Microbiology Exam Questions PDF

Microbiology- study of living things too tiny to be seen by the unaided eye Microorganisms- the small forms of life we can not see with an unaided eye [What are the groups of microorganisms? ] - - - - - - - [Microbes and Diseases: ] How do these microbes and diseases spread? - Sp...

Microbiology- study of living things too tiny to be seen by the unaided eye Microorganisms- the small forms of life we can not see with an unaided eye [What are the groups of microorganisms? ] - - - - - - - [Microbes and Diseases: ] How do these microbes and diseases spread? - Spread to humans by respiratory droplets, dust, water, food, injury, insect bites, animals, human contact and inanimate objects Pathogen- microbes that cause disease [Pioneers of MicroBio] 1665- Robert Hooke: used the term cells 1674- Leeuwenhoek: sees microorganisms for the first time 1796- Jenner: vaccine for smallpox through inoculation 1847- Semmelweis: found the cause of childbed fever 1854- John Snow: Epidemiology 1895- Pasteur: disproves spontaneous generation 1865- Lister: introduced antiseptic techniques 1876- Koch: pure culture on agar 1892- Iwanowski: discovers viruses 1894- Ehrlich: selective toxicity 1929- Flemming: discovers penicillin 1977- Woese: classifies archae Robert Hooke: - - - Antoni Van Leeuwenhoek: - - - Spontaneuos Generation- life is formed from inanimate objects [Summary:] Spontaneous generation was the old belief that living things could come from non-living things. For example, people once thought that maggots just appeared in rotting meat or that mice could form from dirty clothes and wheat. Louis Pasteur: demonstrated that animalcules (microbes) arise from other animalcules in the air. Louis used the swan-neck flask Figure 1.1 to prove organisms did not spontaneously generate from nothing. Performed a series of experiments with boiled nutrient broths in swan-necked flasks \* Flasks with intact necks stayed sterile \* Flasks with broken necks were exposed to the air; microbes grew in these broths - - - Pasteurization- is a process that uses heat to kill harmful bacteria in food and drinks, like milk and juice, without ruining their taste. - [Germ Theory of Disease: ] Koch's Postulates 1. 2. 3. 4. [Gelatin and Agar: ] **Koch** also discovered pure cultures of bacteria grew best on a solid culture surface. - - Which two scientists contributed to the new field of bacteriology? - [Pasteur and Kochs contributions to bacteriology:] - - - - [Edwards Jenner and Immunity]: - - - - [Female Contributions to Microbiology: ] Dr. Ruth Ella Moore- found treatment for TB Dr. Jane Hinton- co-developed Mueller-Hinton Agar June Almeida- first saw Coronavirus in electron microscope [Paul Erhlich and selective toxicity ] - - Modern Bacteriology Terms and Definitions: Bacteriology -- study of bacteria Virology - study of viruses Mycology -- study of fungus Parasitology -- protozoa and helminthes Immunology -- study of the immune response [4 areas of microbiology] --Medical Microbiology [Which is more abundant on earth viruses or bacteria? ] - [Microbes and the Human Body: ] - - - - - - - [Drug Resistant Pathogens:] What is the reason for declining effectiveness of many antibiotics? - - - Bioterrorism:Intentional or threatened use of biological agents to cause fear or inflict death/disease [Top 4] - - - - Dehydration synthesis: when two molecules stick together to form a bigger molecule, and in the process, they lose a water molecule. Hydrolosis: when a big molecule breaks into smaller pieces, and to do this, it uses a water molecule. Cohesion: Water molecules stick together by forming large numbers of hydrogen bonds [Acids/Bases and pH: ] Acids: chemicals that increase H^+^ ions when they dissolve in water Bases: chemicals that donate OH^--^ ions that tie up H^+^ ions in solution by forming water molecules pH- a measurement of H^+^ ions in a solution. Acidic: less than 7 (0-6) Neutral: 7 Basic/Alkaline: More than 7 (8-14) Buffers: are like tiny sponges that help keep the pH of a solution steady. If something makes the solution too acidic or too basic, the buffer soaks it up to keep it balanced. [Proteins and there makeup: ] Proteins are made up of- Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur polymers; built from chains of amino acids Amino Acid: Building blocks of protein and determines their function and forms bonds Made up of: Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur polymers; built from chains of amino acids [Protein Shape and Function:] Primary structure = polypeptide chain of amino acids Secondary structure = pleated sheets, alpha helices, coils Tertiary structure = bonding between R groups to create final 3-D shape of polypeptide Quaternary structure = two or more folded polypeptides bonded together Denaturation: proteins with broken bonds unfold and begin to lose function \> leads to cell death Nucleic Acids: Unbranched organic molecules of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorous atoms 2 forms: DNA and RNA Makeup: - - - - Rungs: are nitrogenous bases held together with hydrogen bonds. [DNA:] Double Helix carries units of information called genes arranged on chromosomes (circular or linear) A\>T C\>G [RNA:] single stranded Intermediaries in carrying message to construct cellular proteins (mRNA) Genetic information unit in some viruses Regulate gene activity Regulate protein synthesis - U binds with T instead of A [Central Dogma of Life]