Measure Phase PDF

# Measure Phase ## Goal: To understand how the process operates, validate measurement systems and establish baseline performance metrics. ## Output Deliverables: - Detailed process map - Validated measurement system - Baseline process performance - Revised project charter (if necessary) - The...

# Measure Phase ## Goal: To understand how the process operates, validate measurement systems and establish baseline performance metrics. ## Output Deliverables: - Detailed process map - Validated measurement system - Baseline process performance - Revised project charter (if necessary) - The image shows a diagram with four squares: create detailed process map, identify possible causal factors, validate MSA and establish baseline process performance. - Arrows are drawn from the first square to the second, from the second to the third, and from the third to the fourth. - The text "Measurement System Analysis" is written across the second and third rectangles. # Process Map - It is used to visualize the nature and flow of the steps in a process. - It also breaks the process down into its many sub-processes. - It analyzes each of these separately minimizes the number of factors that contribute to the variation in the process. # Process Mapping Symbols | Symbol | Name | Description | | ---------------------------- | --------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Circle | Start & end points | Identifies process start and end. | | Rectangle | Activity | Process steps being done. | | Diamond | Decision | Depicts decision nodes/points. | | Arrow | Arrow | Represents process flow. | | Circle with a bar at the top | Connectors | Connect process map to another flow or page. | # Process Map Sample for Training The image shows a process map in a square, with four more squares connected to the main square: - Register for training, - Attend training - Take exam - Award certificate - There is a decision diamond asking "Pass Exam?". - The answer "Yes" leads to the square "Award Certificate" and the answer "No" leads to the square "Attend Training". ## Key Notes: - Process maps are living documents and must be changed as process. - Map what is happening to better understand the potential causes of the problem. - Should be created by individuals from the process or a subject matter expert should be involved. # Deployment Process Map Sample - The image shows a Process Map split into four columns: Production, Stores, Purchasing and Supplier. - Material requisition raised and Receive materials are in the Production column. - Stock Available, Issue Stock to production and Receive goods are in the Stores column. - Replenishment Order Raised and Receive Order are in the Purchasing Column. - Manufacture Goods and Ship Goods are in the Suuplier column. - Arrows are drawn with "No" and "Yes" answers connecting the squares. ## Key Notes: - Shows process steps and respective owners. - Preferred type when interested on a more detailed map and can be used to identify potential process issue. # Essential Tips for Process Mapping - Don't map for mapping's sake. - Walk the process (GEMBA Walk). - Map what the process really is. - Keep it simple. # Data in LSS # Measurement Power - The image shows a square divided into five parts: Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control. - There is a red rectangle over the top left part of the square writing "Y = f(X)". - The text “Activated by Measurements” is written under the box. # Data Collection # Collecting Baseline Measurement Here are the three (3) general steps when collecting and establishing baseline measurement: - Select the measure(s). - Develop a data collection plan. - Go get the data! The image shows a diagram with three green squares connected by an arrow: select the measure(s), develop a data collection plan, go get the data. # Primary and Relevant Data | Data | Category | Example | | ---------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------- | | Yield | Model | Line Source | | | | Date, Time, Shift | | | Operator | Age | | | | Tenure | | Attendance | Gender | Process | | | Status | Shift | | | Tenure | Group | # Data Collection Plan | Data | Unit of Measurement | Operational Definition | Sampling Plan | Collection Method | In Charge | | --------------- | ----------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------------- | ------------------ | ------------------------ | | Order Lead Time | Minutes | Amount of time it takes from the moment the customer started to order to the moment the order has been served to the customer | Every Order | Thru time studies | Restaurant Systems Officer | # Basic Statistics # Probability and Statistics - It is the language of data that are converted into information. - It is the art of collecting, classifying, presenting, interpreting and analyzing raw data as well as making inferences and conclusions about a population under study. - It provides modern decision makers a tool arrive in a more confident business decisions. # The DID Approach The image shows a diagram with three green squares: Data, Insights and Decision. An arrow is drawn from Data into Insights. An arrow is drawn from Insights onto Decision. # Practical Example - The image shows three icons: a television, a cloud with raindrops and an umbrella. - Underneath each icon it says "Data", "Insights", and "Decision". # Measurement Scales # Data Types The image shows a diagram with four boxes: - Data Types in the top - Categorical on the left - Numerical on the right - Nominal and Ordinal are below Categorical - Interval and Ratio are below Numerical ## Knowing your data type means knowing the right tool to analyze them. # Nominal Data Nomonal values represent discrete units and are used to label variables, that have no quantitative value. Order does not matter. - The image shows a question asking: What is your Gender? with two circles: Female and Male. - The image shows a question asking: What languages do you speak? with 5 circles: Englisch, French, German, Spanish. # Ordinal Data Ordinal values represent discrete and ordered units. It is therefore nearly the same as nominal data, except that it's ordering matters. - The image shows a question asking: What is your educational background? - Four circles with numbers and text are placed below: - 1 - Elementary - 2 - High School - 3 - Undergradate - 4 - Graduate # Interval Data Interval values represent ordered units that have the same difference. - The image asks: Temperature? - Six circles are placed below: - -10 - -5 - 0 - +5 - +10 - +15 # Ratio Data Ratio values are also ordered units that have the same difference. Ratio values are the same as interval values, with the difference that they do have an absolute zero. - The image asks: Length (inch)? with four circles with numbers: 0, 5, 10, 15. # Data Types The image shows a diagram with four boxes: - Data Types in the top - Categorical on the left - Numerical on the right - Nominal and Ordinal are below Categorical - Interval and Ratio are below Numerical ## Knowing your data type means knowing the right tool to analyze them. # Data Types The image shows a diagram with two squares: Data on the left and Continuous and Discrete on the right. - Three squares with text are attached to Continuous: - Length of a part, - Fill weight of a cereal box, - Cycle time of Production - Two squares with text are attached to Discrete: - Number of customer complaints - Number of defects # Accuracy vs Precision - The image shows four circles with targets inside: - Top Left circle shows all the dots on the target, writing "High accuracy, high precision". - Top Right circle shows all the dots outside the target, writing "Low accuracy, high precision". - Bottom Left circle shows all the dots spread apart on the target, writing "High accuracy, low precision". - Bottom Right circle shows all the dots spread out and outside the target, writing "Low accuracy, low precision". # Measurement System Analysis (MSA) # Measurement System Analysis HOW WOULD WE KNOW THAT THE DATA WE HAVE GATHERED REFLECTS A RELIABLE SOURCE? # Why MSA? - The image shows a diagram with a trash can with an arrow pointing to a scale. - A second arrow points from the scale to a mass of smaller squares that resemble crumpled paper coming out of the trash can and are heading in the same direction as the arrow. - The text "IN" is written under the trash can and the text "OUT" is written under the smaller squares with the arrow pointing towards them. # Sources of Variation | Source | Abbreviation | Description | | -------- | -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Standard | S | Standard | | Work | W | Work piece (Part) | | Instrument | I | Instrument | | Person | P | Person / Procedure | | Environment | E | Environment | The image shows a diagram with a box for Observed Variation at the top. - From the Observed Variation box there are two boxes: Unit-to-unit (true) variation and Measurement System Error. - From the Measurement System Error box there are two boxes: precision and accuracy. - Under precision, five boxes are placed side to side: repeatability, reproducibility, stability, bias, linearity. - Under accuracy, five boxes are place side to side: repeatability, reproducibility, stability, bias, linearity. # Sources of Variation | Source | Abbreviation | Description | | -------- | -------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | Standard | S | Standard | | Work | W | Work piece (Part) | | Instrument | I | Instrument | | Person | P | Person / Procedure | | Environment | E | Environment | The image shows a diagram with a box for Observed Variation at the top. - From the Observed Variation box there are two boxes: Unit-to-unit (true) variation and Measurement System Error. - From the Measurement System Error box there are two boxes: precision and accuracy. - Under precision, five boxes are placed side to side: repeatability, reproducibility, stability, bias, linearity. - Under accuracy, five boxes are place side to side: repeatability, reproducibility, stability, bias, linearity.