MED SOC ENG 2 DIO.pptx

MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY Mladenka Vukojević THEORY OF STRESS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT  The term “stress”, as it is currently used was coined by Hans Selye in 1936, who defined it as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”.  World Health Organizations (2023): „Stress can be define...

MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY Mladenka Vukojević THEORY OF STRESS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT  The term “stress”, as it is currently used was coined by Hans Selye in 1936, who defined it as “the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”.  World Health Organizations (2023): „Stress can be defined as a state of worry or mental tension caused by a difficult situation. Stress is a natural human response that prompts us to address challenges and threats in our lives. Everyone experiences stress to some degree. The way we respond to stress, however, makes a big difference to our overall well-being”.  TWO TIPE STRESS:  Acute stress; Sometimes you can feel stressed for a short period of time. Usually it’s nothing to worry about. Like when you need to hand in a project, or you have to talk in front of a group of people.  Chronic stress; If you let your stress spiral on for too long, it can have damaging effects on your physical, mental, and emotional health, especially if it becomes chronic. PHYSICAL, MENTAL, BEHAVIORAL OR EMOTIONAL REACTION OF STRESS  Physical effects of chronic stress include:  Headache,  Trouble sleeping, or sleeping too much  Muscle pain or tension  Digestive issues  Change in sex drive  High blood pressure  Emotional effects of chronic stress include:  Feeling you can’t get things done  Moodiness  Anxiety  Restlessness  Lack of motivation  Irritability  Sadness or depression  Cognitive symptoms of stress include:  Constant worrying,  Racing thoughts,  Forgetfulness and disorganization,  Inability to focus,  Poor judgment,  Being pessimistic or seeing only the negative side.  Behavioral symptoms of stress include:  Changes in appetite -- either not eating or eating too much,  Procrastinating and avoiding responsibilities,  More use of alcohol, drugs, or cigarettes,  Having more nervous behaviors, such as nail biting, fidgeting, and pacing. STRESS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT  During the last 30 years, researchers have shown great interest in the phenomena of social support, particularly in the context of health.  Three of the main types of social support are emotional support, instrumental support, and informational support. EMOTIONAL SUPPORT  Sometimes the people in your life provide emotional support. This type of support can be particularly important during times of stress or when people are feeling lonely.  Patient satisfaction and emotional support are crucial elements of cancer care. INSTRUMENTAL SUPPORT  They take care of your physical needs and offer a helping hand when you need it. This might involve bringing you a hot meal when you are sick or giving you a ride when your car is in the shop. Such support is important when people have immediate needs that must be addressed. INFORMATIONAL SUPPORT  People can also provide what is known as informational support. This can involve providing guidance, advice, information, and mentoring. Such support can be important when making decisions or big changes in one's life. COPING WITH STRESS  Social support also helps people to cope with stress. Stress has been shown to have serious health consequences ranging from reduced immunity to increased risk of heart disease.  Being surrounded by people who are caring and supportive helps people to see themselves as better capable of dealing with the stresses that life brings.  Research has also shown that having strong social support in times of crisis can help reduce the consequences of trauma-induced disorders including PTSD. SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS, SOCIAL NETWORKS, AND HEALTH. THE MAIN FORMS OF SOCIAL ANOMIE.  Sociologists coined the term “anomie” to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation.  Durkheim the frist proposed that anomie involves the breakdown of social regulation and the rise of moral disruption.  Merton extended this thinking and proposed that anomie emerges from the discrepancy between the cultural aspirations of people within a society and the legitimate means available to those people to achieve them.   Anomie encompasses two dimensions: 1. Perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards),  2. Perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). ANOMIE AS A „STATE OF MIND”.  Scholars in this tradition have focused on anomie as an individual’s sense of self-to-other alienation or distance, or as a set of beliefs, feelings and attitudes in the individual’s mind. In general, these approaches to anomie revolve around a psychological state that can be characterized as a tendency to be self-interested, to reject social norms, or to feel estranged or isolated from society. In this conceptualization, anomie may also include a sense that life is meaningless, where feelings of purposelessness or powerlessness dominate. CONCLUSION  In short, anomie marks a condition of social deregulation, breakdown of standards, and regular interaction in society. People who experience anomie feel lost, isolated, purposeless, and even worthless.  This occurs because they no longer see their personal ideals and moral standards mirrored in their society. As a result, they are more likely to question and reject shared values and behavioral norms. CAREER PATIENTS "I'm in this world for a reason" HOLISTIC CARE  The philosophy behind holistic care is based on the idea of holism which emphasizes that for human beings the whole is greater than the sum of its parts and that mind and spirit affect the body. Holistic care is described as a behavior that recognizes a person as a whole and acknowledges the interdependence among one's biological, social, psychological, and spiritual aspects. Holistic care includes a wide range of approaches, including medication, education, communication, self-help, and complementary treatment.  All aspects of patients and their effects on the treatment process are considered and the patients’ thoughts, emotions, cultures, opinions, and attitudes are factored in as contributing to recovery, happiness, and satisfaction. Holistic care respects human dignity: The relationship between the providers of health care and the patients is based on respect, relative openness, equality, and mutuality and patients participate in decision making in this kind of caring. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIND, BODY AND SOUL CONCLUSION  Holistic health care is a synonym for complete patient care, and as such an efficient clinical decision support system for to critical support the judgement of physician's decision in response of patient's physical, emotional, social, economic, and spiritual needs. THE TASK OF THE MEDICAL PROFESSION IN THE PAST AND TODAY  Medicine is both an art and a science. LEONARDO DA VINCI  Was one of the greatest anatomists ever to have lived. He dissected more than 30 human corpses, exploring every aspect of anatomy and physiology, and recorded his findings in drawings of unparalleled beauty and lucidity, and in notes that bear witness to his astonishing insights into the subject. Had leonardo published his researches, he would have transformed european knowledge of anatomy. But his studies remained among his personal papers at his death, and were almost unknown until around 1900. “FATHER OF MEDICINE.”  Frist doctors - Greek physician who lived from approximately 460 bc to 375 bc. His name was Hippocrates of Kos.  Montpellier is home to the oldest practicing medical school in the world. The Faculty of Medicine was created in the 12th century and sees around 5,000 students pass though its halls.  What is Clinical Empathy?  Outside the field of medicine, empathy is an essentially affective mode of understanding. Empathy involves being moved by another's experiences. In contrast, a leading group from the Society for General Internal Medicine defines empathy as “the act of correctly acknowledging the emotional state of another without experiencing that state oneself.”  In conclusion, empathy is an experiential way of grasping another's emotional states. Empathy is a “perceptual” activity that operates alongside logical inquiry. So long as physicians continue to exercise their skills of objective reasoning to investigate their empathic intuitions, empathy should enhance medical diagnosis rather than detract from it. Further, empathy enhances patient-physician communication and trust, and therefore treatment effectiveness.  The whole point of empathy is to focus attention on the patient. ‘HUMANISATION/DE-HUMANISATION OF CARE’  Respect for patient’s dignity, uniqueness, individuality, and humanity, as well as adequate working conditions and sufcient human and material resources are the most discussed key elements of humanization of care according to the diferent areas explored (i.e., relational, organizational, and structural, respectively). THE WAY TO A MEDICAL PROFESSION  Modern medicine, in contrast to the classical fields of medicine, should be a truly interdisciplinary field and for this reason requires expertise from areas other than medicine in a significant and profound manner. The expertise that comes from the outside of medicine, needs to be broadly centered around skill sets of the experimental design of all types of relevant big data, including genomic, clinical and health record data, as covered for instance by computational biology, biostatistics and medical informatics. STUDENT OF MEDICINE - CHARACTERISTICS  Motivation to study medicine and genuine interest in the medical profession • Insight into your own strengths and weaknesses • The ability to reflect on your own work • Personal organisation • Academic ability • Problem solving • Ability to deal with uncertainty • Risk management and an ability to deal effectively with problems • Honesty • Ability to take responsibility for your own actions • Conscientiousness • Insight into your own health • Effective communication, including reading, writing, listening and speaking • Teamwork • Ability to treat people with respect • Resilience and the ability to deal with difficult situations • Empathy and the ability to care for others. Reference          Moisan MP, Le Moal M. 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