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UMF EXAMENE Total Discipline questions PHYSIOLOGY 1260 IMMUNOLOGY 300 METHODOLOGY OF DOCUMENTATION...

UMF EXAMENE Total Discipline questions PHYSIOLOGY 1260 IMMUNOLOGY 300 METHODOLOGY OF DOCUMENTATION 167 AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN MEDICINE MICROBIOLOGY 291 ANATOMY AND EMBRIOLOGY 300 1. The source: 1. It cannot be classified 2. It can be in print format 3. It can be of secondary type 4. It can be exclusively of primary type 5. It can be in electronic format 6. It may be exclusively in print format 7. It can be of a tertiary type 8. It can be exclusively of tertiary type 9. It can be of the primary type 10. It can be exclusively in electronic format 2. The primary source: 1. It can be represented by a book chapter 2. It can be characterized by a library catalogue 3. It can be represented by a book card 4. It can be represented by a journal index  5. It can be represented by a book or books 6. It can be represented by a database 7. It can be characterized by a bibliography on the subject 8. It provides the basis of the information 9. It can be characterized by a scientific article 10. Ensures coherent transmission of the information 3. The secondary source: 1. It can be represented by a journal index 2. It can be represented by a database 3. It may be exclusively in print format 4. It can be represented by a library catalogue 5. It is an essential tool in the scientific search 6. It can be represented by an article 7. It can be exclusively in electronic format 8. It can be represented by a book chapter 9. It can be represented by a signals 10. It provides elements of actual knowledge, consisting of the original information (in extenso) 4. A scientific journal is characterized by: 1. Similarity to a secondary source 2. an International Standard Book Number (ISBN) 3. publishing book chapters and books 4. absence of periodicity 5. a single author  6. a editor and editorial board 7. A scientific or professional society under whose auspices the journal is published 8. a periodicity 9. an unique name or title 10. an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 5. The scientific search can be done using: 1. Keywords 2. The names of university or research institutions 3. Exclusively accessing the PubMed database 4. The name of an author or authors 5. Exclusively accessing a signal journal 6. The name of a publisher 7. Only one keyword 8. The impact factor of a journal 9. The journal name or title 10. Exclusively searching the article in print format 6. The quick reading of an article: 1. It evaluates the conclusions of the article 2. It evaluates the title of the article 3. It evaluates compliance with the principles of scientific writing 4. It evaluates the objectives of the article 5. It is used for source selection 6. It evaluates the authors of the article 7. It evaluates the article abstract  8. It evaluates the references included in the article 9. It evaluates the results of the article 10. It evaluates the article citations in other articles 7. Pubmed: 1. It is a journal index 2. It is produced by Clarivate Analytics 3. It is produced by the Elsevier academic publishing company 4. It is produced by the National Library of Medicine, USA 5. It is the most well-known database in the medical field 6. It is a secondary source with free access 7. Allows scientific search using only the title of an article 8. Allows scientific search using keywords according to MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) 9. Allows scientific search using the name of the author(s). 10. Allows scientific search using keywords only 8. A scientific journal is characterized by: 1. A single author for at least 5 articles published in an issue 2. Absence of periodicity 3. Publication of articles in the order they are received, without a peer-review process  4. Name or extended title 5. A limited set of keywords 6. Peer-review evaluation process 7. Rigorous editorial policy 8. Flexible editorial policy 9. an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) 10. Name or journal title abbreviations 9. The Clarivate Analytics: 1. It ensures the ranking of journals by calculating the impact factor 2. It is one of the world leaders in scientometrics 3. Assigns the ISSN for journals 4. It is the provider of the Pubmed database 5. It is a company formed as a result of the acquisition of the Intellectual Property and Science division of Thomson Reuters 6. Includes more than 12,000 scientific journals in all fields, from more than 60 different countries 7. It is part of the Elsevier publishing company 8. It is part of the National Library of Medicine, USA 9. It is a company that owns and provides tools and services related to intellectual property and scientific knowledge production 10. Assigns ISBN for books 10. The Current Contents: 1. It has a monthly frequency  2. It is a secondary source 3. It has a weekly frequency 4. Flag articles that appeared in a two-week interval 5. Display the summary pages of a certain number of periodicals (extended selection), specifying the language in which the article or abstract appears 6. It is a primary source 7. It is a tertiary source 8. It is a signaling index 9. It is a signal journal 10. It is produced by the National Library of Medicine, USA 11. The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors: 1. Represents the management of Clarivate Analytics 2. It ensures the peer-review process for all journals 3. Represents the management of National Library of Medicine, USA 4. It is made up of the editors of prestigious journals, institutions and organizations involved in research 5. One of the members is the National Library of Medicine, USA 6. Annually publishes recommendations for  manuscripts sent to biomedical journals (Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals) 7. One of the members is the New England Journal of Medicine 8. It ensures the ranking of journals, in relation to the impact factor 9. It establishes the rules for publishing in scientific journals, aiming to increase the quality in research 10. Develop the secondary source 12. The compliance with the rules of scientific writing: 1. It is a criterion used in scientific search, for quick reading of an article 2. It ensures an adequate perception of the scientific text 3. It is verified by the National Library of Medicine, USA 4. It is not mandatory for the article published in a medical journal 5. It is not required for the dissertation 6. It is mandatory for any scientific text 7. It is not mandatory for the PhD thesis 8. It ensures a wide dissemination of the scientific text 9. It is not mandatory for the undergraduate thesis 10. It ensures a clear statement of the scientific text 13. The motivation for choosing the topic for the undergraduate thesis is related to: 1.The model promoted by the mass media 2.The Architecture Student Experience 3.The experience of Polytechnic students 4.The experience of older colleagues 5.The future medical specialty 6.The previous positive medical experiences 7.The professional or human model 8.The experience of relatives who are not active in the medical field 9. The ability to complete as quickly and with as little effort as possible 10. The previous negative medical experiences 14. The scientific writing: 1. It is based on principles that impose scientific rigor 2. It is based on principles that have developed progressively over time 3. It is based on rules established by international publishers 4. It is based on rules set exclusively by PubMed 5. It is based on guidelines established by the National Library of Medicine, USA 6. It ensures the coherent relationship between form (writing method) and substance (scientific content)  7. It is guided by techniques specific to scientific, and not artistic (literary) endeavors 8. It ensures a clear understanding of scientific texts 9. It does not impose precise rules 10. It is guided by techniques specific to artistic (literary) endeavors 15. In completing the undergraduate thesis, the sequence of stages is: 1. Establishing objectives - the third stage 2. Establishing objectives - the fourth stage 3. The scientific search – the fifth stage 4. Establishing the work plan - the third stage 5. Establishing the scientific leader – the first stage 6. Establishing the theme - the fifth stage 7. Establishing the theme - the second stage 8. Establishing the work plan - the fourth stage 9. The scientific search – the first stage 10. Establishing the scientific leader – the second stage 16. The personal part of the undergraduate thesis: 1. It represents two thirds of the total work 2. It does not necessarily include the Discussions chapter 3. It must include the Material and methods chapter  4. It must include the Conclusions chapter 5. It represents a third of the total work 6. It does not necessarily include the Material and methods chapter 7. It must include the Results chapter 8. It must include the Discussions chapter 9. It summarizes the current state of knowledge for the subject addressed 10. It presents information from the medical field in relation to the subject addressed 17. The Bachelor thesis: 1. It is organized into a general and a personal section 2. It must include an introduction 3. It can be done without the teaching coordination 4. It has at least 200 pages 5. It has between 60 and 100 pages 6. It does not necessarily include references 7. It only includes a general section 8. Exclusively includes a personal section 9. It must include bibliographic references 10. It must be carried out under the teaching coordination 18. The general part of the bachelor thesis: 1. All information presented is supported by references  2. It presents information from the medical field in relation to the subject addressed 3. It contains a variable number of chapters, depending on the theme 4. It includes personal data obtained during research 5. It represents two thirds of the total work 6. It represents a third of the total work 7. The information presented is not necessarily supported by references 8. It summarizes the current state of knowledge for the subject addressed 9. It is necessarily composed in two chapters 10. It represents half of the total work 19. In the personal part of the bachelor thesis, in the Results chapter: 1. The references are mandatory 2. The objectives of the study are explained 3. The information presented in the text, figures and tables is coherent 4. The writing is enunciative 5. The similar data published in the literature are explained 6. The writing is impersonal 7. The text is supported by tables 8. The methods used are explained 9. There are no tables and figures used 10. The text is supported by figures 20. In the personal part of the bachelor's thesis, the Discussions chapter: 1. It is intended for the interpretation of the research carried out 2. The writing is neutral 3. The writing is impersonal 4. It reflects scientific culture 5. It reflects the degree of the work elaboration 6. It reflects the intelligence of the authors 7. It represents one third of the total text of thesis 8. It includes personal commentary, unlike the other chapters which use an impersonal style 9. Inserting references is not allowed 10. The tables and figures are not allowed 21. The referencing system are: 1. Are different 2. Are not necessary in scientific writing 3. Include the alphanumeric system 4. Justify or support all the information found in the text 5. Are identical 6. Include the Vancouver system 7. Were designed by the National Library of Medicine, USA 8. Include the Harvard system 9. Include the Oxford system 10. Include the alphabetical-sequential system 22. Which of the following statements characterizes primary literature? 1. It includes systematic review 2. It includes technical reports 3. It doe not differ from secondary literature 4. It includes the analysis of data obtained in a clinical or laboratory study 5. Monographs or books on a particular topic are considered primary literature 6. It requires original research 7. It does not include technical reports 8. It includes articles published in peer-reviewed journals 9. It targets a modern and very specific theme 10. It includes meta-analysis 23. The classification of scientific articles includes: 1. Literary criticism 2. The reportage 3. The essay 4. The review article 5. The clinical case 6. The scientific debate on a current topic 7. The letter to the editor of a publication 8. The literary commentary 9. The original article 10. The editorial 24. Which of the following statements about the original article are true? 1. It presents the results of a fundamental or clinical research activity that is taken from the literature 2. It has a clear IMRAD-type structure 3. It does not necessarily have an IMRAD-type structure 4. It can target themes/subjects/directions in which research already exists 5. It cannot be the subject of plagiarism 6. It is the most valuable type of scientific article 7. It has the same scientific importance as the editorial 8. It is always published in high impact factor journals, according to Clarivate Analytics 9. It presents the results of an original fundamental or clinical research activity 10. It can target themes/subjects/directions that are innovative 25. The structure of a scientific article includes: 1. The title of the article 2. Authors and Affiliations 3. The presentation of a meta-analysis is mandatory 4. Summary of the article 5. Acknowledgements section  6. The presentation of a clinical case is mandatory 7. The letter to the editor of a journal 8. The text of the article, written following the rules for a literary commentary 9. Bibliographic references / Bibliography 10. The text of the article, written following the rules for an essay 26. The IMRAD structure that is specific to an original article includes the following sections: 1. Meta-analysis 2. Conclusions 3. Systematic review 4. Narrative review 5. Results 6. The presentation of case series 7. Discussions 8. Materials and methods 9. Introduction 10. The presentation of a clinical case 27. The „Introduction” section of an original article includes: 1. Research limitations 2. The research objectives 3. The information gap that has to be solved 4. Materials and methods 5. The purpose of the research  6. Figures 7. Bibliography 8. The conceptual framework for the research topic 9. Tables 10. The current state of knowledge of the investigated problem 28. The “Material and Methods” section of an original article: 1. Includes an acknowledgements section to those who supported the research 2. Includes the discussion about results 3. Describes the study design 4. Includes information regarding research ethics approval 5. Shows how the research was done 6. Includes tables of results 7. Describes, if applicable, the method of randomization 8. Shows the number of patients who were included in the study 9. Includes figures with results 10. Includes study limitations 29. The “Results” section of an original article: 1. Includes the results organized into images 2. Presents the material used in the study 3. Includes the results obtained through statistical  analysis 4. Includes the results organized in tables 5. It presents the basic characteristics of the patients included in the study 6. Includes all the results of the research 7. Includes study conclusions 8. Includes discussion about the significance of the results 9. The techniques and methods used are presented. It also presents the methodology used in the study 10. Includes bibliographic references of the article 30. Which of the following statements about the “Discussion“ section of an original article are true: 1. It has tables and graphs with results 2. The materials used in the study are also described 3. Includes the “Introduction” section 4. Emphasizes the originality of the study 5. It refers to the current state of knowledge 6. Presents comments on the significance of the results obtained 7. Limitations of the research are also described 8. It highlights what has been discovered and was not known before 9. It summarizes what was already known about the investigated problem 10. The general characteristics of the patient groups  are listed 31. Which of the following statements about the “Conclusions” section of an original article are true: 1. It is included in the “Study Objectives“ section 2. It is mandatory in the structure of an article 3. It synthesizes the further lines of inquiry opened by the current research 4. Does not include graphics and figures 5. It summarizes the novelty items that research has brought 6. It follows the “Introduction” section 7. It usually consists of a single paragraph 8. It follows the “Materials and Methods” section 9. It follows “Results” section 10. It is included in the “Introduction” section 32. The following documents are included in the grey literature: 1. Government reports 2. Study or research reports 3. Conference Papers 4. Original articles 5. Bachelor and PhD theses 6. The editorial 7. Patents 8. Cohort studies 9. Meta-analysis  10. The narrative review 33. Which of the following statements about the IMRAD structure of an original article are true? 1. The letter I refers to the “Introduction” section 2. It is mandatory in organizing the text 3. The letter A refers to the authors 4. It is optional in the organization of the text 5. The letter M refers to the “Material and methods” section 6. The letter D refers to the “Discussion” section 7. It is not recommended to use the IMRAD structure in writing original articles 8. The letter R refers to the “reference” section 9. The letter R refers to the “Results“ section 10. The letter A refers to data analysis 34. Which of the following statements about the “Bibliography” section of an article are true? 1. Other articles may be found in this section that may be considered useful for a particular topic 2. It is an optional part of scientific articles 3. Most commonly, it can be found after the results section of an article 4. Includes the journal in which a bibliographic source cited in the article was published 5. Bibliographic sources can be entered in the order of citation in the text  6. It includes information about the authors' names, title and year of publication 7. All bibliographic sources cited in the article are listed 8. It includes only the bibliographic sources cited in the Introduction section of the article, and the bibliographic sources in the Discussions are excluded 9. The books cited in the article are not included in the "Bibliography" section 10. It is not included in the secondary literature publications 35. Which of the following statements about narrative review articles from secondary literature are true? 1. It is a descriptive article 2. It represents a comprehensive analysis of a certain topic 3. It may include an introductory part, which reflects the current state of knowledge 4. It often leads to the formulation of new hypotheses 5. It never includes a summary 6. It needs ethics approval 7. They contain a small number of bibliographic references 8. It is a type of prospective study 9. It is a type of retrospective study 10. It analyses information that has been previously  published by other authors 36. Which of the following statements about primary literature are true? 1. It may include retrospective and prospective clinical trials. 2. May report data on clinical, diagnostic or therapeutic procedures 3. It includes observational and experimental studies 4. The “Bibliography” section is missing, as only original data are analysed 5. It may include a brief report of a clinical case or case series 6. It analyses the data previously published by other authors 7. It does not bring new data, as only previously published information is analysed 8. It includes systematic review articles 9. Conclusions are not necessary, because it is a comprehensive analysis of already known data 10. It includes randomized clinical trials 37. An original article: 1. It can only present retrospective research, because data already obtained from participants is analysed 2. The approval of the ethics committee is not  necessary, as it constitutes a form of descriptive analysis of the published literature 3. It is preceded by a summary with IMRAD structure 4. It imposes clear criteria for inclusion and exclusion of study participants 5. It may present a cross-sectional study 6. It does not necessarily include the Results section, because previously published data are critically analysed 7. Can present both descriptive and analytical research 8. It does not require statistical analysis of the data 9. It can only present prospective research, because original data are analysed 10. Can present both prospective and retrospective research 38. Which of the following statements about the case report article are true? 1. It reports new diagnostic tests to identify a disease 2. It describes the case of a single patient included in the study 3. Most commonly, introduction is not necessary because only one clinical case is reported 4. Defining the objective is not mandatory, as no new data is reported 5. It cannot include reporting a rare disease  6. It is usually short and focused, with a limited number of references 7. It is a cross-sectional study 8. It is included in the secondary literature 9. It generally follows the following structure: summary, introduction, case report, discussion and conclusions 10. It deports unique features and observations within the case study. 39. Which of the following statements about systematic review articles is true? 1. They are included in the secondary literature 2. It is different from meta-analysis 3. It can be prospective or retrospective 4. It is carried out according to a clearly established (strict) methodology 5. In general, it follows the following structure: introduction, material and methods, results, discussion and conclusions 6. It involves following patients and reporting original data 7. It analyses primary literature articles as a source of data 8. It is a type of primary literature article 9. It is no different from the narrative review 10. Conclusions are not necessary, as the data has been previously published in the literature 40. Which of the following statements about the “Introduction” section of original articles corresponding to clinical trials are true: 1. It cites reference clinical studies for the topic addressed 2. Describes the main results obtained in the study 3. Includes criteria for selecting study participants 4. Discusses the results of the study in comparison with previously published data 5. It includes the key questions that the authors tried to answer through that study 6. It is the first section of the article 7. It presents the fundamental rationale for conducting the clinical trial 8. Describes statistical methods of data analysis 9. Contains the main conclusions of the study 10. It must include bibliographic references 41. Which of the following statements about scientific articles are true? 1. Clinical research articles, which report retrospective studies, belong to the secondary literature 2. They can report basic research and/or clinical research 3. Clinical trials are part of the primary literature 4. Basic research articles, which report animal studies, belong to the secondary literature  5. Original articles do not necessarily include bibliographic references 6. They have different organization, corresponding to the type of scientific article defined 7. Basic research articles reporting cell culture studies belong to the secondary literature 8. They can be included in primary or secondary literature 9. Clinical research articles, reporting international studies, belong to the secondary literature 10. In basic research, they may report cell culture studies or animal studies 42. Which of the following statements about the meta- analysis article are true: 1. It contains the “Material and Methods” section 2. It contains a statistical analysis plan 3. The results are optional, because data from the literature are reported 4. It is part of secondary literature 5. It represents a form of clinical study, which involves the enrolment of patients 6. It analyses articles from the primary literature 7. It contains the “Introduction” section 8. The conclusions reflect the current state of knowledge and the objectives of the article 9. It is a form of clinical study, which can be prospective or retrospective 10. The summary is not mandatory 43. The objectives of an original article: 1. They are defined before data collection from patients 2. They do not necessarily have to be established in the case of original articles corresponding to clinical trials 3. They are specified in the Introduction section 4. They are defined in relation to the current state of knowledge on the subject 5. They must be mentioned in the Results section 6. They can be organized into primary objectives and secondary objectives 7. They are defined immediately after the conclusions 8. They reflect the important results of the study 9. They are necessarily mentioned in the Material and methods section 10. They must not be influenced by the results of the study 44. The “Results” section of an original article: 1. Includes criteria for inclusion of patients in the study 2. It includes statistical data such as total number of patients included, age of patients or comorbidities 3. It includes a qualitative analysis of studies published in the literature  4. It is a required section 5. It can represent a range of clinical and paraclinical variables of the patients enrolled in the study 6. It is supported by information presented in the form of tables and figures 7. It is preceded by the summary 8. It includes a quantitative analysis of studies published in the literature 9. It can show primary results and secondary results 10. It is followed by conclusions 45. The publication of an original article in a specialized journal implies: 1. Payment of a publication fee, without the peer- review process being mandatory 2. Existence of research ethics approval 3. A personal relationship with the journal editor, without the peer-review process being mandatory 4. Strict adherence to text formatting according to the journal's Guidelines for Authors, without the peer-review process being mandatory 5. Evaluation of the article by experts in the field (peer-review) 6. Submitting the article to the editors of a journal, without the peer-review process being mandatory  7. Checking the consistency between the material and methods used and the results obtained 8. Ensuring that the research is original 9. Evaluation of the trial management process (if conducted in an appropriate manner) 10. Adapting the magazine's quality standards to the article level 46. Which of the following statements about the Abstract of an original article are true? 1. The methodology should be modified to match the reported results and conclusions 2. Reporting of negative results should be avoided to increase the chances of publication 3. Conclusions must be manipulated in order to support positive results 4. It presents the key findings of the study 5. It contains a brief overview of the current state of knowledge and the objectives of the study 6. It must report both positive and negative results (if documented) 7. Bibliographic reference sources are frequently cited in the abstract 8. The method of conducting the study is presented briefly, in order to contain the key points 9. Contains tables and figures 10. At the end, the conclusions of the study are mentioned 47. Descriptive epidemic studies are: 1. Analytical 2. Carried out at the level of individuals: cases 3. Performed at the level of individuals: cross- sectional or prevalence studies 4. Clinical, randomized 5. Carried out at the level of individuals: series of cases 6. Performed at the level of individuals: transversal 7. Conducted at population level: correlation studies (ecological) 8. Randomized, controlled 9. Controlled double-blind 10. Cohort studies 48. Which of the following claims regarding clinical trials is true? 1. Experiments in the laboratory are at the top of the pyramid 2. Meta-analysis is at the bottom of the pyramid 3. There is no perfect study 4. All studies are perfect 5. They can be ranked (the pyramid of studies) from the point of view of validity (correctness) 6. They cannot be ranked using the pyramid of studies 7. Randomized clinical trials are at the bottom of the pyramid  8. Secondary studies (such as meta-analysis), at least theoretically, are superior to primary ones 9. The more valid a study is, the more we can trust its results 10. Secondary studies (such as systematic review), at least theoretically, are superior to primary ones 49. Which of the following statements about descriptive studies is true? 1. They are not interventional studies 2. They are randomized studies 3. They do not establish epidemiological associations 4. They are analytical studies 5. They provide fundamental knowledge 6. They are observational 7. They are double blind, placebo controlled studies 8. They serve to issue hypotheses regarding epidemiological associations 9. Allow generalizations of causal type 10. They are interventional studies 50. Which of the following statements about analytical studies is true? 1. May be observational 2. They cannot be experimental  3. May be experimental 4. Allow the evaluation of the assumptions of association between a suspected risk factor and the respective effect (disease) 5. They're descriptive 6. In observational analytical studies, the investigator only observes and does not intervene in any way 7. They cannot be observational 8. Make an explicit comparison of the frequency of the disease between those exposed to a certain factor (e.g. smoking) and those not exposed to that factor 9. The case series are analytical studies 10. The case presentation is an analytical study 51. Which of the following claims regarding cases and series of cases is true? 1. Must describe at least 150 cases 2. Must describe at least 400 cases 3. They can’t be used for drawing general conclusions 4. Report a new case (absolute novelty), unique, unusual 5. Must describe at least 140 cases 6. Must describe at least 240 cases 7. They can’t be used for statistical analysis of data 8. Describe unusual observations and may constitute the first stage of recognition of a new  disease or risk factor 9. They can’t be used for assessing the frequency of the disease 10. Must describe at least 260 cases 52. Which of the following statements about transversal studies is true? 1. They are very important for health systems managers 2. There are not prevalence studies 3. They are descriptive studies 4. They are carried out in the laboratory, on tissues and cells 5. There are experimental studies on animals 6. Their results cannot be statistically processed 7. They are a “photographic snapshot” that assesses prevalence 8. They are prevalence studies 9. They are cross-sectional studies 10. There are not descriptive studies 53. Advantages of transversal studies (cross-sectional or prevalence): 1. Allow validation of new surgical methods 2. Allow validation of new drugs 3. They're cheap 4. They are used for assessing the prevalence of common diseases (HTA, arthrosis, allergies, etc.)  5. They are the most valuable clinical trials, being at the top of the pyramid of studies 6. They are useful for assessing the incidence (number of new cases occurring in a time interval) 7. Allow the simultaneous study of associations between several effects and presumed risk factors 8. They're fast 9. May become the first step of a cohort study 10. Allow the validation of new diagnostic methods 54. Disadvantages of transversal studies: 1. Because they measure the exposure and effect simultaneously, they do not allow the temporal sequence of events to be established (if exposure preceded the effect) 2. Do not allow the calculation of incidence 3. Can only be used in the study of very rare diseases 4. They cannot highlight associations when the effect (disease) or risk factor is very rare 5. They are subject to systematic error of selective survival 6. They take a very long time (between 15 and 20 years) 7. Do not allow the calculation of prevalence 8. They’re very expensive 9. They are subject to systematic memory errors  10. Can only be done in urban agglomerations 55. Which of the following statements regarding case- control studies is true? 1. Requires a group of cases that have the disease of interest and a comparison group (control) that does not have the disease 2. They are descriptive studies 3. They are analytical studies 4. The previous exposure of both groups (the group that has the disease and the control group) is investigated. 5. Can be used for studying the effectiveness of a new drug 6. Test new diagnostic methods 7. Patients who have the disease are compared in terms of risk factors (e.g. smoking) with witnesses who do not have the risk factor (they are non-smokers) 8. Can be used for determining the side effects of a new therapy 9. Allow to calculate the incidence of a disease 10. The comparison group is called a control group 56. Selection of cases with hypertension for a case- control study: 1. It can be done from the cardiology department of all hospitals in the county  2. Only cases that have hypertension for a long time (prevalent) are taken into account 3. It can be done from family doctors' offices 4. It can be done exclusively from urban agglomerations (cities) 5. It can be done from the cardiology department of a single hospital in the county 6. Both new cases (incidents) of hypertension and those that hypertension of a certain time (prevalent) are taken into account 7. It can be done from the cardiology offices in the polyclinic 8. Only new cases (incidents) of hypertension are taken into account 9. It can be done exclusively from rural areas (villages) 10. It can be done exclusively from preschools 57. Which of the following statements regarding the selection of the control group for a case-control study, in which diabetes is being studied, is true? 1. Must necessarily have the same profession 2. Selected people can be relatives 3. Selected people can be friends 4. Must have diabetes 5. Must live in the same city 6. It must be made from the same given population 7. Selected people can be schoolmates 8. Selected individuals can be neighbors  9. Must be of the same age 10. Must necessarily have the same sex 58. The following can be stated about the ways of carrying out a case-control study regarding lung cancer and exposure to risk factors: 1. Exposures (e.g. smoking, pollution) are investigated in the past 2. Risk factors can be multiple (smoking, pollution) 3. The group of cases contains only individuals with lung cancer 4. Only men can be included in the case group 5. Patients without lung cancer can be included in the case group 6. The selection of cases of the disease is made for several diseases 7. Patients with lung cancer may also be included in the control group 8. The selection of the two study groups (cases and controls) is done in the present moment 9. Only women can be included in the control group 10. Selection of cases of the disease is made on the basis of a single disease (lung cancer) 59. Advantages of case-control studies: 1. They are optimal for assessing the effectiveness of a new diagnostic method  2. They are suitable in the study of diseases with a long latency period 3. They are optimal for the study of rare diseases 4. They are optimal for testing a new drug 5. Can simultaneously assess multiple risk factors for a single disease 6. Do not associate systematic memory errors 7. They are relatively cheap compared to other studies (example: cohort) 8. Are extremely effective for the study of rare diseases 9. They are relatively fast compared to other studies (example: cohort) 10. Do not associate systematic selection errors 60. Disadvantages of case-control studies: 1. Compared to other types of studies, they are most susceptible to systematic errors (especially those of memory) 2. Compared to other types of studies, they are most susceptible to systematic errors (especially selection ones) 3. Risks cannot be calculated directly 4. The temporal relationship between exposure and disease can be difficult to establish 5. Require only a control group 6. They're faster compared to other studies 7. They're cheaper compared to other studies 8. Are ineffective for the study of rare exposures  9. Require only a group of cases 10. Can simultaneously assess multiple risk factors for a single disease 61. Which of the following claims about cohort studies is true? 1. They use the simple-blind method 2. They use the double-blind method 3. They start from a cohort of people without illness 4. They are used only in the validation of new drugs 5. They're just descriptive studies 6. Both subgroups (with exposure and without exposure to the risk factor) will be tracked over time in the future 7. They are used only in the testing of new diagnostic methods 8. They are analytical studies 9. The study population is well defined and will subsequently stratify into two similar subgroups: with exposure to the risk factor and without exposure to the risk factor 10. They are longitudinal studies 62. Which of the following claims about cohort studies is true? 1. In the prospective ones, the cohort is constituted at the present moment (the date of  the start of the study) and the supervision is done in the past 2. Only subjects of the same sex can be enlisted 3. Can be retrospective 4. Can be prospective 5. In the retrospective ones (historical cohorts), the cohort is now constituted, and the surveillance is done in the future 6. In the retrospective ones (historical cohorts), the cohort is constituted in the past on the basis of existing records, and the surveillance is done in the present (the date on which the study is made) 7. Can be bidirectional 8. In the prospective ones, the cohort is constituted at the present moment (the date of the start of the study) and the supervision is done in the future 9. In the prospective ones, the cohort is constituted in the past and the supervision is done in the future 10. Only a small number of subjects can be enrolled (between 20-40 maximum) 63. Which of the following claims about cohort studies is true? 1. In the exposed group, it will be specified: the follow-up period, the measures to be taken to avoid losses during the study, the definition of  the diagnostic means used 2. The group of patients exposed to the risk factor will all be of the same age 3. Two groups are selected: exposed and non- exposed 4. The same general criteria will be applied to the non-exposed group as those from the exposed group, the difference being that the persons in this group are not exposed to the risk factor 5. The group of patients exposed to the risk factor will all be of the same sex 6. For the exposed group, we will specify the presumed risk factors and the ways of measuring them 7. A drug will be used for treating the non-exposed patients 8. A drug will be used for treating the exposed patients 9. The same general criteria as those of the exposed group will not be applied to the non- exposed group 10. For the exposed group, we will specify the eligibility criteria of the subjects (sex, age, etc.) 64. The data sources for assessing exposure in a cohort study are: 1. PubMed Database 2. Interviews 3. Medical journals  4. Various records (laboratory) 5. Miscellaneous records (environmental measurements) 6. Media 7. Questionnaires (self-administered) 8. Miscellaneous records (employment records) 9. Cochrane Database 10. Medical textbooks 65. The advantages of cohort studies: 1. Can be repeated 2. Selection errors can never occur within them 3. They're cheap 4. Have good validity 5. Allow the testing of new diagnostic methods in adults 6. Allow obtaining the incidence rates 7. Provide the best information about causality and the natural history of the disease 8. Allow the testing of new methods of treatment in children 9. Are good in studies with rare exposures 10. They are effective in diseases with high incidence (over 20%) 66. Disadvantages of cohort studies: 1. Require a large number of subjects 2. Do not provide the best information about  causality and the natural history of the disease 3. Do not have good validity 4. They are complex and time-consuming 5. Do not allow obtaining the incidence rates 6. They are not effective in diseases with high incidence (over 20%) 7. They're expensive 8. Cannot track late effects of the disease 9. Poor follow-up can lead to loss of cases 10. Cannot be repeated 67. Although cohort studies provide valid results, they can also have numerous disadvantages such as: 1. Cannot be applied in rare diseases (may occur the impossibility of forming a large enough study group) 2. Produce errors, especially selection and confusion 3. They are not effective in diseases with high incidence (over 20%) 4. Do not allow obtaining the incidence rates 5. Poor follow-up can lead to loss of cases 6. Do not provide the best information about causality and the natural history of the disease 7. They are not applicable in studies with rare exposures 8. Long-term follow-up is difficult in diseases with a long latency period 9. The status (exposed/non-exposed to the risk  factor) may change during the study 10. Do not constitute the most direct measurement of the relative risk (RR) 68. The randomized, controlled clinical trial is an epidemiological experiment designed to: 1. Perform a retrospective study of the course of a disease 2. Present a group of special cases of disease 3. Calculate the incidence of a disease 4. Evaluate the efficacy of a pharmaceutical product (drug) 5. Compare a new drug with one already in use or with a placebo treatment 6. Measure a risk factor 7. Report the variations in some adverse reactions to drugs administered among patients 8. Calculate the prevalence of a disease 9. Reporting and measurement of adverse reactions to drugs administered among patients 10. Evaluate the therapeutic procedures 69. Which of the following statements about patients participating in a clinical trial is true? 1. The patients in the experimental population is represented by the sample extracted from the reference population and which does not have its characteristics  2. Patients in the "treated" group receive the drug to be studied 3. Patients in the "treated" group do not receive any treatment 4. Patients in the "control" group can be treated with placebo 5. The reference population – the population to which the treatment is addressed – is represented by all patients who do not have the disease in question 6. The patients in the experimental population are represented by the sample extracted from the reference population and showing its characteristics 7. Patients in the "control" group may receive no treatment 8. The reference population is the one to whom the treatment is addressed, being represented by all the patients who present the disease in question 9. Patients in the "control" group receive the drug to be studied 10. Patients in the "treated" group receive placebo 70. In a clinical trial, randomization: 1. This is the way in which it is not possible to ensure that the two groups are compared ('treated' and 'control') 2. Prevents errors from occurring 3. Occurs at the end of the study  4. Takes place at the beginning of the study 5. Is the way to ensure that groups can be compared 6. Does not prevent errors 7. Is a random distribution (by chance) 8. Occurs 1 month after the start of the study 9. Contributes to a correct interpretation of the final results 10. Occurs 3 months after the start of the study 71. Participants in a clinical trial: 1. Will be informed about the purposes of the study 2. Will be informed about the procedures to be used 3. Participate voluntarily 4. Do not need to be informed about possible risks 5. They are obliged to participate 6. Do not need to be informed about the benefits 7. Will be informed about the benefits 8. Will be informed about the possible risks 9. Do not need to be informed about the purposes of the study 10. Do not need to be informed about the procedures to be used 72. Informed consent, required in clinical trials: 1. Does not contain information on possible risks  2. Contains information about the purposes of the study 3. Represents the written acceptance of a person to participate in the study 4. Contains information on possible risks 5. Should only be signed by the doctor conducting the study 6. Must be signed by the participant and the doctor conducting the study 7. Contains information on the procedures to be used 8. Must be signed only by the participant 9. Does not contain information on the procedures to be used 10. Does not contain information about the purposes of the study 73. The "Blinded" method: 1. It can be quadruple "blinded" 2. It can be double "blinded" 3. It can be simple "blinded" 4. Double "blinded" is the situation in which only the subjects do not know how to allocate the investigational drug 5. It can be triple "blinded" 6. Decreases the validity of a clinical trial 7. Simple "blinded" is the situation in which neither the subjects nor the doctor conducting the study know how to allocate the experimental  drug 8. It is not required in clinical, randomized, placebo-controlled trials 9. Increases the validity of a clinical trial 10. It means that the way of allocating the intervention factor (new drug, experimental diagnostic procedure) is unknown 74. Supervision of patients in a clinical, randomized, placebo-controlled trial: 1. Consists of tracking the number of deaths 2. Does not involve tracking the occurrence of relapses 3. Does not involve the pursuit of disease improvement 4. Consists in tracking the occurrence of complications 5. Consists in the follow-up of the aggravation of the disease 6. Does not involve tracking the number of deaths 7. Consists in tracking the alleviation of the disease 8. Does not involve tracking the occurrence of complications 9. Consists in tracking the occurrence of relapses 10. Does not involve the follow-up of the aggravation of the disease 75. The limits of the randomized clinical trial are:  1. It can deal with problems of compliance 2. It can only help with the calculation of the incidence of a disease 3. It can only help with the calculation of the prevalence of a disease 4. Requires the voluntary participation of subjects, therefore they are not always representative of the population of interest to the study 5. It's just an analytical observational study 6. It's just a descriptive observational study 7. Requires long periods of observation 8. If the statistical power is low, the results could be misleading 9. It's just an observational study 10. It is expensive 76. Phase I research of a new drug: 1. Lasts at least 3 years 2. Only assesses the incidence of the disease for which the drug is being tested 3. It is performed on at least 2000 healthy volunteers 4. It is carried out on several healthy volunteers (20-80 subjects) 5. Assesses the side effects of the drug 6. Evaluates the metabolism of the drug 7. It is performed only on patients who have the disease for which the medicine is being tested 8. Only assesses the prevalence of the disease for  which the drug is being tested 9. Assesses the action of the drug 10. It only takes a few months 77. Phase II research of a new drug: 1. It is carried out only on healthy volunteers 2. Only assesses the prevalence of the disease for which the drug is being tested 3. It is performed on patients who have the disease for which the drug is being tested 4. Assesses the occurrence of frequent side effects of the new drug 5. Requires a variable number of participants – between 100-300 patients 6. Only assesses the incidence of the disease for which the drug is being tested 7. Lasts up to two years 8. Evaluates the effectiveness of the new drug 9. Evaluates only the metabolism of the drug 10. Lasts a maximum of 1 month 78. Phase III (randomized, controlled clinical trial) of research of a new drug: 1. It lasts, on average, between 1 and 4 years 2. Only assesses the incidence of the disease for which the drug is being tested 3. Ensures the establishment of the optimal dose 4. Requires thousands of patients (1000-3000)  5. Lasts a maximum of 1 month 6. Only assesses the prevalence of the disease for which the drug is being tested 7. It's a safety study 8. It’s an efficacy study 9. It is limited to up to 50 patients 10. It is done only on healthy volunteers 79. The criteria for inclusion in a phase III randomized clinical trial investigating a new drug intended for the treatment of menopausal osteoporosis may be: 1. The presence of osteoporosis 2. The subjects included should not have other diseases that would prevent participation in the study 3. Male sex 4. The subjects included must also have hypertension 5. Age over 50 years 6. The informed consent to participate in the study must be signed only by the first degree relatives 7. Included subjects must already be receiving treatment for menopausal osteoporosis 8. Age between 18 and 25 years 9. Female sex 10. Included subjects should not take another osteoporosis drug 80. The process of developing a new drug:  1. Start with preclinical studies - the first stage 2. It begins with the application for the approval of the drug - the first stage 3. Clinical trials are the third stage 4. It begins with the sale of the drug in pharmacies - the first stage 5. The application for the approval of the drug is the fourth stage 6. Start with clinical trials - the first stage 7. It begins with the approval of the drug by the responsible parties (FDA/EMA) - the first stage 8. It starts with fundamental research - the first stage 9. Preclinical studies are the second stage 10. Approval by the responsible parties (FDA/EMA) and placing on sale in pharmacies is the fifth stage 81. The criteria for inclusion in a randomized, controlled clinical trial that investigates a drug intended for the treatment of prostate cancer only in rural areas are: 1. Informed consent to participate in the study must be signed only by second and third degree relatives 2. Male sex 3. Origin from rural areas 4. The subjects who are included must sign the informed consent after its careful reading, in the presence of the investigating doctor  5.Age under 18 6.Female sex 7.The presence of prostate cancer 8.Co-existence of a different type of cancer 9.Subjects who are included should not have other diseases that would prevent participation in the study 10. The subjects who are included are required to participate in the study and not to give up on any grounds 82. Systematic errors (bias) are: 1. The errors which take us further from the truth randomly 2. Random errors due to sampling variation 3. Making the study invalid 4. Not related to the researcher 5. A deviation from the truth 6. Due to the researcher’s lack of judgment 7. Due to the researcher’s omission 8. Reflected in the confidence interval 9. A marker of incorrect conducted studies 10. Overestimating or underestimating the effect 83. Risk of bias in randomly controlled trials can occur: 1. During selection through random sequence generation 2. In the selection phase through selective  reporting 3. When outcomes are reported completely 4. In the phase of blinding of participants 5. Because of imprecision (big sample size) 6. In the attrition phase through incomplete blinding 7. In the reporting phase through allocation concealment 8. In the phase of blinding of outcome assessment 9. In the attrition phase through incomplete outcome data 10. In the reporting phase through selective reporting 84. Which of following represent sources of bias in the RCTs? 1. Ascertainment and interviewer bias 2. ethics approval 3. Loss to follow-up 4. Issues specific to the study design 5. Sensitivity analyses using only prospectively recorded data 6. Loss to follow-up 7. Baseline imbalance 8. funding 9. Imprecision (small sample size) 10. Selection of exposed and unexposed subjects not independent of outcome 85. The following are true about the selective reporting: 1. can lead to reporting bias 2. Represents a performance bias 3. protocol not available but it is clear that all pre- specified and expected outcomes of interest are reported 4. Is easy to determine 5. Represents a selection bias 6. Outcomes are reported incompletely so they cannot be used 7. represents a source of bias 8. Outcomes are not reported as pre-specified or expected 9. Is not a source of bias 10. Represents the main bias of the cohorts 86. The following are true about random sequence generation: 1. represents a reporting bias 2. Represents a detection bias 3. Is a source of bias in RCT 4. Prevents selecting who to recruit 5. Is not a source of bias in RCT 6. Stratified or block randomisation is at low risk of bias 7. Random number table randomisation is at low risk of bias 8. Computer random number generator represents  a unpredictable risk of bias 9. Represents a selection bias 10. Represents the measurement of outcomes affected by knowledge of the intervention received 87. Incomplete outcome data refers to: 1. Missing data that minimally affect the results 2. Reasons related to study outcomes 3. Imputation of missing values 4. A selection bias 5. Overall proportion of missing data 6. Missing data or reasons not balanced between group 7. Can lead to reporting bias 8. An attrition bias 9. Study protocol or trial register 10. Enough missing to meaningfully affect the results 88. Specificity is: 1. Identification of all patients with the disease 2. trait of a clinical test which refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients without the disease 3. Identification of all patients without the disease 4. Proportion of negative cases who are positive on the test  5. proportion of reference negative cases who are negative on a test 6. Proportion of reference positive cases who are positive on the test 7. Identification of true negatives false positives 8. Proportion of true non-case that test finds 9. Proportion of false non-case that test finds 10. Proportion of reference positive cases 89. Sensitivity is: 1. Identification of true positives false negatives 2. Proportion of reference positive causes who are positive on the test 3. Proportion of reference negative cases who are negative on the test 4. Proportion of reference positive cases who are negative on the test 5. Proportion of reference negative cases who are positive on the test 6. Identification of all patients with the disease 7. Significantly important trait of a test included in clinical trials 8. Proportion of reference negative cases who are positive on the test 9. Proportion of true cases that the test finds 10. Trait that refers to the ability of the test to correctly identify those patients with the disease 90. Identify the bias in the following situation: a surgeon  in a glaucoma laser versus tropical medicine RCT can accurately guess the allocation of future patients. They may then preferentially wait to identify the “ideal” patient for each treatment arm, opposed to having them assigned at random.: 1. Reporting bias 2. Flawed procedure used to select participants 3. 1. Selection bias 4. Incomplete outcome data 5. the selection of subjects into a study (or their likelihood of remaining in the study) leads to a result that is systematically different to the target population 6. Detection bias 7. Attrition bias 8. some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others 9. Performance bias 10. Bias due to the methods used to assign patients to study treatment groups 91. Identify the bias in the following situation: A patient learns that they received the placebo treatment in a study. When they are performing a visual acuity test they, consciously or subconsciously, do not perform their best due to knowing they received a null treatment: 1. differences in the care recevied by the  intervention and control groups in a trial other than the intervention that are being compared 2. researchers/clinicians might treat participants differently depending on which group they are in 3. Detection bias 4. Bias that occurs when patients or clinicians are aware of the assigned treatment, and perform differently as a result 5. Using the patient's preference 6. Performance bias 7. Incomplete outcome data 8. Attrition bias 9. this bias may inflate the estimated effect of the intervention particularly in trials with subjective outcomes 10. Selection bias 92. Identify the bias in the following situation: A surgeon grading post operative inflammation in an ophthalmology RCT is not masked to the patient’s treatment, and this knowledge influences their assessments based on prior knowledge and experiences: 1. Selection bias 2. A real association may be underestimated 3. Detection bias 4. Selective reporting 5. Performance bias 6. Bias in the measurement of study outcomes  when outcome assessors are aware of the assigned treatment 7. Reporting bias 8. This bias can occur in trials when groups differ in the way outcome information is collected or the way outcomes are verified 9. A test or treatment for a disease may perform differently according to some characteristic of the study participant 10. Attrition bias 93. Identify the bias in the following situation: A study assessing visual acuity after retinal detachment has a large number of withdrawals that occurred primarily in patients of lower socioeconomic status: 1. Selection bias 2. This bias is a consequence of losses of different types of participants 3. Bias due to an influencing factor that causes non-random withdrawals from the study groups 4. Reporting bias 5. Attrition bias 6. This bias may change the characteristic of the group 7. This bias is a consequence of different rates of loss to follow-up in the exposure group 8. Incomplete outcome data 9. Detection bias 10. Performance bias 94. Identify the bias in the following situation: A published RCT on cataract surgery stated that they would assess visual acuity, adverse events, and quality of life within their protocol; however, only visual acuity and adverse event outcomes are reported in the manuscript.: 1. This bias can occur under reporting statistical analyses during study 2. Bias in the outcomes reported by a study, mainly when non-significant findings are ignored 3. Detection bias 4. Performance bias 5. Is it described as the most significant form of scientific misconduct 6. Reporting bias 7. Blinding of outcome assessment 8. Selection bias 9. Distortion of presented information from research due to selective disclosure 10. Attrition bias 95. The following are true about reporting biases: 1. This bias is a consequence of losses of different types of participants 2. can dramatically reduce a study’s reliability 3. involves differences between reported and unreported findings 4. can include selective reporting of outcomes  5. a researcher may only report the most significant results of a study 6. Bias due to an influencing factor that causes non-random withdrawals from the study groups 7. This bias is a consequence of different rates of loss to follow-up in the exposure group 8. This bias can occur in trials when groups differ in the way outcome information is collected or the way outcomes are verified 9. perhaps one of the most substantial biases affecting clinical research studies 10. This bias may change the characteristic of the group 96. The following are true about attrition biases: 1. Bias in the measurement of study outcomes when outcome assessors are aware of the assigned treatment 2. This bias can occur in trials when groups differ in the way outcome information is collected or the way outcomes are verified 3. This bias may change the characteristic of the group 4. can dramatically reduce a study’s reliability 5. Bias due to an influencing factor that causes non-random withdrawals from the study groups 6. This bias is a consequence of losses of different types of participants 7. In some cases, those who leave a study are likely  to be different from those who continue 8. can include selective reporting of outcomes 9. this bias may inflate the estimated effect of the intervention particularly in trials with subjective outcomes 10. This bias is a consequence of different rates of loss to follow-up in the exposure group 97. The following are true about selection biases: 1. Flawed procedure used to select participants 2. This bias is a consequence of losses of different types of participants 3. Bias due to the methods used to assign patients to study treatment groups 4. Bias due to an influencing factor that causes non-random withdrawals from the study groups 5. the selection of subjects into a study (or their likelihood of remaining in the study) leads to a result that is systematically different to the target population 6. This bias is a consequence of different rates of loss to follow-up in the exposure group 7. some members of the intended population are less likely to be included than others 8. Includes blinding of outcome assessment 9. Includes incomplete outcome data 10. Includes selective reporting 98. The following are true about performance biases:  1. Flawed procedure used to select participants 2. Caused by no blinding of participants, personnel 3. the selection of subjects into a study (or their likelihood of remaining in the study) leads to a result that is systematically different to the target population 4. Bias due to the methods used to assign patients to study treatment groups 5. differences in the care received by the intervention and control groups in a trial other than the intervention that are being compared 6. Bias that occurs when patients or clinicians are aware of the assigned treatment, and perform differently as a result 7. This bias is a consequence of different rates of loss to follow-up in the exposure group 8. this bias may inflate the estimated effect of the intervention particularly in trials with subjective outcomes 9. This bias is a consequence of losses of different types of participants 10. researchers/clinicians might treat participants differently depending on which group they are in 99. Reporting biases can occur due to: 1. an influencing factor that causes non-random withdrawals from the study groups 2. no blinding of participants, personnel 3. Premature reporting of results  4.Random sequence known to staff in advance 5.Not reporting conflicts of interest 6.Flawed procedure used to select participants 7.Not sharing analytic code 8.Underreporting statistical analyses 9.Different rates of loss to follow-up in the exposure group 10. Selective reporting of outcomes 100. Systematic errors (bias) can appear due to: 1. Detection 2. Performance 3. Medical journal in which the results are published 4. Attrition 5. The use of triple blinded trial 6. Reporting 7. Due to the absence of a financial source 8. Selection of the patients 9. Complete data 10. publication 101. The systematic errors: 1. They are present only in case-control studies 2. They are frequently present in observational studies 3. They are described only in observational studies 4. They are absent in double-blind studies  5. They are present only in medical studies 6. They are absent in case reports 7. They are rarely present in randomized trial type studies 8. They are frequently described in meta-analyses 9. They are less often present in double-blind randomized trials 10. Can be present in any type of study 102. Which of the statements below represents a stage in the realization of a Cochrane type review? 1. Randomization of the two groups 2. Identification of eligible studies 3. Assessment of the risk of errors in the studies included 4. Keyword searching through medical databases 5. Random presentation of the included studies 6. Search a single database for relevant studies 7. Defining the question 8. Evaluation of observational studies and exclusion of randomised trials 9. Data collection and extraction 10. Defining a broader question to be sure that we identify relevant studies 103. Which of the statements below are a reason to perform a meta-analysis? 1. To quantify the therapeutic effect and areas of  uncertainty 2. To answer questions where there are no areas of uncertainty 3. To be able to cancel the effect of small studies and follow the effect of large studies 4. To be able to gather the effect of some studies made on different populations and with different interventions 5. To answer a general question and to be able to combine several types of studies 6. To generate new assumptions 7. To explore the differences between studies 8. To increase the power and accuracy of a conclusion 9. To answer a specific question and to be able to combine several studies of the same type 10. To be able to aggregate several networks from different fields and about different populations 104. The difference at the beginning of the study between the characteristics of the groups to be compared is a type error: 1. Detection bias 2. Wrong selection of the population included in the study 3. Selection bias by comparing two different populations 4. Systematic error by including a group with different characteristics than the comparison  group 5. Recall bias 6. Selection bias by choosing the wrong two different groups but which are analyzed as if they were identical 7. Attrition bias 8. Systematic error by including in one group very healthy patients and in another group of patients with many comorbidities 9. Performance bias 10. Reporting bias 105. Failure to use the concept of "intention to treat analysis" is a bias such as: 1. Detection bias 2. Performance bias 3. Attrition bias 4. Inclusion Bias 5. Selection bias 6. A systematic error through the uneven loss of patients from the arms compared and the use in the final analysis of only the patients remaining in the study 7. Reporting bias 8. Incorrect analysis of results 9. A systematic error between groups and between how patients were excluded from the final analysis 10. Random exclusion 106. The elaboration of systematic synthesis has led to the development of a formal process that includes: 1. Second inadequate review of studies that are different in terms of the treatment used 2. Evaluation of the studies identified from the point of view of methodological quality 3. Discussing the included studies without assessing the possible impact of systematic errors 4. Search in at least 2 databases 5. Defining the therapeutic problem, according to the acronym PICO (Patient -Intervention – Comparison - Outcome) 6. Identification of the studies to be reviewed 7. Sensitivity analysis as a mandatory step for any narrative review 8. Combining results from multiple studies (= meta analysis) is mandatory 9. Non-evaluation of studies identified from the point of view of methodological quality 10. Search that should not be limited to Studies in English 107. Which of the following statements about metanalysis are true? 1. The purpose of a metaanalysis is to use approaches from statistics to obtain the estimate of the accumulated closest to the  unknown common truth 2. Metaanalysis can be performed and defined when there is only one study available for the research question 3. Meta-analyses can be performed and defined when there are several scientific studies addressing the same question 4. Meta-analysis is a statistical analysis that combines the results of several scientific studies 5. Meta-analyses can not only provide an estimate of the unknown common truth, but also the ability to contrast results from different studies and identify patterns between the results of the study, and the sources of disagreement between these results 6. Metaanalysis can be performed when we have access to a single database 7. Metaanalysis can be performed when data splints are not reported, but we have the narrative description of the results 8. Metaanalysis can be carried out when data are reported differently and incompletely 9. Meta-analyses are often, but not always, important components of a systematic review procedure 10. Metaanalysis can be carried out when there is no unitary reporting of the information and each study uses an individual way of reporting 108. The results of a meta-analysis are presented by a "forest plot". This may include: 1. Confidence interval of each study presented by a square 2. Names of included studies 3. Number of patients in each study included 4. The data of each objectively reported, presented narratively 5. The weight of each study, presented by a line 6. The databases in which the search was performed 7. The confidence interval of each study 8. The relative risk corresponding to each study 9. Sum of the results of the studies included, presented in a line 10. The weight of each study of the final result 109. A systematic review is structured in the following sections: 1. Introduction, discussions, results, conclusions 2. Objectives: This section should be to clearly indicate the nature of the question researchers are trying to answer 3. Background: In this section, researchers basically analyze what we know and don't know about the topic 4. Results: Here the results are interpreted and suggestions are made to improve the practice  5. Conclusions: Here you are presented data from literature and their interpretation by the authors 6. Methods: Here are presented the results of the search in the literature and how the identified studies are classified 7. Discussion: Finally, the strengths and limitations of the analysis are listed in this section, and researchers comment on how the findings affect real-world issues 8. Methods: Here are the presented methods of analysis of individual patients and how each patient is assigned to a study group 9. Results: This section details what the researchers found in the review. Here the results are frequently summarized using a table or a Forest Plot 10. Methods: Here the researchers have to explain transparently how the study was conducted. Thus, anyone could reproduce the study, following the exact methods 110. Steps in a meta-analysis: 1. Analysis of published literature exclusively in English or French 2. Assessment of the risk of calculation error ("computer bias")) 3. Search for literature 4. Examination of sources of heterogeneity between studies, e.g. facilitating subgroup  analysis or meta-regression 5. Search of grey literature or of the local publications 6. Analysis of the risk of error through the effect of new studies ('new bias') 7. Analysis of the impact of old studies through the ageing effect 8. Selecting a model of meta-analysis, e.g. fixed- effect meta-analysis or random-effect meta- analysis 9. Formulation of the research question, e.g. using the PICO model (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Result) 10. Selection of studies ("embedding criteria") 111. How can a random randomization of patients in a randomized trial be done to avoid a selection bias? 1. Using the patient's decision 2. Using an older method based on dice or tickets 3. Using bulk allocation in a group and using a random randomization step randomly randomized (e.g. from 4 ton 4) 4. Using computer software 5. Using the patient's preference 6. Using a centralized, computer-based method 7. Using the day when patients come to the consultation 8. Using the doctor's decision 9. Using the birthday of patients  10. Using an older method, such as "throwing the coin"- head or tail 112. Which of the next sentences related to randomized trials in which the intervention is hidden are true? 1. Hiding the intervention is impossible in randomized trials 2. Hiding the intervention does not reduce the risk of systematic errors 3. Blindness must also be done to those who read the results 4. "Performance bias" is not related to the use of double-blind studies 5. Hiding the intervention from the medical staff is enough 6. Hiding the intervention towards the patient is sufficient 7. Most are double blind studies 8. It is better to be triple blind 9. When the intervention cannot be hidden, there is a risk of systematic errors occurring 10. Hiding the intervention is not important, if it does not influence the result (example: death) 113. Selective reporting in randomized studies is a source of error because: 1. Statistically significant results shall be reported at the expense of clinically relevant results  2. May lead to bias reporting 3. Several studies with positive results are frequently reported and published 4. Only primary outcomes are reported 5. Only the outcomes included in the protocol are reported 6. The study protocol is not respected and other objectives are reported 7. Only secondary outcomes are reported 8. Only non-clinical outcomes are reported 9. Clinically relevant objectives are ignored 10. Only the outcomes specified in the original publication are reported 114. Other sources of systematic error can be: 1. Error related to the effect of using a wrong statistical technique 2. Error related to the effect other absence of randomization 3. Error related to conflicts of interest 4. The error related to the funding sources 5. Error related to the effect of a too small sample 6. Error related to carry over effect in cross-over studies 7. Error related to the effect of a sample with unbalanced groups from the start 8. Error related to the effect of the randomized trial 9. Error related to the effect of incorrect reporting 10. Error related to the effect of the lack of any  conflict of interest 115. When is it recommended to perform a metaanalysis? 1. There are data reported with incomplete information 2. There is data reported with reported narrative results 3. There are data reported with results reported differently 4. There are data reported with incomplete information and by different methods 5. There is reported data that can be gathered 6. There are similar studies that report data in a similar way 7. No data reported on the problem being studied 8. There is more than one study that measures the same effect 9. The results of the studies are reported similarly 10. There is data reported but the results are discordant 116. The steps in performing a meta-analysis are: 1. Summary analysis of literature and random selection of studies 2. Gathering information for the analyzed objectives 3. Analysis of positive data from the included studies  4. Summing up the identified results 5. Analysis of individual patient data 6. Random analysis of data from studies 7. Identification of the objectives to be pursued 8. Identifying the comparisons that will be analyzed 9. Interpretation of results 10. Analysis of available data for each patient 117. The definition of a clinical relationship according to the PICO-m model means: 1. C – course 2. M – manuscript 3. m – methodology 4. P – population 5. I – innovative 6. C – continuity 7. C – comparison 8. O – origin 9. O – outcomes 10. I – intervention 118. Regarding the pyramid of evidence, the following statements are true: 1. At the base of the pyramid there are articles of witness case type 2. At the bottom of the pyramid are observational prospective cohorts articles. 3. Randomized trials are considered valuable if  they are of an observational type 4. There are no differences between observational and interventional studies 5. At the top of the pyramid are meta-analysis articles 6. At the base of the pyramid there are articles of the type of case reports 7. Randomized trials are the most valuable 8. At the top of the pyramid are the articles of the systematic revision type 9. At the top of the pyramid are randomized trial articles 10. At the base of the pyramid are articles of observational retrospective type cohorts 119. Systematic reviews: 1. They are made according to the own methodology of each author 2. They are generally performed without reproducible methodology 3. They are carried out without a rigorous methodology 4. They are carried out according to a rigorous methodology 5. Are considered at the top of the pyramid of evidence 6. Other scientific articles are frequently cited 7. Are performed without previous protocol 8. They are Included in the development of the  therapeutic guidelines 9. Are performed according to a previously reported protocol 10. Don't report some of the methodology 120. Systematic errors: 1. May be reporting type 2. May be related to publication 3. Not present in observational studies 4. May be linked to the absence of a funding source 5. May be related to the use of a triple blind study 6. They are not present in randomized trials 7. Can be the analysis of patients type 8. Can be of selection type 9. May be linked to the source of funding 10. May be hiding the intervention 121. Systematic errors: 1. They are frequently described in meta-analyses 2. They are present only in ecological studies 3. They are absent in double blind study studies 4. May be present in any kind of study 5. They are present only in observational studies 6. They are rarely present in randomized trials 7. They are frequently present in observational studies 8. They are present only in control case studies  9. They are less frequently present in double blind randomized trials 10. They are absent in case reports. 122. Which of the following statements characterizes primary literature? 1. It requires original research 2. It targets a modern and very specific theme 3. It is no different from secondary literature 4. It includes the systematic review 5. It includes the analysis of data obtained in a clinical or laboratory study 6. Monographs or books on a particular topic are considered primary literature 7. Includes meta-analysis 8. Includes technical reports 9. Does not include technical reports 10. Includes articles published in peer-reviewed journals 123. Which of the following statements characterizes primary literature? 1. Presupposes original research 2. The narrative review can be prospective or retrospective 3. The data is obtained from a clinical or laboratory study 4. It includes the systematic review  5. It involves researching data published in the literature 6. Includes meta-analysis 7. It involves specifying the criteria for including patients in the study 8. Includes statistical analysis of patient data 9. It requires a qualitative and/or quantitative analysis of data from the literature. 10. Includes narrative review 124. The classification of scientific articles includes: 1. Scientific debate on a current topic 2. Criticism of the person 3. The essay 4. Review article 5. The clinical case 6. The letter to the editor of a magazine 7. The editorial 8. The original article 9. The story 10. Literary commentary 125. Which of the following statements about the original article are true? 1. It has a clear IMRAD-type structure 2. It does not necessarily have an IMRAD type structure 3. It presents the results of a basic or clinical  research activity taken from the literature 4. It is always published in high-impact journals, according to Clarivate Analytics. 5. It presents the results of an original basic or clinical research activity 6. It can target themes/subjects/ directions in which research already exists 7. It cannot be plagiarized 8. innovative themes/subjects/ directions 9. It is the most valuable type of scientific article 10. It has the same scientific importance as the editorial 126. The structure of an article includes: 1. The letter to the editor/ editorial staff of a magazine 2. Mandatory, presentation of a clinical case 3. The title of the article 4. Mandatory, presentation of a meta-analysis 5. Authors and Affiliations 6. Summary of the article 7. The text of the article, written following the rules for a literary commentary 8. Thanks 9. Bibliographic references / bibliography 10. The text of the article, written following the rules for an essay 127. The IMRAD structure specific to an original article  must necessarily include, as sections: 1. Materials and methods 2. Results 3. Presentation of a clinical case 4. Conclusions 5. queries 6. Meta-analysis 7. developments 8. Presentation of a series of clinical cases 9. Discussions 10. Introduction 128. Introduction section of an original article includes: 1. Figures 2. Tables 3. Limitations of the research 4. The current state of knowledge of the investigated problem 5. The information gap that wants to be solved 6. Research objectives 7. The purpose of the research 8. The general framework in which the research topic falls 9. Bibliography 10. Material and methods used 129. Material and Methods section of an original article: 1. Includes tables of results  2. Includes discussion of results 3. Includes thanks to those who supported the research 4. Describes the study design 5. Includes study limits 6. It shows how the research was done 7. Includes figures with results 8. Shows the number of patients who were included in the study 9. Describes, if applicable, the method of randomisation 10. Includes information regarding research ethics approval 130. Results section of an original article: 1. Includes study findings 2. Presents the material used in the study 3. Includes results organized in tables 4. It presents the basic characteristics of the patients included in the study 5. Includes results obtained through statistical analysis 6. Includes discussion of the significance of the results 7. Includes results organized into images 8. It includes all research results 9. The techniques and methods used are presented. It presents the methodology used in the study  10. Includes bibliographic references of the article 131. Which of the following statements regarding the section Discussions of an original article is true: 1. Limitations of the research are also described 2. summarizes what was already known about the problem being researched 3. It highlights what has been discovered and was not known until then 4. It refers to the current state of knowledge 5. It presents comments on the significance of the results obtained 6. It emphasizes the originality of the study 7. The materials used in the study are also described 8. The general characteristics of the patient group studied are listed 9. It has tables and graphs with results 10. Includes Introduction section 132. Which of the following statements regarding the Conclusions section of an original article are true: 1. It usually consists of a single paragraph 2. Does not include graphics and figures 3. It is mandatory in the structure of an article 4. It follows immediately after the Introduction section 5. It is included in the Study Objectives section  6. It follows immediately after the Results section 7. It synthesizes the further lines of inquiry opened by this research 8. It follows immediately after the Materials and Methods section 9. It summarizes what the research has brought new 10. It is included in the Introduction section 133. The following documents are included in the grey literature : 1. The editorial 2. Cohort studies 3. Government reports 4. Narrative review _ _ 5. Meta-analysis. 6. Conference Papers 7. Ba and PhD theses 8. Original articles 9. Study or research reports 10. Patents 134. Which of the following statements about the IMRAD structure of an original article are true? 1. The letter D refers to the Discussion section 2. The letter A refers to the authors 3. It is mandatory in the organization of the text 4. The letter R refers to the reference section  5. It is optional in the organization of the text 6. The letter A refers to data analysis 7. It is not recommended to use the IMRAD structure in writing original articles 8. The letter I refers to the Introduction section 9. The letter M refers to the Material and methods section 10. The letter R refers to the Results section 135. Which of the following statements about the Bibliography section of an article are true? 1. Most co