MCQs for Revision PDF

SPECIAL SENSES The special sense that does not have a specialised non-neural receptor is A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) balance and equilibrium E) hearing ANSWER: B The membranous labyrinth of the vestibule is made up of A) saccule B) utricle C) ampullae D) cristae E) saccule and utricle ANSWER...

SPECIAL SENSES The special sense that does not have a specialised non-neural receptor is A) vision B) olfaction C) taste D) balance and equilibrium E) hearing ANSWER: B The membranous labyrinth of the vestibule is made up of A) saccule B) utricle C) ampullae D) cristae E) saccule and utricle ANSWER: E The membranous labyrinth is filled with A) endolymph B) perilymph C) bony labyrinth D) air E) plasma membrane ANSWER: A The special sense that does not have a nucleus located in the thalamus is A) vision B) hearing C) olfaction D) balance and equilibrium E) both vision and equilibrium ANSWER: E The special sense that does not have a nucleus located in the thalamus is A) vision B) hearing C) olfaction D) balance and equilibrium E) both vision and equilibrium ANSWER: E Which of the following special senses are processed in the primary somatosensory cortex? A) vision B) balance C) olfaction D) hearing E) none of the above ANSWER: E The lobe that contributes the most to equilibrium and balance is the A) the flocculonodular lobe B) anterior lobe C) posterior lobe D) lateral lobe E) medial lobe ANSWER: A The stapes is attached to or articulates with the A) oval window B) round window C) malleus D) incus E) oval window and incus ANSWER: E Dilations in the membranous labyrinth are called A) cristae B) ampullae C) maculae D) the organ of Corti E) hair cells ANSWER: B The fibrous tunic of the eyeball consists of A) sclera and cornea B) conjunctiva and sclera C) choroid body and uvea D) choroid body and iris E) none of the above ANSWER: A The ciliary processes are a part of the A) fibrous tunic B) vascular tunic C) anterior chamber D) posterior chamber ANSWER: B The papillae not associated with taste are the A) filliform B) fungiform C) circumvallate D) foliate ANSWER: A The blind spot is also the A) fovea B) macula C) optic nerve D) point of highest acuity ANSWER: C The papillae not associated with taste are the A) filliform B) fungiform C) circumvallate D) foliate E) all papillae are associated with taste ANSWER: A SPINAL CORD, PNS In the newborn, the spinal cord ends at ______ while in the adult it ends at _______ A) L3-4; L3 B) L1-2; L2 C) L4-5; L1 D) L3-4; L1-2 E) L2; L2 ANSWER: D In the posterior columns, neurons from which level run in the cuneate fascicles? A) below T6 B) below T12 C) above T6 D) above T12 ANSWER: C The dorsal root of the spinal cord carries A) sensory afferents B) motor efferents C) sympathetic efferents D) parasympathetic efferents E) both (b) and (c). ANSWER: A The __________________ is the extension of the pia mater that anchors the cord to the coccyx. A) conus medullaris B) denticulate ligament C) filum terminale D) epidural space E) subarachnoid space ANSWER: C In the posterior columns, neurons from which level run in the cuneate fascicles? A) below T6 B) Below T12 C) above T6 D) above T12 ANSWER: C The number of pairs of spinal nerves emerging from the spinal cord is: A) 12 B) 24 C) 31 D) 34 E) 30 ANSWER: C The cervical enlargement extends from A) C1-C8 B) C1-T2 C) C4-C7 D) C4-T1 E) C1-C4 ANSWER: D The tapering end of the spinal cord is called the A) conus medullaris B) cauda equina C) filum terminale D) rootlets E) lumbosacral enlargement ANSWER: A The dorsal root of the spinal nerve carries A) sensory afferents B) motor efferents C) sympathetic efferents D) parasympathetic efferents E) both (b) and (c) ANSWER: A The cervical enlargement extends from A) C1-C8 B) C1-T2 C) C4-C7 D) C4-T1 E) C1-C4 ANSWER: D Which of the following is UNTRUE in regard to the spinal nerves? A) 33 pairs emerge from the intervertebral foramina B) There are 8 cervical spinal nerve pairs C) There is only 1 coccygeal pair of nerves D) Spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic area carry autonomic motor efferents E) The sensory ganglion is associated with the dorsal root of the spinal nerve ANSWER: A Which of the following is a general somatic sensory receptor? A) Meissner's corpuscle B) Pacinian corpuscle C) nociceptor D) all of the above ANSWER: D The anterior ramus supplies A) the deep muscles of the back B) the muscles and structures of the upper limb C) the muscles and structures of the lower limb D) the muscles and skin of the lateral and anterior regions of the trunk E) all of the above except (a) ANSWER: E Which of the following statements is true? A) C1 nerve emerges above the axis B) C3 nerve emerges below the C3 vertebra C) C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra D) T1 emerges above the first thoracic vertebra E) The spinal nerve runs a short distance then divides posterior and anterior white rami communicantes ANSWER: C The anterior ramus supplies A) the deep muscles of the back B) the muscles and structures of the upper limb C) the muscles and structures of the lower limb D) the muscles and skin of the lateral and anterior regions of the trunk E) all of the above except (a) ANSWER: E Which of the following is not true in regard to the denticulate ligaments? A) They are triangular extensions of the dura mater B) they help to suspend the spinal cord C) they are found between the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerve on either side D) they run through the subarachnoid space ANSWER: A Which of the following is not true in regard to the gray matter of the spinal cord? A) The central canal is found within the gray commissure B) The anterior gray horn contains somatic motor nuclei C) The posterior gray horn contains somatic sensory nuclei D) The lateral gray horn in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments contains the bodies of autonomic motor nuclei ANSWER: C Which of the following is NOT true in regard to the gray matter of the spinal cord? A) The central canal is found within the gray commissure B) The anterior gray horn contains somatic motor nuclei C) The posterior gray horn contains somatic sensory nuclei D) The lateral gray horn in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments contains the bodies of the autonomic preganglionic motor nuclei ANSWER: C DIENCEPHALON, THALAMUS The diencephalon surrounds the A) lateral ventricles B) third ventricle C) cerebral aquaduct D) fourth ventricle ANSWER: B The diencephalon surrounds A) each of the lateral ventricles B) the cerebral aquaduct C) the third ventricle D) the fourth ventricle E) limbic system ANSWER: C The structure/s below the diencephalon is/are A) the lateral ventricles B) the midbrain C) the internal capsule D) the basal ganglia ANSWER: B The diencephalon is surrounded by A) the cerebral hemispheres B) the third ventricle C) the basal ganglia D) the corpus callosum E) the midbrain ANSWER: A The hypothalamus regulates A) hormone secretion from the anterior pituitary B) memory C) homeostasis D) sensory afferent pathways through the internal capsule E) both (a) and (c) are correct ANSWER: E Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus? A) control of the autonomic nervous system B) synthesis of ADH C) maintenance of consciousness D) secretion of release factors ANSWER: C The two halves of the thalamus are joined by A) the intermediate mass B) the third ventricle C) hypothalamus D) pineal gland ANSWER: A The subthalamic nucleus is a part of the A) diencephalon B) limbic system C) basal ganglia D) both (a) and (c) are correct ANSWER: D The epithalamus contributes to the regulation of A) the circadian rhythm B) the metabolic rate C) the menstrual cycle D) sperm production ANSWER: A The epithalamus consists of A) the pineal gland B) the paraventricular nuclei C) the supraoptic nuclei D) the habenular nuclei ANSWER: A The habenular nuclei are involved in emotional responses to A) vision B) hearing C) olfaction D) touch ANSWER: C The pineal gland A) regulates emotional and behavioural patterns B) secretes melatonin C) promotes sleepiness D) regulates emotional responses to smells E) both (b) and (c) are true ANSWER: E Release hormones from the hypothalamus control hormone release from A) the anterior pituitary B) the posterior pituitary C) the thalamus D) the habenular nuclei ANSWER: A PYRAMIDS The pyramids are found A) on the anterior surface of the medulla B) on the posterior surface of the medulla C) posterior to the pontine tegmentum D) on the basilar pons E) in the cerebral peduncles ANSWER: A OTHER Which of the following general somatic sensory receptors exists as free nerve endings A) nociceptors B) Pacinian corpuscles C) Meissner's corpuscles D) Ruffini's corpuscles ANSWER: A The circumventricular organ monitors change in the blood such as A) blood pressure B) fluid balance C) hunger D) thirst E) all of the above ANSWER: E The hormones that are released from the posterior pituitary are A) ADH B) oxytocin C) prolactin D) growth hormone E) both (a) and (b) ANSWER: E Melatonin is secreted by A) the habenular nuclei B) the pineal gland C) the anterior pituitary D) the posterior pituitary ANSWER: B Writhing movements are referred to as: A) athetosis B) hemiballismus C) akinesia D) bradykinesia ANSWER: A Loss of neurons here are associated with Parkinson's disease A) red nucleus B) substantia nigra C) crus cerebri D) periaquaductal gray E) tectum ANSWER: B The unmyelinated fibres are the A) C fibres B) Type IV fibres C) The A fibres D) (a) and (b) above E) (b) and (c) above ANSWER: D CEREBRUM, LOBES, CORTEX Which of the following would not be considered a part of the gray matter of the brain? A) The internal capsule B) Basal ganglia C) cerebral cortex D) nuclei of the brainstem E) cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, neuroglia ANSWER: A Which of the following would not be considered a part of the gray matter of the brain: A) the internal capsule B) basal ganglia C) cerebral cortex D) nuclei in the brainstem E) axons ANSWER: A The entorhinal cortex is in the A) frontal lobe B) parietal lobe C) temporal lobe D) insula E) occipital lobe ANSWER: C Which of the following special senses are processed in the primary somatosensory cortex? A) vision B) balance and equilibrium C) olfaction D) hearing E) none of the above ANSWER: E The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by A) the longitudinal fissure B) the lateral sulcus C) the parieto-occipital sulcus D) the central sulcus ANSWER: D The frontal lobe is separated from the parietal lobe by A) the longitudinal fissure B) the lateral sulcus C) the parieto-occipital sulcus D) the central sulcus ANSWER: D The precentral gyrus A) is a part of the parietal lobe B) is the somatosensory cortex C) is within the largest lobe of the cerebral cortex D) is the primary motor cortex E) both (c) and (d) are correct ANSWER: E The entorhinal cortex is in the A) frontal lobe B) parietal lobe C) temporal lobe D) insula E) occipital ANSWER: C GENERIC The difference between a general somatic sensory receptor and a specialised somatic sensory receptor is A) the general receptor consists of free nerve endings and the special receptor is encapsulated B) the specialised somatic sensory receptor is usually a non-neural receptor, while the general receptor is part of the neuron C) the general somatic receptor synapses on a sensory afferent neuron and special somatic receptor does not D) all of the above are incorrect statements ANSWER: B Nociceptors respond to: A) touch B) light pressure C) pain D) muscle stretch E) body temperature ANSWER: C Which of the following statements is not true about the somatic nervous system? A) It conveys mostly conscious information to the central nervous system B) Sensory receptors reside in th skin, skeletal muscles and joints C) The effector organs are skeletal muscle, smooth muscle and cardiac muscle D) It generally causes a voluntary motor response E) The motor efferents run out from the central nervous system to the effector organs ANSWER: C Which of the following statements is incorrect? A) Neurons propagate action potentials B) there are 3 types of neurons: unipolar, pseudopolar and multipolar C) four types of neuroglial cells are found in the central nervous system D) two types of neuroglial cells are found in the peripheral nervous system ANSWER: B A nerve is a collection of A) nerve cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system B) axons found in the peripheral nervous system C) axons found in the central nervous system D) both (b) and (c) are correct ANSWER: B A nerve is a collection of A) nerve cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system B) axons found in the peripheral nervous system C) axons found in the central nervous system D) both (b) and (c) are correct ANSWER: B A bundle of axons found outside the central nervous system is called a: A) ganglion B) nucleus C) nerve D) fibre tract E) both (c) and (d) are correct ANSWER: C Which of the following statements is correct? A) The Schwann cell produces myelin in the central nervous system B) The oligodendrocyte forms part of the blood brain barrier C) Satellite cells phagocytose foreign matter D) ependymal cells produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid ANSWER: D The somatic nervous system A) has sensory receptors in the skin, skeletal muscle, joints and special senses B) is generally voluntary C) generally consciously perceives sensory information D) all of the above are true ANSWER: D Which of the following cells are found only in the central nervous system? A) Schwann cells B) ependymal cells C) satellite cells D) astrocytes E) both (b) and (d) are correct ANSWER: E Gray matter consists of A) nerve cell bodies B) myelinated axons C) collections of glial cells D) all of the above ANSWER: A A collection of nerve cell bodies found in the peripheral nervous system is a: A) ganglion B) nucleus C) plexus D) nerve E) fibre tract ANSWER: A A collection of nerve cell bodies found in the central nervous is a: A) ganglion B) nucleus C) plexus D) nerve E) fibre tract ANSWER: B An example of where a bipolar neuron could be found is A) the retina of the eye B) the inner ear C) the olfactory epitheliium D) all of the above ANSWER: D Gray matter consists of: A) nerve cell bodies B) support cells C) unmyelinated dendrites D) unmyelinated axons E) all of the above ANSWER: E CEREBELLUM The deep groove separating the cerebellum from the cerebrum is called the A) transverse fissure B) primary fissure C) lateral fissure D) tentorial fissure E) longitudinal fissure ANSWER: A Which of the following is the function of the cerebellum? A) It evaluates how well movements are carried out B) It corrects movements C) It smoothes out movements D) It regulates posture and balance E) All of the above are functions of the cerebellum ANSWER: E The cerebellar cortex is found within the A) arbor vitae B) folia C) peduncles D) dentate nuclei E) fastigial nuclei ANSWER: B The cerebellar cortex is thrown up into ridges called A) gyri B) arbor vitae C) sulci D) folia E) the purkinje layer ANSWER: D Which part of the cerebellum particates in programming skilful movements? A) cerebrocerebellum B) spinocerebellum C) vestibulocerebellum D) pontocerebellum E) reticulocerebellum ANSWER: A The overall motor function of the cerebellum is to A) initiate movement B) help in regulating posture and balance C) control the primary motor cortex D) evaluate how well movements initiated in the motor cortex are actually carried out E) both (b) and (d) are correct ANSWER: E The white matter of the cerebellum is known as A) cerebellar nuclei B) folia C) arbor vitae D) corona radiata E) cerebral peduncles ANSWER: C The central area of the cerebellum is called the A) central hemisphere B) anterior lobe C) posterior lobe D) vermis E) lateral hemisphere ANSWER: D The cerebellar nuclei A) are regions of white matter in the gray matter B) give rise to axons that run into to the cerebellar cortex C) give rise to the outgoing axons D) are found within the folia E) are limited to the vermis ANSWER: C Which fibres are excitatory in the cerebellum? A) climbing fibres B) mossy fibres C) Purkinje fibres D) (a) and (b) are correct E) (b) and (c) are correct ANSWER: D The central constricted area of the cerebellum is called the A) cuneate B) vermis C) dentate D) tonsil E) nodule ANSWER: B Which of the following is not a deep cerebellar nucleus? A) Dentate B) Vestibular C) Fastigial D) Interpositus E) Globose ANSWER: B The lateral wings of the cerebellum are called the A) cerebellar hemispheres B) anterior lobe C) posterior lobe D) flocculonodular lobe E) cerebral hemispheres ANSWER: A Which lobe is found on the posterior surface of the cerebellum? A) flocculonodular lobe B) anterior lobe C) quadrangular lobe D) posterior lobe E) both (a) and (c) are correct ANSWER: A The fastigial nuclei, vermis and flocculonodular lobe forms the A) cerebrocerebellum B) spinocerebellum C) vestibulocerebellum D) pontocerebellum E) reticulocerebellum ANSWER: C Which lobe is responsible for equilibrium and balance A) flocculonodular lobe B) tonsil lobe C) anterior lobe D) posterior lobe E) both (a) and (c) are correct ANSWER: A BASAL GANGLIA, STRIATUM, LIMBIC The main role of the basal ganglia is to A) control the motor cortex B) act as a pathway for motor fibres C) act as a pathway for sensory fibres D) indirectly influence the output of the corticospinal tracts E) directly control complex movement ANSWER: D The striatum consists of A) caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens B) caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens and putamen C) caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, putamen and globus pallidus D) caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra ANSWER: B The basal ganglia moderate motor activity by inhibiting A) the thalamus B) the motor cortex C) the hypothalamus D) the corticospinal tracts ANSWER: A The lenticular nucleus A) is also called the lentiform nucleus B) is made up of the putamen and globus pallidus C) is also called the striatum D) is also called the corpus striatum E) both (a) and (b) are correct ANSWER: E Which is true in regard to basal ganglia function? A) The basal ganglia only excite the thalamus B) The basal ganglia sometimes excite and sometimes inhibit the thalamus C) The basal ganglia inhibit the thalamus to a greater or lesser extent D) The basal ganglia produce a tonic alternation of an excitatory phase called the indirect pathway and an inhibitory phase called the direct pathway ANSWER: C Pathology in the basal ganglia produces A) hyperkinetic disorders B) dyskinesias C) hypokinetic disorders D) abnormal movement E) all of the above are correct ANSWER: E The basal ganglia moderate motor activity by inhibiting the A) thalamus B) hypothalamus C) corticospinal tracts D) motor cortex ANSWER: A The striatum consists of A) caudate nucleus, nucleus accumbens, putamen B) caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, substantia nigra C) caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus D) caudate nucleus, substantia nigra, putamen ANSWER: A Which of the following is not considered a part of the limbic system? A) the cingulate gyrus B) the hippocampus C) the fornix D) the septum pellucidum E) the mammillary bodies ANSWER: D The functions of the limbic system include A) emotional behaviour B) declarative memory C) olfaction D) motivations and drives E) all of the above ANSWER: E Which of the following belongs to the brainstem as well as the basal ganglia? A) striatum B) globus pallidus C) subthalamic nuclei D) substantia nigra E) thalamus ANSWER: D The limbic lobe consists of: A) The cingulate gyrus B) the hippocampal gyrus C) the parahippocampal gyrus D) the dentate gyrus E) both (a) and (c) are correct ANSWER: E Which of the following is not a fibre tract of the limbic system? A) fornix B) stria medullaris thalami C) mamillohabenular tract D) stria terminalis ANSWER: C Which of the following belongs to the diencephalon as well as the basal ganglia? A) striatum B) globus pallidus C) subthalamic nuclei D) substantia nigra E) thalamus ANSWER: C The functions of the limbic system are: A) emotional behaviour B) declarative memory C) olfaction D) motivations and drive E) all of the above ANSWER: E The lenticular nucleus consists of A) putamen and globus pallidus B) caudate nucleus and striatum C) putamen and caudate nucleus D) nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra E) substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus ANSWER: A MENINGES Which of the following is UNTRUE in regard to the meninges? A) All three meninges cover the spinal nerve up to the point of exit through the intervertebral foramen B) The dura mater is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue C) the arachnoid mater is a delicate vascular weblike membrane made up of collagen and elastic fibres D) The pia mater consists of squamous and cuboidal cells plus collagen and elastic fibres ANSWER: C The falx cerebri A) is a commissural tract B) is another name for the longitudinal fissure C) is a dural fold D) is a projection tract E) is an association tract ANSWER: C Which of the following is untrue in regard to the meninges? A) All three meninges cover the spinal nerve up to the point of exit through the intervertebral foramen B) The dura mater is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue C) The arachnoid mater is a delicate vascular weblike membrane made of collagen and elastic fibres D) The pia mater consists of squamous or cuboidal cells plus collagen and elastic fibres ANSWER: C TRACTS The lateral corticospinal tracts A) control precise, agile and skilled motor function of the distal limbs B) control precise function of the proximal limbs C) control precise function of the trunk D) co-ordinate the trunk and proximal limbs ANSWER: A The descending fibre tracts running in the cerebral peduncles are the A) corticospinals B) corticobulbars C) corticopontine D) all of the above ANSWER: D Which fibre tracts convey sensory information about the head from the brainstem to the somatosensory cortex? A) fifth cranial nerve B) medial lemniscus C) trigeminothalamic tract D) medial longitudinal fasciculus ANSWER: C 90% of motor tracts in the pyramids decussate to become the A) anterior corticospinal tracts B) medial lemniscus C) inferior cerebellar peduncles D) lateral corticospinal tracts E) anterolateral tracts ANSWER: D The commissural tracts: A) contain axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere B) include the corpus callosum C) conduct impulses from gyri in one hemisphere to corresponding gyri in the other hemisphere D) contain axons that conduct impulses to and from the cerebral cortex and lower parts of the central nervous system E) both (b) and (c) are correct ANSWER: E Axons that connect the thalamus to the cerebral cortex pass through the A) fornix B) corpus callosum C) internal capsule D) stria medullaris thalami ANSWER: C Second order neurons arise from the cuneate and gracile nuclei and run in the ________ to the _____________ A) medial longitudinal fasciculus; thalamus B) medial lemniscus; medulla C) medial longitudinal fasciculus; spinal lemniscus D) medial lemniscus; thalamus ANSWER: D General somatic sensory afferents are relayed through to the somatosensory cortex via the A) hypothalamus B) thalamus C) pineal gland D) basal ganglia E) epithalamus ANSWER: B The posterior columns carry which sensations to the somatosensory cortex? A) touch, pressure and itch B) touch, pressure, vibration and pain C) pain, temperature, tickle and itch D) touch, pressure, vibration and proprioception ANSWER: D Bundles of axons that convey impulses between the cerebellum and the brainstem A) are paired B) are called the peduncles C) are classified as white matter D) consist of 3 pairs: the superior, middle and inferior E) all the above are correct ANSWER: E The spinothalamic tracts carry which order of neurons in the spinal cord? A) first B) second C) third D) fourth ANSWER: B The lateral tracts in the anterolateral pathway carry which sensations? A) tickle, itch and crude touch B) pressure and vibration C) pain and temperature D) pain and touch ANSWER: C The spinothalamic tracts carry which order of neurons in the spinal cord? A) first B) second C) third D) fourth ANSWER: B Information from the cerebellum and basal ganglila are transmitted to the primary motor cortex via the A) habenular nuclei B) thalamus C) habenular nuclei D) epithalamus ANSWER: B Climbing fibres emerge from the A) pontocerebellar tracts B) vestibulocerebellar tracts C) olivocerebellar tracts D) spinocerebellar tracts E) reticulocerebellar tracts ANSWER: C The descending fibre tracts running in the cerebral peduncles are the A) corticospinals B) corticobulbars C) corticopontine D) all of the above ANSWER: D The lateral tracts in the anterolateral pathway carry which sensations? A) tickle, itch and crude touch B) pressure and vibration C) pain and temperature D) pain and touch ANSWER: C The lower motor neurons A) are only found in spinal nerves B) are only nuclei in the brainstem C) are only found in cranial nerves D) are motor neurons that run from the spinal cord or from the brainstem ANSWER: D In the anterolateral pathways, which order of neurons exists from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex? A) first B) second C) third D) fourth ANSWER: C The upper motor neurons include A) the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and cranial nerves B) the cerebral cortex, pyramidal and extrapyramidal tracts C) pyramidal tracts, brainstem nuclei and cranial nerves D) the basal ganglia, ventral gray horns and spinal nerves ANSWER: B Axons from the cerebellum synapse here A) inferior olivary nucleus B) inferior cerebellar peduncles C) CNV D) red nucleus ANSWER: D Which of the following is not a fibre tract of the limbic system? A) fornix B) stria medullaris thalami C) mamillohabenular tract D) stia terminalis ANSWER: C Which cerebellar peduncle contains mainly input fibres i.e. fibres running toward the cerebellum? A) Inferior B) Middle C) Superior D) (a) and (b) are correct E) (a) and (c) are correct ANSWER: D The corticobulbar tracts terminate A) on pontine nuclei and decussate to form the middle cerebellar peduncles B) on cranial nuclei in the cerebral peduncles C) on the motor nuclei of cranial nerves D) on the medulla only; this is why they are referred to as cortico - "bulbar" ANSWER: C The lateral corticospinal tracts A) control precise, agile and skilled motor function of the limbs B) control posture and balance C) control precise function of the trunk D) control involuntary reflexes ANSWER: A The section of the diencephalon that is a major relay station of sensory signals is A) the internal capsule B) the hypothalamus C) the epithalamus D) the thalamus ANSWER: D The lower motor neurons A) are only found in spinal nerves B) are nuclei in the brainstem C) are only found in cranial nerves D) are motor neurons that run from the spinal cord or from the brainstem ANSWER: D BLOOD SUPPLY Choose the correct answer: the arterial blood supply of the brain is derived from two pairs of vessels: A) the anterior and middle cerebral arteries B) the vertebral arteries and basilar arteries C) the vertebral arteries and internal carotids D) the basilar and common carotids E) the vertebral and external carotids ANSWER: C Which of the following vessels do not directly constitute a part of the circle of Willis? A) anterior cerebral arteries B) posterior cerebellar arteries C) posterior cerebral arteries D) posterior communicating arteries E) anterior communicationg arteries ANSWER: B CRANIAL NERVES The abducens innervates A) lateral rectus B) superior oblique C) facial muscles D) muscles of mastication E) medial rectus ANSWER: A Which of the following in regard to the cranial nerves is true? A) C1 nerve emerges above the axis B) C3 nerve emerges below the C3 vertebra C) C8 nerve emerges below the C7 vertebra D) T1 nerve emerges above the first thoracic vertebra E) The spinal nerve runs a short distance then divides into the posterior and anterior trunks ANSWER: C Which of the following in regard to the cranial nerves is false? A) all innervate structures in the head and neck B) the nuclei of CNI and II do not reside in the brainstem C) a cranial nerve can be pure motor, pure sensory or mixed motor and sensory D) the 12 pairs of cranial nerves all emerge through foramina in the skull ANSWER: A The cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla are for the cranial nerves A) VIII, V and VI B) vestibular division of the VIII, IX, X, XI and XII C) auditory division of VIII, IX, X, XI and XII D) III and IV E) V, VI, VII and VIII ANSWER: C The cranial nerve nuclei in the medulla are for the cranial nerves A) VIII, V and VI B) vestibular division of VIII, IX, X, XI and XII C) auditory division of VIII, IX, X, XI and XII D) III and IV E) V, VI, VII and VIII ANSWER: C Which cranial nerve includes branches of the upper cervical nerves? A) glossopharyngeal B) accessory C) hypoglossal D) oculomotor E) abducens ANSWER: B The vagus nerve A) is sensory to the skin of the external ear B) is parasympathetic to the salivary glands C) innervates the stylopharyngeus, which elevates the larynx and pharynx D) supplies the muscles of the tongue ANSWER: A The glossopharyngeal nerve A) supplies taste to the posterior third of the tongue B) is parasympathetic to the parotid gland C) is motor to the stylopharyngeus D) is tested in the gag reflex E) all of the above are true ANSWER: E VENTRICLES Cells that produce cerebrospinal fluid are called: A) oligodendrocytes B) astrocytes C) microglia D) Schwann cells E) ependymal cells ANSWER: E Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flows in: A) the epidural space B) the ventricles C) the subarachnoid space D) the central canal of the spinal cord E) all except (a) are correct ANSWER: E The circumventricular organ A) lie in the wall of the third ventricle B) monitor the pituitary C) monitor chemical changes D) monitor the habenular nuclei E) both (a) and (c) are right ANSWER: E MEDULLA OBLONGATA The structures in the medulla that relay proprioceptive information to the cerebellum are A) the inferior cerebellar peduncles B) the inferior olivary bodies C) the cuneate nuclei D) the gracile nuclei E) the medial lemniscus ANSWER: B Which of the following tracts decussate in the pyramids of the medulla? A) anterior corticospinals B) corticobulbars C) lateral corticospinals D) rubrospinals ANSWER: C ANS The autonomic motor efferents convey action potentials to A) skeletal muscle B) joints C) interoceptors D) glands, smooth and cardiac muscle ANSWER: D The enteric nervous system controls the: A) autonomic nervous system B) brain C) digestive organs D) skeletal muscles E) somatic nervous system ANSWER: C PONS The ventral region of the pons is called the A) tegmentum B) basal or basilar pons C) tectum D) open part of the pons E) closed part of the pons ANSWER: B The ventral region of the pons is called the A) tegmentum B) basal or basilar pons C) tectum D) open part of the pons E) closed part of the pons ANSWER: B MIDBRAIN The substantia nigra is found in A) the mesencephalon B) the diencephalon C) the telencephalon D) the midbrain E) both (a) and (d) are correct ANSWER: E The superior colliculi are reflex centres for A) vision B) hearing C) motor D) autonomic E) basal ganglia ANSWER: A The superior colliculi are reflex centres for A) visual activities B) auditory activities C) motor activities D) autonomic activity E) basal ganglia activity ANSWER: A