Bones of the skull: (antagonist) Dictionary, 28th ed. the insertion (see FIG. 6 Fibula A In addition to information on individual terms and B TABLE 1-1 lists suffixes that represent different conditions. Frontal Maxilla Note that the ending -sis may Insertion appear with different com- BOX 6-2 describes Parietal Occiptial phrases, medical FIGUREdictionaries haveA.useful 4-2 Nail structure. Photographappendices on view. B. Midsagittal section of a fingertip showing the of a nail, superior Tibia Sphenoid measurements,growth clinical tests, region and drugs, tissue diagnosis, surrounding the nail body plate. struc- bining vowels as -osis, -iasis, -esis, or -asis. The first two of ofmovements at the Zygomatic ture, information resources, and other topics. these denote an abnormal condition. are illustrated in FIGUR Temporal Mandible Tarsals TABLE 1-2 lists endings that convert roots into medical Nasal specialties or specialists. The suffix -logy applies to many BOX 6-3 for a descriptio FIGURE 5-2 The skull from the left. An additional cranial bone, FIGURE 6-4 Muscles work together. When the fields otherthe brachialis, than medicine. agonistic It contains prime mover, the flexes physical fitness. root log/o taken Phalanges the ethmoid (ETH-moyd), is visible mainly from the interior of the Suffixes from the Greek word logos, which means “word,” and gen- skull. The hyoid is considered part of the axial skeleton but is not the arm, the A suffix is a word 9781284216837_CH04_Cohen.indd 127 triceps brachii, the antagonist, must relax. Synergists, the biceps brachii and the ending that modifies a root. A suffix erally means a field of study. Some examples are 25/10/19 biology, 9:27 PM eton is divided into two portions. attached to any other bones. The tongue and other muscles are low; the appendicular in blue. attached to the hyoid. brachioradialis, may indicate that the wordassistisina this noun action. or anWhen adjective theandarm is extended, archeology,these muscle actions terminology, are reversed. and technology. Terms with this often determines This figurehow alsothe definition shows three of the word will attachments of begin the biceps ending brachii,are two also origins used to andidentify onean institutional department insertion. (BOX 1-3). For example, using the root myel/o, meaning or a specialty, as in cardiology, dermatology, radiology, and “bone marrow,” the adjective ending -oid forms the word others. The two endings -iatrics and -iatry contain the root myeloid, which means “like or pertaining to bone mar- -iatr/o, based on a Greek word for healing and meaning row.” 25/10/19 1:08 PM FOR YOUR REFERENCE The ending -oma forms myeloma, which is a tumor “physician” or “medical treatment.” Types of Movement Focus on Words boxes Movement FOCUS ON WORDS Definition Example BOX 1-3 provide historical or other Meaningful Suffixes interesting information on flexion closing the angle at a joint bending at the knee or elbow select terms within a chapter. Suffixes FLEK-shun sometimes take on a color of their own as they are In science and medicine, the ending -tech is used to added to different words. The suffix -thon is taken from the imply high technology, as in the company name Genen- name ofextension opening the Greek town Marathon, from which news the angle at of a bat- a joint tech, and -pure may be added to inspire straightening confidence, asatin the knee or elbow eks-TEN-shun tle victory was carried by a long-distance runner. It has been the naming of the Multi-Pure water filter. The ending -mate attached to various words to mean a contest of great endur- suggests helping, as in helpmate, defined in the dictionary ance. We have bike-a-thons, dance-a-thons, abduction telethons,away movement as athe and from helpful companion, midline of themore specifically, body a wife, or outward some- movement of the arm at the s even major charity fundraisers called thon-a-thons. times, a husband. The medical device HeartMate is a pump Theab-DUK-shun adjective ending -ish is used, as in boyish or childish, used to assist a damaged heart. In current terminology, the to suggest traces of certain characteristics. People tack it onto ending -ome refers to the objects in a comprehensive topic words toadduction indicate that they are estimates,movement toward the not right on target, midline of study such of as the body (total microbiologic microbiome return of lifted arm to the body popula- ah-DUK-shun as in forty-ish or blue-ish. A vague time for a lunch appoint- tion associated with an individual), genome (study of all the ment could be noon-ish. genes in an individual), and proteome (the entire protein rotation turning of a body part makeup of an on its ownindividual). axis turning of the forearm from the elbow ro-TA-shun circumduction circular movement from a central point tracing a circle with an outstretched ar xiv ser-kum-DUK-shun pronation turning downward turning the palm of the hand downwar pro-NA-shun  through the skin from patches, as explained in BOX 4-1. the skin. The subcutaneous layer beneath the dermis is com- The word derma (from Greek) means “skin” and is posed mainly of connective tissue and fat. used as an ending in words pertaining to the skin, such as xeroderma (dryness of the skin) and scleroderma (harden- ing of the skin). The adjective cutaneous refers to the skin and is from the Latin word cutis for skin. Like the eyes, the Associated Skin Structures skin is a readily visible reflection of one’s health. Its color, Specialized structures within the skin are part of the integ- texture, and resilience reveal much, as does the condition of umentary system: the hair and nails. The sweat (sudoriferous) glands act mainly in tempera- ture regulation by releasing a watery fluid that evaporates Anatomy of the Skin to cool the body. User’s Guide xv The skin’s outermost portion is the epidermis, consisting of The sebaceous glands release an oily fluid, sebum, that four to five layers (strata) of epithelial cells (FIG. 4-1). The lubricates the hair and skin and prevents drying. Clinical Perspectives boxes CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES BOX 4-1 focus on body processing, Medication Patches: No Bitter Pill to Swallow as well as techniques used in clinical settings. For most people, pills are a convenient way to take medica- important to know when the medication’s effects disappear tion, but for some, they have drawbacks. Pills must be taken after the patch is removed. Because the body continues to at regular intervals to ensure consistent dosing, and they must absorb what has already diffused into the skin, removing the be digested and absorbed into the bloodstream before they patch does not entirely remove the medicine. There is also a can begin to work. For those who have difficulty swallowing danger that patches may become unsafe when heated, as by or digesting pills, transdermal (TD) patches offer an effective exercise, high fever, or a hot environment, such as a hot tub, alternative to oral medications. heating pad, or sauna. When heat dilates the capillaries in the TD patches deliver a consistent dose of medication that skin, a dangerous increase in dosage may result as more med- diffuses at a constant rate through the skin into the blood- ication enters the blood. stream. There is no daily schedule to follow, nothing to A recent advance in TD drug delivery is iontophoresis. swallow, and no stomach upset. TD patches can also deliver Based on the principle that like charges repel each other, this medication to unconscious patients, who would otherwise method uses a mild electrical current to move ionic drugs