Perkembangan Sistem Saraf PDF

# Perkembangan Sistem Saraf ## Kuliah Pakar Anatomi FK UPN 5 November 2024 dr. Isabella Kurnia Liem, MBiomed, PhD, PA ## Sistem Saraf Manusia ### Klasifikasi Sistem Saraf: * Sistem saraf pusat (SSP): * Otak * Medula spinalis * Sistem saraf tepi (SST): * Nervi craniales * Nervi Spi...

# Perkembangan Sistem Saraf ## Kuliah Pakar Anatomi FK UPN 5 November 2024 dr. Isabella Kurnia Liem, MBiomed, PhD, PA ## Sistem Saraf Manusia ### Klasifikasi Sistem Saraf: * Sistem saraf pusat (SSP): * Otak * Medula spinalis * Sistem saraf tepi (SST): * Nervi craniales * Nervi Spinales ## Sistem Saraf Berasal dari Ectoderm An image depicting the ectoderm of a developing human with the text below indicating the parts of the ectoderm. * Epidermis * Hair * Nails * Sebaceous glands * Olfactory epithelium * Mouth epithelium * Lens, cornea * Peripheral nervous system * Adrenal medulla * Melanocytes * Facial cartilage * Dentine of teeth * Schwann cells * Neuroglial cells * Sympathetic nervous system * Parasympathetic nervous system * Brain * Neural pituitary * Spinal cord * Motor neurons ## Turunan Tiga Lapis Benih Embrionik An image depicting the three germ layers that form during development. * **Ectoderm** * Outer surface * Central nervous system * Neural crest * Epidermal cells of skin * Neuron of brain * Pigment cell * Notochord * **Mesoderm** * Dorsal * Paraxial * Intermediate * Lateral * Head * Bone tissue * Tubule cell of the kidney * Red blood cells * Facial muscle * **Endoderm** * Digestive tube * Pharynx * Respiratory tube * Germ cells * Male * Female * Stomach cell * Thyroid cell * Lung cell * Sperm * Egg ## Neurulasi **Pembentukan system saraf dimulai pada minggu ke-3** * Primitive streak * Neural plate * Neural fold & groove * Neural tube ## Neurulasi Sekunder An image depicting the different stages of neurulation. ## Kegagalan Neurulasi → Kecacatan: Neural Tube Defect (NTD) An image depicting a baby with spina bifida, alongside depictions of the different types of spina bifida. ## Perkembangan Tabung Neuralis An image depicting the development of the neural tube into the brain and spinal cord. ## Perkembangan Medulla Spinalis * Dinding tabung neuralis = sel neuroepitel; yang terus membelah, membentuk lapis neuroepitel (neuroepitelium) * Dari dalam ke luar: * Lapis neuroepitel * Lapis mantel, berisi neuroblast → substansia grisea * Lapis marginal, berisi serat saraf, termielinisasi → substansia alba An image depicting the different stages of the development of the spinal cord. ## Neuroepitelium yang sedqng berkembang An image depicting the developing neuroepithelium. ## Diferensiasi Neuroblast An image depicting the different stages of neuroblast differentiation. * Neuroblast pada basal plate akan menjadi neuron motorik * Neuroblast pada alar plate akan menjadi neuron sensorik; axon-nya akan penetrasi ke lapis marginal, lalu naik atau turun level membentuk neuron asosiasi. * Sel glia akan berdiferensiasi setelah neuron * Neural crest akan membentuk ganglion sensoris. Neuroblastnya mempunyai dua processus, yaitu ke dorsal membentuk radiks sensoris dorsal, dan ke arah perifer utk bergabung dengan radiks motorik ventral, membentuk saraf spinal. ## Diferensiasi neuroblast & Gliablast An image depicting the differentiation of neuroblasts and glioblasts. ## Mielinasi An image depicting the different stages of myelination. * Mielinasi dimulai pada minggu ke-4. * Untuk beberapa serat saraf descendens dari pusat otak yang lebih tinggi, baru mengalami mielinasi pada usia 1 tahun post-natal perifer oleh Sel Schwan-berasal dari neural crest * pusat oleh oligodendroglia ## Perubahan Posisi Medulla Spinalis An image depicting the changes in position of the medulla spinalis during development. ## Perkembangan Otak An image depicting the different stages of the development of the brain. ## Perkembangan Cerebellum An image depicting the different stages of the development of the cerebellum ## Perkembangan Mesensefalon An image depicting the development of the mesencephalon. ## Perkembangan Prosensefalon An image depicting the development of the prosencephalon. ## Timeline Perkembangan Otak & Medula Spinalis A timeline depicting the development of the brain and spinal cord. ## Timeline Perkembangan Otak A timeline depicting the development of the brain. ## Timeline Perkembangan Saraf Tepi A timeline depicting the development of the Peripheral nervous system. ## Periode Kritis Perkembangan Manusia A table summarising the critical periods of development in the human embryo and fetus. ## Anenchepaly An image depicting a baby with anencephaly. * Penyebab: belum diketahui * Faktor yang mempengaruhi: banyak, seperti diet dan vitamin ( asam folat) * Akibat: tidak terjadi penutupan tabung saraf bagian cranial * Disertai acrania (calvarium tidak terbentuk) tidak membentuk tulang & otot) yang penutup otak ## Hydrocephalus congenital An image depicting a baby with hydrocephalus. * Terjadi sebelum usia 3 tahun → setelah 3 tahun tulang-tulang kepala menyatu. * Penyebab: * Genetik * Infeksi: toxoplasma, cytomegalovirus, * penyempitan atau penutupan saluran cairan otak, misalnya aquaductus sylvii, dll ## Microcephaly An image depicting two children with microcephaly. * penyebab: * Ibu peminum alkohol, diabetes atau terinfeksi rubella (campak Jerman), toxoplasma, radiasi pada kehamilan minggu 3-8 * Faktor genetik * Akibat: * defek saraf → kejang * Gangguan perkembangan intelektual dan fungsi motorik ## Holoprosencephaly * Akibat kegagalan prosencephalon terbagi menjadi dua lobus otak * Menyebabkan kematian sebelum lahir atau lahir dengan kelainan pada mata (Cyclops=mata bersatu), hidung dan bibir atas * Sebab: mutasi gen, trisomi 13 (Patau syndrome) * Resiko: perempuan hamil kurang dari umur 25 dan lebih dari 35 tahun ## Scaphocephaly An image depicting the different types of craniosynostosis. = penutupan dini sutura tulang tengkorak ## Cyclops and Holoprosencephaly An image depicting a baby with cyclops and an image with an image with holoprosencephaly. A image depicting a baby with cyclops and an image with an image with holoprosencephaly. * Figure 19-5. Male neonate with cyclopia (synophthalmia) and omphalocele (herniation of intestines into the proximal part of the umbilical cord). Cyclopia ( fusion of eyes) is a severe, uncommon anomaly of the face and eye associated with a proboscis-like appendage superior to the eye. Several facial bones are absent, e.g., nasal bones and ethmoids. (Courtesy of Dr. Susan Phillips, Department of Pathology, Health Sciences Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.)